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BHANUBHAKTAKO
RAMAYAN
(Bhanubhakta
Acharya's Ramayan retold by Dinesh Poudel)
Printed and
Published in Nepal
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b]zsf] PsLs/0fsf] sfd u/], To;}u/L efg'eQmn] g]kfnL efiffnfO{ ;flxTosf], wd{ /
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xf] eg] o;sf] cy{ Pp6} dfq x'Fb}g . csf{] ;d:of s] eg] pknAw ;+:s/0fx¿df s]xL
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cfjZostfnfO{ clnslt eP klg o;n] ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sof] eg] d}n] ;Gt'i6 x'g'k5{ .
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;f]Wg rfxG5f} h:tf] 5, ;f]w . d ltdLnfO{ lrQa'em\bf] pQ/ lbg]5' .Æ a|éfsf]
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;'Ù OR5f ub{5'– ha ;do ePkl5 slnsfn cfpF5, ;f/f k|f0fL b'/frf/L eO{ gLra'l4
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ug{]5g\ . sf]xL k'?if k/:qLdf cg'/St x'g]5g\, sf]xL lx+;fdf /dfpg]5g\ .
dflg;x¿n] gfl:ts / kz'x¿sf emF} z/L/nfO{ g} cfTdf 7fÙ]5g\ ..#..
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cfhsf a|fé0fsf em}F wd{sd{df lrQ lbg]5g\ . :qLhflt cem e|i6 x'g]5g\ . gf/Ln]
klt / ;;'/f;Fu 7"nf] b|f]x ug]{5g\ . oL ;a} vfnsf kfkL / klttx¿n] s;/L d'lQm
kfpnfg\ < s;/L oL :vlntx¿n] ;+;f/–;fu/ tg{ kfpnfg\ <..%..
x] boflgwfg ¤ d]/f] dgdf o:tf]
lrGtf pTkÙ eof], To;} eP/ dflg;x¿n] d'lQm kfpg] pkfo ;f]w"F egL d clxn]
xh'/;dIf cfPsf] x'F . o:tfsf nflu ;lhn} d'Qm x'g] pkfo s] 5 < s] u/]/ oL klg
t/]/ hfnfg\ < xh'/n] of] s'/f cf1f u/]/ d]/f] lrQ a'emfOaS;g'xf];\ .Æ ..^..
ha gf/bn] ;+;f/sf dflg;hfltdfly
bof u/]/ o:tf] laGtL u/], a|éfhL gf/bhL;Fu w]/} k|;Ù x'g'eof] . a|éfn] eÙ'eof]–
æx] gf/b ¤ ;a} kfk gi6 ug{sf nflu /fdfo0fh:tf] csf{] d'Vo pkfo 5}g . o;
syf–zf:qn] cd[tsf em}F lxt ug]{5 ..&..
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;'Gbl5g\ / pgL /fdsyf ufpFl5g\ . /fdsf] gfdsf] dlxdf ckf/ 5 eÙ] hfg]sfn] kfj{tL
ax't} cfgGbdf kb{l5g\ . h;n] of] /fdsyf ufpF5g\, tL ;xh} kf/ tb{5g\ . ltgsf
8/qf; ;a} ;lhn} 6b{5g\, ltgnfO{ sfnsf] klg eo /xFb}g ..*..
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;'Gb5, o;sf] kmn o:tf]–o:tf] 5 egL eg]/ ;fWo 5}g . d :jod\ klg /fdsyf k7g /
/fdgfd sLt{gsf] k'0o aofg ug{ c;dy{ 5' ..(..
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;'g]sf] lyPF– Ps} Znf]sdfq eP klg Psbd elQmk"j{s k9\of] eg] ;a} kfk 5'6\t5g\ . hf] PslrQ eP/ v';L eO{ oxL
syf ;bf kf7 ub{5g\, hLjgd'Qm ltg} x'g\, tL t dflg; eP/ klg O{à/sf a/fa/ x'g\
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olb s;}n] o; k':tssf] k"hf
u5{ eg] Ps càd]w o1sf] kmn kfpF5 . of] syf ;'g]/ sxLFst} uP eGof] eg] To;}
If0fdf kfk 5'6\t5g\ . h;n] k':tssf] glhs} k'u]/ gd:sf/ u5{g\, To:tf JolQmn] ;d]t
;d:t b]jtfu0fsf] k"hf u/]a/fa/ k'0okmn ef]Ug]5g\ ..!!..
s;}n] of] k':ts bfg u¥of] eg]
p;n] rf/} j]b k9]/ zf:qx¿sf] JofVof ubf{ klg gkfOg] kmn ;xh} kfpg]5 . olb /fdsf
eQmsf 3/df uP/ s;}n] elQmk"j{s of] syf PsfbzLsf lbgdf kf7 u5{ eg] p;n]
rf}aL;kN6 ufoqL k'/á/0f u/]/ k|fKt x'g] kmn kfpg]5 ..!@..
h;n] /fdgjdLsf lbg /fdsf] pkf;gf
u/L v';L eP/ hfu|fd;d]t u/]/ clg tg–dg o;}df nufP/ of] /fdfo0fsyf kf7 ub{5 cyjf
;'Gb5, To;n] t tLy{}lkR5] uP/ ;"o{u|x0fsf] cj;/df t'nfk'?if bfg u/]sf] kmn
kfpg]5, o;df zË} 5}g . Tof] dflg; cfgGbdf kb{5 eg]/ ;a}n] hfÙ'kb{5 ..!#..
h;n] ;bf k|]dk"j{s /fdfo0f
ufpFb5, of] dflg; >L/fdsf] lk|o xf], / dfÙ'kg{] log} x'g\ eg]/ To;sf] cf1f t
OGb|n] klg dfGb5g\ . x/]s lbg /fdfo0f kf7 u/]/ h;n] hlt ;Tsd{ u5{g\, ltgsf
;Tsd{sf] kmn Ps s/f]8 u'gf a9L ldNb5, ltgsf] ;Tsd{ k6Ss} 36\t}g ..!$..
o; u|Gydf ;d:t kfk gfz ug]{
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kf7 ub{5, ;+;f/sf dflns >L/fdn] To;nfO{ w]/} s[kf ug'{x'g]5 . h;n]
xg'dfgnfO{ cufl8 /fv]/ k|ltlbg tLgk6s /fdx[bo kf7 u5{, p;n] h:tf] kmnef]usf]
OR5f ub{5, Tof] ;Dk"0f{ kmn kfpg]5 ..!%..
h;n] lbgx'F t'n;L / kLknj[Ifsf
jl/kl/ k|blIf0ff ub{} /fdfo0fsf] kf7 ub{5g\ ltgsf ;a} hGdsf ;d:t kfk To;} ;dodf
5'6\t5g\ . o;leqsf] /fduLtf t emg\ clt 7"nf] dflgG5 . /fduLtfsf] dfxfTDo t
lzjdfq ;Dk"0f{ ¿kdf hfGb5g\, c¿ t sf] 5 / o:tf] xf] eg]/ hfÙ] < ..!^..
/fduLtfsf] dxŒj kfj{tL cfwf
hfGbl5g\ eg] d t rf}yfO dfq hfGb5' . /fduLtf kf7 u/]/ gfz gx'g] kfk 5}g eÙ]
s'/f d dfGb5' . /fdn] j]b dGyg u/]/ of] /fduLtf lems] clg cd[t;dfg of] uLtf
pgn] nId0fnfO{ lbP . h;n] of] /fduLtf k9\5, ;+;f/;fu/af6 pm t/]/ hfG5
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sft{jLonfO{ dfg{ egL 7"nf]
O/fbf lnP/ k/z'/fd lzj;dIf k'u] .. kfj{tLn] ToxfF lbgx'F lzjhLsf] r/0fdf k/]/ /fduLtf
kf7 u/]sf] b]v] . pgL klg To;} a]nfb]lv /fduLtf kf7 ug{ nfu] . o;/L /fduLtf kf7
u/]sfn] k/z'/fd klg gf/fo0fsf] bhf{df k'u] ..!*..
Ps dlxgf;Dd lg/Gt/ /fduLtf kf7
ug{] xf] eg] ;a} a|éxTofx¿ 5'6\t5g\ eg] c¿ ;d:t kfk t emg\ ;xh} 5'6\5g\, of]
avfg ul//xg'k/]g . o;eGbf a9L s] avfg u¿F < zflnu|fd, t'n;L, kLkn cyjf
7"nf ;+Gof;Lsf ;dLkdf uO{ h;n] /fduLtf kf7 ub{5g\, tL 7"nf dxfTdf
eO{=== ..!(..
h'g kmn d'vn] eg]/ g;lsg] 5g\ tL ;a}
kmn ltgn] ef]Ub5g\ . h;n] lkt[>f4df /fduLtf k9\b5g\, ltgsf lkt[x¿ ;a} tb{5g\
. klxn] /fd|/L lgoddf /xL bzdLdf jf PsfbzLdf cf;g afFw]/ cul:t j[Ifd'lg /fduLtf
kf7 u5'{ egL c7f]6 u/]/===..@)..
pkjf; a;L k"0f{ >4fsf ;fy
h;n] /fduLtf k9\5, To;nfO{ dflg; xf] eg]/ geÙ" . Tof] dflg; /fds} a/fa/
xf] . bfg, Wofg, tLy{ cflb slxNo} s]xL ug{ g;s] klg oxL /fduLtf dfq k9]/ a:g]x¿
klg ;xh} kf/ t/]/ cgGtsf kbjLdf hfG5g\ ..@!..
w]/} s'/f ul//xg' cfjZos 5}g, /fdfo0fhlQsf]
anzfnL zf:q s'g} 5}g eÙ] a'em] k'U5 . kfk gfz ug{sf nflu o; zf:qsf a/fa/ csf{]
s'g} zf:q 5}g . cg]s tGq, k'/f0f, >'lt, :d[lt cflb ;f]x| snfdf klg o;
zf:qsf] avfg u/]/ ;lsFb}g . cem o;eGbf cufl8 a9]/ /fdfo0f o:tf] 7"nf] eg]/
sxfF;Dd eg"F < ..@@..
a|éfhLn] gf/bnfO{ o;/L /fdfo0fsf]
dfxfTDo ljlwk"j{s eÙ'eof] . of] ;'g]/ :ki6 a'em]kl5 gf/b klg ;fx|} v';L eP
. h;n] olt dfxfTDo kf7 ub{5g\ jf ;'Gb5g\, ltgLx¿ klg ;a}sf k"Ho ag]/
lji0f'sf pxL k'/Ldf hfG5g\ ..@#..
afofF sfvdf cfkm\gf] x[bosL Kof/L
kfj{tLhLnfO{ lnP/ eujfg\ ;bflzjhL s}nf; kj{tdf WofgdUg eP/ a:g'ePsf] lyof] .
cfkm" t ;a} hfGblyg\ t/ ;Dk"0f{ nf]sdfly bof u/]/ Ps lbg kfj{tLn]
lzjhLsf r/0fdf k/]/ pxfF;dIf ;f]lwg\ ..@$..
æx] gfy ¤ d xh'/nfO{ o; hut\sf
klt /fd x'g\ eg]/ laGtL ub{5' . dflg;nfO{ ;+;f/af6 tfg{sf nflu /fdafx]s c¿
sf]xL 5}g . h;n] /fddf elQm u5{, clt ulx/f] ;+;f/;fu/af6 klg To; dflg;sf] b]x
gf}sfem}F t/]/ tTsfn kf/ x'G5 ..@%..
o:tf /fdnfO{ dflg;x¿ ;+;f/df Ps
O{à/ dfGb5g\ . d"v{x¿rflxF s'/} ga'emL dflg;–a/fa/ 7fGb5g\ . tL s] eG5g\
eg], olb O{à/ ePsf] eP /fdn] lsg zf]s u/]sf t < /fj0fn] ha ;LtfnfO{ x/0f
u/]/ nUof], lsg pgL Psbd 7"nf] ljkt\df k/]sf t < ..@^..
O{à/nfO{ t zf]s gx'g'kg]{ xf],
c1fg klg gx'g'kg]{ xf] . t/ /fddf oL u'0f b]lvP, To;f] x'gfn] pxfF O{à/ g}
x'g'x'G5 eg]/ s;/L hfÙ] < x] eujfg\ ¤ dflg;x¿ o;f] klg eGb5g\ . o;df v'a
ljrf/ u/]/ h]–h:tf] xf], Tof] ;a} atfP/ d]/f] zËf lgjf/0f ug'{xf];\ .Æ
..@&..
ha lzjhLn] kfj{tLhLaf6 o:tf] k|Zg
;'Ù'eof], pxfF v';L x'g'eof] . pxfFn] >L/fd o:tf k|e' x'g'x'G5 eg]/ ;a} tŒj
:ki6 kfg'{eof]– æx] kfj{tL ¤ ;'g . >L/fd cgflb k/d]à/ x'g'x'G5 . cl3 lj/f6\
k'?ifn] ;Dk"0f{ ;[li6 u/L ;d:t ;+;f/nfO{ cfsfzsf em}F 9fs]/ h;/L a;],
clxn] >L/fd To;/L g} a:g'x'G5 ..@*..
r'Dassf glhs k/]sf kmnfd h;/L
gfR5g\, To:t} u/L /fdnfO{ kfP/ of] ;d:t hut\ cg]s k|sf/sf] agL gfRt5 . o:tf]
tŒj ghfg]/ h;n] /fdnfO{ dflg; x'g\ eG7fG5g\, ltgnfO{ ;w}F o; ;+;f/sf cgGt
kL8fx¿ cfOnfUb5g\ ..@(..
afbnn] ;a}yf]s 9fQm5, t/ s] o;n]
>L;"o{nfO{ klg 9fSg ;S5 < nf]s eG5– nf} 7"nf] afbn p7\of], o;n]
;"o{nfO{ klg k"/} 9fSof] . To:t} u/L tŒj ghfgLsg hf] af]N5 To;n]
/fdnfO{ dflg; g} x'g\ eg]/ eG5 . of]uLhg / 1fgLhgx¿ t oL /3'gfynfO{ q}nf]Sosf
gfy x'g'x'G5 eg]/ lrGb5g\ ..#)..
h;nfO{ l/Fu6f nfu]sf] x'G5, To;n]
of] ;+;f/ 3'd]sf] b]V5 . k/sf kxf8kj{tx¿ 3'Db}gg\, ToxL l/Fu6f nfu]sf] dflg;sf]
dl:tis 3'D5 . dflg;nfO{ o:tf] tYo yfxf x'Fb}g . c1fg¿kL l/Fu6f nfu]sf dflg;x¿n]
g} >L/fdnfO{ dflg; eG7fg]sf x'g\ . >L/fd t vf; k/d]à/ x'g'x'G5, of] ;d:t
;+;f/ / rf}w} e'jgsf dflns x'g'x'G5 ..#!..
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To:t} >L/fddf klg zf]s, c1fg slQ klg 5}g . pxfF g} k/dfTdf x'g'x'G5 eg]/
;a}n] hfÙ'kb{5 . ;'g, csf]{ uf]Ko /x:osf] s'/f] klg eGb5' h'g /x:o e"–ef/
xg{'kg]{ sfdsf] k|;Ídf d}n] >L;Ltf / >L/fdsf] ;+jfbaf6 yfxf kfPsf] x'F .
ha pxfFn] e"–ef/ xg'{eof], ;a} sfdsf] l5gf]kmfgf] eof] ..#@..
k[YjLsf ;a} ef/x¿ x/]/ ha
/3'gfyn] /fHo ug{ nfUg'eof] pxfFn] xg'dfgnfO{ b]Vg'eof] . k|e'sf] dgdf Toltv]/}
pgLk|lt bof pTkÙ eof] . pxfFn] ;LtfnfO{ x's'd lbg'eof]– æx] ;Lt] ¤ oL xg'dfg
xfd|f 7"nf eQm x'g\ . logL tŒj1fg lngsf lgldQ oxfF plePsf 5g\ ..##..
ltdLn] lognfO{ tŒj1fg b]pm .Æ ha
/fdaf6 ;LtfnfO{ of] x's'd eof], ;Ltfn] xg'dfgnfO{ ;f] tŒj1fg lbOg\– æcsf]{ s'g}
tŒj g} 5}g, cfh s'g csf]{ tŒj eg"F < /fd a|é x'g'x'G5 / d pxfFsf] zlQm
kfO{ alnoL ePsL x'F . dfof eg]sL d} x'F ..#$..
/fdsf] ;flÙWo kfP/ d ;a}sf] ;[li6
/ kfng klg ub{5', t/ /fdnfO{ of] ;a ug]{ log} x'g\ eg]/ elgG5 . k|e'hLn] o;
lgd{n /3'j+zdf oxfF hGd lng'ePkl5 ljàfldqdfly bof /fvL o1 cflbdf dg lbg'ePsf]
xf] .. #%..
k|e'hLn] uf}tdkTgLsf] h'g kfk x/0f
ul/lbg'eof], h'g wg' efFlrlbg'eof], h;/L dnfO{ ljjfx ug'{eof], tL ;a} s'/f slt
lj:tf/df eg"F < jL/ k/z'/fdsf] 3dG8 tf]8\g'ePsf] k|;Í, ljjfxkl5 afx|
jif{ cof]Wofdf a:g'ePsf] k|;Í clg jgjf; ug'{ePsf] ===..#^..
o:tf h]hlt sfdx¿ eP, tL ;a}yf]s ug]{
d} x'F, t/ dflg;x¿ /fdnfO{ g} oL ;a} sfdsf stf{ x'g'x'G5 eG7fG5g\ . /fd
cGtof{dL, cgflb ;fIfL x'g'x'G5, pxfF stf{ sxfF x'g' / ¤ pxfFn] d]/f u'0f
lnOlbPsfn] dflg;x¿n] stf{ elglbPsf x'g\ .Æ ..#&..
ha ;LtfhLaf6 xg'dfgn] olt pkb]z
kfP, >L/fd k|e'n] cfkm}F klg pgnfO{ tŒj1fg lbg'eof] . k/fTdf eg]sf] o:tf]
x'G5, cfTdf eg]sf] of] xf], cgfTdf eg]sf] rflxF of] xf] eg]/ pgnfO{ :ki6
kfl/lbg'eof]– æcfTdf / k/fTdfnfO{ a'em]kl5 d'lQm kfOG5 ..#*..
cfTdf / k/fTdfdf slt leÙtf 5, of]
Ps ;To yfxf kfpg" . h'gh'g rLh cgfTd x'g\ tL ;a em'6f x'g\ eg]/
5fl8lbg" . cfTdf / k/fTdfsf] ljrf/ u/]/ h;n] tŒj1fg kfof], To;sf ;a} c1fg
5'6L hfG5g\ . To:tf dflg; t'?Gt} d}t'No x'G5g\ ..#(..
oxL ;To d]/f] x[bo -/fdx[bo_ xf]
. of] ;fx|} lk|o 5 / ltdLn] of] 1fg u'Kt /fVg" . o;} 1fgnfO{ tŒj1fg elgG5
eÙ] s'/f /fd|/L a'em, ;'Gof} xg'dfg <Æ olt eg]/ >L/fdn] xg'dfgnfO{ of]
tŒj1fg lbg'eof] . ToxL 1fg d}n] ltdL;dIf oxfF ;Dk"0f{ ¿kdf elg;s]F ..$)..
x] kfj{tL ¤ ;'g ¤ of] /fdx[bo
h;–h;n] kf7 ub{5g\, ltgsf ;x;| hGdb]lvsf ;d:t kfk 6b{5g\ . hflte|i6, cwdL{ /x]5
eg] klg To;n] v'a >4fk"j{s kf7 u/]/ /fdsf] Wofg klg ub{5 eg], Tof];d]t
o; ;+;f/af6 kf/ t/L j}s'07df hfG5 .Æ ..$!..
ha kfj{tLn] /fdhLsf] of] ckf/
dlxdf ;'lgg\, pgnfO{ /fdsyf lj:tf/df ;'Ù] dg eof] . pgn] >LlzjnfO{ km]l/
laGtL ul/g\– æx] gfy ¤ dnfO{ >L/fdsf] nLnfsyf ;a} ;'Ù] OR5f eof] . of]
nLnfsf] >j0f sfdnfUbf] /x]5 eÙ] a'em]F ..$@..
;Dk"0f{ /fdnLnf ;'gf];\ eg]/
xh'/n] ddfly w]/} s?0ff u/]/ hf]–hlt 5g\ tL ;a} nLnfx¿ lj:tf/k"j{s km]l/
atfpg'xf];\ .Æ kfj{tLsf] of] k|]d ;'g]kl5 >Llzjn] klg logn] >L/fddfly
7"n} k|]d /flvg\ eg]/ ;d:t /fdrl/q ;'gfpg'eof] ..$#..
ha kfksd{ a9fP/ oL w/tLnfO{ /fj0f
cflb jL/x¿n] ef/L agfOlbP . ef/ yfDg g;sL k[YjL ?Fb} hxfF a|éf a:g'ePsf] lyof]
;f]xL 7fpFdf k'lug\ . pgn] a|éfsf r/0fdf k/]/ laGtL ul/g\– æx] boflgwfg ¤ kfkL
w]/} eP/ cfh c;è eof], dnfO{ o; ef/af6 5'6sf/f ldnf];\ eg]/ cg'/f]w ug{ cfPsL
x'F .Æ ..$$..
ha a|éfn] k[YjLsf] o:tf] laGtL ;'Ù'eof],
pxfFsf] dgdf k[YjLk|lt bof pTkÙ eof] . pxfF bf}8]/ IfL/;d'b|sf] lsgf/df
hfg'eof], hxfF lji0f' eujfg\ /xg'x'GYof] . a|éfn] OGb| cflb b]jtfx¿nfO{ ;fydf
lnP/ ToxfF lji0f' eujfg\sf] :t'lt ug'{eof] . ;jf{Tdf eujfg\ o; :t'ltaf6 k|;Ù
x'g'eof] . To;sf/0f pxfFn] a|éf tyf OGb|flb b]jtfnfO{ bz{g lbg'eof] ..$%..
ha eujfg\sf] ;'Gb/ ¿k b]Vg'eof],
a|éf pxfFsf] r/0fdf kg'{eof] . pxfFn] elQmk"j{s :t'lt u/]/ xft hf]b{}
laGtL ug'{eof]– æx] gfy ¤ /fj0fn] b'i6 eO{ ;Dk"0f{ ;+;f/nfO{ ljklQ
lbO/x]sf] 5 . To;n] OGb| cflb b]jtfx¿sf] t]h lvFr]/ nu]sf] 5 ..$^..
o;nfO{ ca dflg;h:tf] ag]/
dfl/aS;g'xf];\ . d}n] /fj0fnfO{ dflg;af6 d/];\ egL j/bfg lbPsf] 5' .Æ a|éfsf]
olt laGtL ;'g]/ eujfg\af6 o:tf] x's'd eof]– æd dflg;em}F eP/ /fj0fnfO{ ;xh}
df¿Fnf ..$&..
d]/L dfof /fhf hgssL 5f]/L ;Ltf
eP/ /xg]l5g\ . d /fhf bz/ysf 3/df uO{ 5f]/f] ag]/ hGd"Fnf . d ;LtfnfO{
lnP/ tkfO{Fsf] laGtL k"0f{ u¿Fnf .Æ olt eg]/ q}nf]Sosf gfy xl/ eujfg\
cGtwf{g x'g'eof] ..$*..
ha eujfg\ cGtwf{g x'g'eof], a|éfn]
v';L eP/ OGb| cflb b]jtfx¿nfO{ cx|fpg'eof]– æx] OGb|flb b]jx¿ xf] ¤ ltdLx¿ klg
e"nf]sdf hfcf] . hlt ;do;Dd eujfg\ k[YjLtndf uO{ dflg; eP/ /xg'x'g]5,
ta;Dd ltdLx¿ klg k[YjLdf uO{ jfg/¿k lnO{ eujfg\sf ;xof]uLh:tf eP/ /xg" .Æ ..$(..
olt cx|fO;s]kl5 a|éfhL ;Tonf]s
hfg'eof] . OGb|nufot ;a} b]jtfx¿ a|éfsf] cfb]z kfO{ k[YjLnf]sdf em/] . pgLx¿n]
k[YjLnf]sdf cfO{ afFb/sf] cjtf/ lnP . o;} aLrsf] csf]{ Pp6f k|;Í 5 M cof]Wofk'/Ldf
bz/y gfdsf Ps a8f jL/ /fhf lyP . ltgL j[4 x'Fb} uPsf lyP t/ pgsf Pp6} 5f]/f
ePsf lyPgg\ ..%)..
/fhfn] lrGtfu|:t eP/ u'?sxfF uP/
pkfo ;f]w]– æx] ;j{1 d'lg ¤ s;f] u/L dnfO{ 5f]/f k|fKt xf]nfg\ <Æ jlzi7 u'?
o:tf] sfd u/] o:tf] kmn ldN5 egL ;a} hfGby] . /fhfsf] o:tf] laGtL ;'g]kl5 pgn] o'lQm
atfOlbP ..%!..
æx] dxf/fh ¤ xh'/n] t'?Gt} Ps o1
ug'{xf];\, cjZo 5f]/f hGdg]5g\ . Cioz[Í gfd u/]sf Ps Clif 5g\, ltgL zfGtfsf klt
x'g\ . ltgnfO{ 8fSg eg]/ clxNo} sf]xL dflg; k7fpg'k5{ . ha xh'/sf lgldQ tL Clif
/ xfdL ldn]/ a;L Ps o1 ug]{5f}F, clg xh'/sf clt jL/ rf/ k'q x'g]5g\ . To;kl5
xh'/sf ;a} ;Gtfk x6]/ hfg]5g\ .Æ..%@..
jlzi7 Clifsf] o:tf] ctL{ ;'g]kl5
/fhf w]/} k|;Ù eP . /fhfn] zfGtfsf kltnfO{ af]nfpg k7fP . pgn] o1 ug{] tof/L
u/] . Cioz[Í / jl;i7 b'O{ Clif ldn]/ ha xf]d ug{ nfu], clUgb]jtf vL/sf] yfn af]s]/
ToxfF cfP ..%#..
æx] eujfg\ ¤ of] vL/ lng'xf];\ ¤
tkfO{Fsf 5f]/f x'g]5g\ .Æ olt eg]/ clUgb]jtfn] Tof] vL/sf] yfn /fhfnfO{ ydfP .
clUgb]jtf o;kl5 ToxLF cnk eP . /fhf v';L eP/ tL b'j} Clifsf sf]dn r/0fdf k/] .
/fhfn] ;f] vL/ sf}zNof / s}s]oL b'O{ /fgLnfO{ efu nufP/ lbP ..%$..
/fgLx¿n] cfkm"n] kfPsf]
vL/sf] efu vfg afFsL 5Fb} ;'ldqf klg cfOk'lug\ . pgn] sf}zNof / s}s]oLnfO{
elgg\– æd]/f] efu vf]O t <Æ tL b'j} /fgLn] cfkm\gf] efuaf6 lems]/ ltgnfO{
klg efu k'¥ofOlbP . o;/L tLg}j6L /fgLx¿n] ldn]/ ;f] ;a} vL/ afF8L vfP ..%%..
tLg}j6L /fgLx¿ ha ule{0fL eP, ltgdf
b]jtfsf ;/L t]h b]lvof] . ;a} hgtf v';L eP . sf}zNofsf] ue{af6 >L/fd
hGdg'eof] . ha sf}zNofn] >Lk|e'sf] rt'e{'h :j¿k b]lvg\, pgsf ;a} lrGtf x6]/
uP ..%^..
/fgLn] O{à/ log} x'g\ eg]/ xft
hf]8L w]/} :t'lt ul/g\– æx] gfy ¤ xh'/ ;a}sf cfTdf:j¿kL g]} x'g'x'G5 eÙ] yfxf
kfPF . xh'/n] rfx]df of] l;Í} a|éf08 cfkm\gf] ue{df lng ;Sg'x'g] lyof] t/ d]/f]
ue{df a;]/ xh'/n] cfh of] hGd lnOlbg'eof] ..%&..
x] gfy ¤ xh'/n] cfkm\gf eQmsf pk/
ug'{ePsf] bof b]v]F . d z/0fdf k/]F . xh'/sf] oxL :j¿k d]/f] dgdf ;bf emNsf];\
egL k'sf/f ub{5' . ca xh'/n] o:tf] lbJo z/L/ n'sfP/ ;'Gb/ afns :j¿ksf agL dnfO{
bz{g lbg'xf];\, x]5'{ . clg xh'/sf afnnLnf klg x]g{ d rfxG5' ..%*..
d ToxL afns d"lt{nfO{ oxfF
cflnÍg cflb u/]/ d]/f ;Dk"0f{ kfk gi6 u/fpFnf . xh'/sf] s?0ff ePkl5 d d'Qm
eO{ hfg]5' .Æ cfkm\gL dftfsf] of] laGtL ;'g]kl5 k|e'af6 of] x's'd eof]– æx]
dftf ¤ xh'/sf] leqL dgsf] s'/f] h] 5 Tof] k"/f xf]cf];\ ..%(..
oxfFx¿n] cl3sf] s'g} ;dodf b'j}
kltkTgL eP/ d]/f] 7"nf] tk:of ug'{ePsf] lyof] . tkfO{Fx¿n] dnfO{ cfkm\gf]
k'qsf] ¿kdf kfpmF eg]/ dgdf lnO/xg'eof] . clg d}n] j/bfg lbFb} eg]F– d
ltdLx¿sf] k'q eP/ hGd"Fnf . To;} sf/0fn] d cfh xh'/sf] k'q¿kdf hGd]sf] x'F
. ljgfsf/0f d}n] dfgj h'gL lsg lnGy]F / <Æ ..^)..
sf}zNofl;t olt s'/fsfgL ul/;s]kl5
k|e'n] afns;/Lsf ag]/ afnss} r]i6f ug{ nfUg'eof] . k|e' afnssf em}F ?g klg
yfNg'eof] . k'q hGd]sf] s'/f bz/ynfO{ yfxf eof] . hGd:yndf k'u]/ ha bz/yn]
k|e'sf] bz{g u/], /fhfsf] dg kl/k"0f{ eof] . pgL v';L eP ..^!..
t'?Gt} hftsd{ ;DkÙ ul/of] . jl;i7
u'?n] ;a} sfd u/] . s}s]oLsf] ue{af6 e/t hGd] . ;a} v';L eP . ;'ldqfn] rflxF
b'O6f h'DNofxf 5f]/f kfOg\ . tL b'O{df nId0f h]7f eP, / zq'£g sfG5f eP ..^@..
ha tLgj6L /fgLaf6 rf/ ;'s'df/
k'qx¿sf] hGd eof], w]/} e"ld, /Tg, ;'grfFbL / j:qx¿sf] bfg ul/of] . jlzi7 u'?n]
sf}zNofsf k'qsf] gfd /fd eÙ" eg]/ /flvlbP . s}s]oLsf k'qsf] gfd e/t /fv]
clg h'DNofxfsf] klg ===..^#..
7"nfrflxFsf] z'e gfd nId0f
/fv] eg] sfG5frflxFsf] gfd zq'£g /flvlbP . oL gfd pgLx¿sf sfdcg';f/ Psbd
ldNb5g\ . nId0f /fdl;t v]Ny]
eg] zq'£g e/t;Fu v]Ny] . a9\b} hfFbf vL/s} cg';f/ ltgsf] k|Llt x'g uof] ..^$..
cg]s afnnLnf ub{}df k|e'hLsf]
afNosfn laltxfNof] . rf/} afnssf] j|taGw klg eof] . rf/} afnsn] ;a} zf:qx¿
/fd|/L a'em]/ kl9;s] . s]xL ;dodf ltgn] jgdf uO{ ;fFrf l;sf/L ag]/ l;sf/ klg
v]n] . hlt /fhsfh ug'{ lyof], ;d:t /fhsfh klg rnfP ..^%..
/fd k/dfTdf x'g'x'G5 . pxfF
ljsf/L -d/0fzLn_ sxfF x'g'x'G5 / < pxfF o; nf]sdf k'?if ¿k wf/0f u/]/ cfpg'ePsf]
5 . pxfFn] dflg;h:t} ag]/ sfd ug{ nfUg'ePsf] 5 . eujfg\ xl/sf nLnf a'em]/
a'emLg;Sg' 5g\ ..^^..
ljàfldq Clifn] /fdnfO{ gf/fo0f}
x'g\ eg]/ hfg], To;}n] pgL Psbd} v';L x'Fb} k|e'nfO{ e]6\g eg]/ cof]Wof cfP .
/fhf bz/yn] ClifnfO{ ha b]v], pgn] v';L eP/ tL Clifsf] 7"nf] cfb/–;Tsf/
u/] . pgn] ClifnfO{ cToGt k|]dk"j{s ;f]w]– æxh'/ s]–slt sfd k/]/ oxfF;Dd
kfpsi6 ug{'ePsf] xf]nf <Æ..^&..
ha Clifn] cfb/k"j{ssf o:tf
lk|ojrg ;'g], pgn] cfkm\gf] h'g bb{ dgdf lyof], ;f] atfP– æx] /fhg\ ¤ d ;a} kj{kj{df O{à/df dg nufP/
xf]dsd{x¿ u5'{ . To; avtdf cfP/ ;a} xf]dx¿ gfz u/]/====..^*..
dfl/r / ;'afx'n] Psbd} w]/} lbSs
nufpF5g\ / d]/f] dgdf ;fx|} l/; p7\of] . oL b'j}nfO{ kfkL x'g\ egL d/fpg OR5f
ePsfn] ;f]xL OR5f laGtL u¿F eg]/ clxn] xh'/;dIf cfPsf] x'F . xh'/n] dnfO{ h]7f
k'q lbOaS;g'xf];\, d pgnfO{ lnP/ clxNo} ToxfF hfG5' ..^(..
x] /fhf ¤ xh'/n] clxn] d]/f]
lhDdfdf nId0fnfO{ ;fydf nufP/ /fdnfO{ lbg'eP logLx¿n] dfl/r / ;'afx'nfO{ ;xh}
dfg]{ lyP . dnfO{ 5f]/fx¿ ;fydf k7fOlbg] of glbg] ljifodf jl;i7sf] ctL{
lng'xf];\ . u'?n] lbg eÙ'eof] eg] lbg'xf];\ . olQ sfdsf nflu cfPsf] x'F .Æ
..&)..
ljàfldqhLsf] of] jrg ;'g]/ /fhf
;s;df k/] . 5f]/fx¿ lbpmF ls glbpmF eg]/ dgdf w]/} lrGtf lnP . pgn] jlzi7
Clif;dIf uP/ ;f]w]– æx] u'? ¤ o:tf] cfOnfUof], s] u¿F < s;f] u/]df sNof0f
x'G5, a? clxn] dnfO{ Ps ctL{ ldnf];\ ..&!..
d /fdnfO{ gb]vL s;/L afFR5' /
< of] Ps sl7gfO cfOnfUof], clg lognfO{ glbpmF eg] ;/fk b]nfg\ eÙ] klg nfU5 .
o;f] u/]df >]o x'G5, o;f] u/ egL xh'/af6 hf] cf1f kfpF5' d ;f]xL sfd ub{5' .
s'g tl/sf;Fu s;f] u/]df lxt x'g]5 <Æ..&@..
ha bz/ysf] of] laGtL u'?n] ;'g],
pgn] klg /fdsf] u'è s'/f] o:tf oL /fd x'g\ eg]/ ;a} elglbP– æx] /fhg\ ¤ ltdL
/fdnfO{ clxn] d]/f k'q x'g\ eg]/ eG5f} . tL k'q g} x'g\, tyflk logL rf}w}
e'jgsf dflns x'g\ ..&#..
e"–ef/ xg{sf lgldQ cfh
eujfg\ o; k[YjLtndf em/]sf x'g\ . pgn] sf}zNofaf6 hGdg' lyof], To;}n] Tof]
clxn] k|dfl0ft u/] . ltdLx¿ sf}zNof / bz/y b'j} cl3 sZok Clif / clblt lyof} .
ltdLx¿n] O{à/nfO{ d k'q¿kdf kfpmF eg]/ tk ub{} ;dflw lnof} ..&$..
k|e'hLn] v';L eP/ d ltdLx¿sf] k'q
eP/ hGd"Fnf egL j/bfg lbP . ;f]xL s'/f k|dfl0ft ug{sf nflu k/dfTdfn] oxfF
hGd lnPsf x'g\ . nId0f z]ifgfu x'g\, e/thL zª\v x'g\ eg] zq'£grflxF rj|msf
cjtf/ x'g\ . of] ;a tŒj sf] hfGb5 /, ltdL s] a'em eg] k|e'sf] nLnf ckf/ 5
..&%..
k|e'sL d"n zlQm klg cgGt
u'0fsL lbJod"lt{ ¿kdf /fhf hgssL 5f]/L eO{ a;]sL 5g\ . ltgsf] gfd ;Ltf xf]
. ;Ltf / /fdsf] ljlwk"j{s ljjfx u/fpg] ;+of]u h'6fpgsf nflu ljàfldqsf] dg
eof] . oxL ljrf/n] logL oxfF cfPsf x'g\ .Æ ..&^..
ha u'?n] /fdnfO{ lbg of]Uo dfg],
pgn] To;} lx;fan] ctL{ lbP . bz/yn] klg v';L eP/ nId0f;lxt /fdnfO{ To;}a]nf lbP
. /fd / nId0fnfO{ kfpFbf Clif klg cToGt v';L eP . tL Clif bz/yhLnfO{ cfzLjf{b
lbO{ /fd / nId0fnfO{ lnP/ uP ..&&..
s]xL k/ k'u]kl5 Clifn] /fdnfO{
o:tf] ljBf l;sfP h'g ljBf k9]kl5 ef]s, ysfO slxNo} nfUb}g eg]h:tf] x'GYof] . uÍfsf
lt/df 7"nf] jg lyof] . pgLx¿ ha To; jgdf k'u], ljàfldqhLn] k|e'hLnfO{ eg]–
æx] /fd ¤ oxfF t8sf 5] ..&*..
Tof] /fIf;L xf] . Tof] /fIf;L
sfd¿kL 5] / nf]snfO{ Psbd afwf k'¥ofpF5] . o;nfO{ dfl/aS;g'xf];\, of] kflkgL
xf] .Æ ljàfldqhLsf] o:tf] jrg ;'g]kl5 >L/fdhLn] klg cfjfh ;'g]/ oxfF l5§}
cfcf];\ eÙsf nflu Psbd hf]8n] wg'sf] 6Ëf/ ug'{eof] ..&(..
wg'ifsf] Tof] 6Ëf/ ;'g]/ ha tf8sf
bf}8]/ cfO{, k|e'n] To;nfO{ af0f xfÙ'eof] . To;sf] x[bodf af0f ufl8of] / Tof]
tTsfn ToxLF d/L . Tof] cl3 oIfL lyO{, ;/fk k/]sfn] Tof] ToxfF To:tL ePsL lyO{ .
>L/fdn] dfl/lbPkl5 To;sf] ;/fk 6¥of], clg To;n] km]l/ oIfLs} ¿k lnO{ ..*)..
>L/fdrGb|hLsf jl/kl/
k|]dk"j{s gd:sf/ ub{} pm 3'dL . clg pm /fdsf jrgn] ubf{ Ps ;'Gb/ ljdfgdf
r9]/ :ju{ uO{ . ljàfldq Clifn] ha of] sfo{ b]v], pgL Psbd w]/} v';L eP . pgn]
>L/fdnfO{ ;a} zf:qsf h]–hlt /x:o 5g\ tL ;a} k|bfg u/] ..*!..
sfdf>d gfd u/]sf] Ps /d0fLo
:yn ToxLF lyof] . pxfFx¿n] ToxfF Ps /ft jf; ug'{eof] . clg km]l/ ;a}nfO{ dÍn
u/L >L/3'klt l;4f>ddf hfg'eof] . To; l;4f>ddf cg]s Clif lyP, / tL
;a}n] >L/fdsf] k"hf u/] . >L/fd ToxfF dfl/rnfO{ km\ofFSg /
;'afx'nfO{ dfg{ cl3 ;g'{eof] ..*@..
pxfFn] ljàfldqhLnfO{ eÙ'eof]–
ædfl/r / ;'afx' sxfF a:5g\ < xh'/n] olb 7"nf] o1 ug'{eof] eg] tL oxfF
cfpg] lyP ls < cfh t e]6\g} ;lsPg, s;/L dfg]{ <Æ ha of] dhL{ ljàfldq
Clifn] ;'g], pgL c¿ Clifsf] ;fy lnO{ xf]d ug{ nfu] ..*#..
ha lbgsf] dWofÅg eof], Toltv]/ tL
/fIf; cfP . cfkm\gf] dg]{ sfnnfO{ glrg]/ ltgn] cl3 em}F xf]dsf] gfz u/f}Fnf egL
sxLF xf8 v;fP t sxLF /ut v;fOlbP . o:t} lsl;dn] ha tL o1df cfP, k|e'hLn] cufl8
;/]/ af0f xfÙ'eof] ..*$..
dfl/rnfO{ af0fn] xfg]/ ;d'b|sf]
lsgf/df k'¥ofOlbg'eof] . clUgaf0f lnP/ ;'afx'nfO{ rflxF e:d u/fOlbg'eof] . ha
nId0fhLn] ltgsf kmf}h klg ToxLF df/]/ ;lslbP, ;a} b]jtfn] v';L eP/ k'ikj[li6 u/]
..*%..
ljàfldqn] w]/} k|;Ù eP/ /fdnfO{
sfvdf lnP . pgn] ef]hg ug{sf lgldQ /fdnfO{ dL7f kmn cflb lbP . k|e'hL syfx¿sf]
jftf{ u/L tLg lbg ToxfF a:g'eof] . rf}yf] lbgdf Clifn] /fdsf cufl8 ;/]/ Ps
laGtL u/] ..*^..
æx] /fd ¤ xfdL hgsk'/ hfcf}F .
ToxfF /fhf hgs gfdsf 7"nf /fhf 5g\ . ltgL cfb/elQmk"j{s xh'/sf ;fd'df
v8f x'g]5g\ . ToxfF lzjsf] Pp6f ultnf] w'gif klg 5, Tof] klg b]Vg kfOPnf .Æ
Clifsf] laGtL ;'g]kl5 c;n s'/f xf] eg]/ /3'gfy v';L x'g'eof] ..*&..
>L/fd ha ljàfldq / nId0fnfO{
lnP/ lxF8\b} x'g'x'GYof], uÍflsgf/df uf}td Clifsf] cf>d gh/df k¥of] .
cf>dsf glhs} c;n kmn / km"nx¿sf] au}Frf lyof] . hLjhGt'sf] s'g}
gfdf]lg;fgf lyPg t/ klg Tof] ;x\of/–;Def/a]u/ /x]sf] lyof] ..**..
hf] l;Í} hut\sf dflns x'g'x'GYof]
To:tf /fdnfO{ s'g s'/fsf] hfgsf/L sd lyof] /, t}klg ;f]Wg'eof]– æof] olt c;n
au}Frf b]lvG5, lsg l/Q} 5 <Æ ljàfldq ;a} u'0fdf lgk'0f lyP, pgn] ;a}
lj:tf/k"j{s ;'gfP– æoxfF cl3 uf}td Clifsf] a;f]jf; lyof], ca oxfF sf]xL
klg a:t}gg\ ..*(..
uf}tdsL kTgL cxNof lyOg\, pgL
kltsf ;dfg u'0fsL elQmgL lyOg\ . ltgL a|éfsL k'qL x'g\ . ltgL Psbd u'0fL lyOg\
/ cfkm\gf u'0fn] ;a}nfO{ v';L kf/]sL lyOg\ . PskN6 uf}td Clif sfdljz]ifn] st}
6f9f uPsf lyP, To;} df}sfdf OGb| uf}td Clifsf] ¿k wf/0f u/]/ uf}td–kTgLsf cufl8
b]vf k/] ..()..
OGb| cfO{ ltgL;Fu ef]uljnf; u/]/
v';L eO{ kms]{/ hfFb} lyP, To;}a]nf uf}tdhLn] csf{ uf}tdnfO{ b]v] . uf}td Clif
cfáo{rlst eP . cfkm\gf] ¿k b'?:t b]v]kl5 pgL v'a l/;fP . pgn] ;f]w]– æeg\, tF
sf] xf];\ < atf . gq tFnfO{ e:d u5'{ .Æ ..(!..
OGb|n] Psbd 8/fP/ laGtL ub{} eg]–
æx] a|fé0f ¤ d OGb| x'F .Æ uf}td Clifn] l/;df k/]/ o:tf] ;/fk lbP– ætF oqf]
7"nf] b]jtf eP/ klg cfh of]lgdf clt n'Aw eO5;\ . t]/f] o; z/L/df ca Ps
xhf/ of]lg x'g]5g\ .Æ ..(@..
uf}tdn] olt ;/fk lbPkl5 OGb|
cfkm\gf] :yndf kmsL{ uP . Clifn] kTgLnfO{ klg ;/fk lbP/ kTy/ agfOlbP . pgn]
eg]– æcab]lv ptf oxfF s'g} hGt'ju{ x'g]5}gg\ . tF kTy/ eO{ /x];\ . hlxn] eujfg\
/3'gfy cfO{ tFnfO{ cfkm\gf r/0fn] 5'g]5g\ To;}a]nf tF d'Qm eP;\ .Æ ..(#..
cxNofnfO{ kltsf] o:tf] ;To ;/fk
k¥of] . pgL Ps crn kTy/ :j¿ksL agL hldgdf nl8xflng\ . ltgL kfkaf6 d'lQm kfpgsf
nflu xh'/sf] kfb:kz{ vf]Hblyg\ . ltgnfO{ s?0ff u/]/ xh'/n] s'lNrlbg'xf];\ .Æ
..($..
>L/fdn] ha Clifsf] o:tf] laGtL
;'Ù'eof] pxfF t'?Gt} ToxfF hfg'eof] . pxfFn] Pp6f 7"nf] kTy/ b]Vg'eof] /
To;nfO{ s'lNrlbg'eof] . cxNof ;'Gb/ d"lt{ eP/ tTsfn v8f eOuOg\ . oL a|fé0fL
x'g\ eg]/ >L/fdrGb|hLn] k|0ffd ug'{eof] ..(%..
>L/3'gfynfO{ ToxfF b]Vtf cxNof
v';L eOg\ . >L/fdsf] k"hf–:t'lt u/]kl5 pxfF;Fu labf dfuL pgL kltsf
;fydf uOg\ . To;kl5 >L/3'gfy ToxfFaf6 lxF8\g'eof] / t'?Gt} uÍfhLsf] lt/df
emg'{eof] . k|e'n] ha gbL tg]{ dg ug'{eof], dfemL r/0fdf k¥of] ..(^..
æx] Vjfldt ¤ ha xh'/sf oL b'O{
kfpsf] clt c;n w'nf] ha kTy/df k¥of], kTy/ g} eP klg To;n] dg'io;/Lsf] ;'Gb/
:j¿k lnof] . oxfF klg olb To:t} tl/sf eof] eg] 8'Ífn] dfgj :j¿k lng]5g\ . olb 8'Ífn]
klg hLljt eO{ :j¿k lnOlbof] eg] xfd|f hxfg–kl/jf/ vfg gkfO{ ef]s} dg]{5g\
.(&..
To;sf/0f jfl/k6\l6 gbLsf] lt/df
xh'/sf kfp kvfnL d]/f lz/dfly nufOlbg'xf];\ . olt s'/f ug'{eof] eg] dfq xh'/n]
uÍfhL kf/ ug{ kfpg'x'g]5 .Æ o:tf] laGtL ;'g]/ k|e'hLn] cfkm\gf kfp cufl8
;fl/lbg'eof] . dfemLn] hnn] kfp kvfnL Tof] hn cfkm\gf] lz/dfly lnof] ..(*..
o:tf tl/sfn] gfpdf r9]/ pxfFx¿
;lhn} uÍfhL kf/ tg'{eof] . Zofd;'Gb/ /3'gfy Psbd} v';L x'Fb} hgsk'/df pkl:yt
x'g'eof] . ljàfldq Clif w]/} v';L x'Fb} b'O{ s'df/nfO{ ;fydf lnO{ o; gu/df cfP eÙ]
s'/f] ha hgsn] ;'g] pgL To;} ;dodf bf}8]/ cfP ..((..
ha hgs bf}8]/ Clif eP7fpF cfP,
pgn] ljàfldqsf kfpdf cfkm\gf] lz/ /fv]/ ;a}sf] s'zntfsf] va/ ;f]w] . ha pgn]
;'Gb/ /fhs'df/nfO{ b]v], hgsn] ltgnfO{ klg O{à/nfO{ em}F k"hf u/] . eujfg\
lji0f'sf :j¿k log} x'g\ eÙ] t pgn] hfg] t/ klg cfkm\gf] cg'dfgnfO{ kSsf ug{sf
nflu km]l/ /fhf hgsn] ClifnfO{ ;f]w] ..!))..
æx] a|ég\ ¤ oL s'g k'?ifsf k'q
x'g\, lj:tf/k"j{s eÙ'xf];\ . logn] o; ;dodf d]/f] dg x/]/ Ps/lQ lrGtf /xg
lbPgg\ .Æ ljàfldqhLn] ha /fhf hgssf] of] laGtL ;'g], pgn] oL o:tf x'g\ eg]/
lj:tf/k"j{s atfP ..!)!..
æx] /fhg\ ¤ oL bz/yhLsf 5f]/fx¿
x'g\ . logLx¿sf] gfd /fd / nId0f xf] . logLx¿ dfG5]n] ug{ g;lsg] k/fj|md u5{g\
eg]/ dflg;x¿ eG5g\ . dfl/rnfO{ / ;'afx'nfO{ t c¿ s;n] lhTg ;SYof] /, t/ /fdn]
dfl/rnfO{ ;xh} km\ofFlslbP / ;'afx'nfO{ dfl/lbP ..!)@..
uf}tdsL gf/L kTy/ eO{ s}of}F
jif{;Dd /x]sL lyOg\ . kfpn] s'NrFbf tL pl7uOg\ / h:tfsL t:tL eOg\ . oxfF lzjsf]
Pp6f wg'if 5 egL ;'g]/ otf cfPsf x'g\ . Tof] wg'if x]g{;Fu dtna 5, sxfF
/fVg'ePsf] 5 ..!)#..
rfF8f] b]vfpg'xf];\ .Æ ha Clifn]
of] lj:tf/k"j{s eg], /fhf hgsn] klg dGqLnfO{ nf} Nofpm eÙ] x's'd lbP . o;}
aLrdf Clif;dIf /fhf hgsn] eg]– æ/fdn] wg'if prfn"g\ . /fdnfO{ d]/L 5f]/L
;Ltf lbG5', lax] u¿g\ . d c¿ Hofbf s] eg"F .Æ.!)$..
;Tojrg ;'g]/ o:t} lsl;dsf
s'/fsfgL eO/x]sf lyP, To;} aLrdf kfFr xhf/ jL/n] ank"j{s prfn]/ ;f] wg'if
NofP . To;kl5 >L/3'gfy p7]/ To; wg'ifsf] glhs} hfg'eof] . /fdn] Tof] wg'if
afofF xftdf ;xh} prfn]/ lng'eof] ..!)%..
wg'ifdf t'?Gt} tfFbf] r9fP/ ha tfÙ'eof],
b'O{ 6'j|mf eP/ Tof] wg'if e'OFdf v:of] . ;a}hgf v';L eP . To; avtdf ;f/f
hgsk'/el/ xif{}xif{ eof] . hgsn] cflnÍg cflb u/]/ k|e'sf] w]/} cfb/ u/] ..!)^..
;LtfhL klg /fdsf lz/dfly ;'gsf]
dfnf nufOlbP/ 5d5d kfp ub{} 3/df lkml/g\ . To; ;dodf ;j{q dÍnufg eof] . æbz/y
dflns x'g\, pgnfO{ va/ k7fpg'k¥of], tL cof]Wofdf 5g\ . dflg;x¿ kq lnP/ hfpmg\ /
tL rfF8f] oxfF cfpmg\ .Æ ..!)&..
hgshLn] o:tf] laGtL u/] clg pgn]
n]v]/ lj:tf/k"j{s ljj/0f lbP . lj:tf/kq lnP/ b"tx¿ t'?Gt} cof]Wof uP
. tL /fhfn] ha of] lj:tf/k"j{s ;'g], pgL cfgGbdf k/] . pgn] nf} ca ;a}nfO{
hgsk'/lt/ hfg'kg]{ eof] eÙ] x's'd u/] ..!)*..
Ps}l5gdf ljzfn n:s/ hDdf eOxfNof]
/ Tof] t'?Gt} hgsk'/df k'Uof] . To; eL8sf] j0f{g s;/L u¿F, To;avt ;f/f cof]Wof
vfnL eof] . o; tl/sfn] hlt ;]gf lyP tL ;a} hgsk'/lt/ nfu] . bz/yhLsf x's'dn] ha
Tof] ;}Go;d"x hgsk'/df pkl:yt eof], cem 7"nf] xif{ eof] ..!)(..
To; cj;/df hgs /fhfn]
>Lbz/yhLsf] w]/} 7"nf] cfb/ u/] . nId0fn] ;lxt eP/ /fd klg cfkm\gf
lktfhLsf r/0fdf kg'{eof] . hgshLn] ;a}nfO{ a:gsf nflu ;'Gb/ xa]nL v6fP . bz/y
klg v';L eO{ tf]lsPsf] xa]nLdf uO{ a;] ..!!)..
hgsn] ha ;'Gb/ nUgsf] lgwf] u/],
;x/df gfr–sLt{gl;tsf] dÍn eof] . /ftdf /fFsf w]/} an] / emndNn pHofnf] eof] .
ljjfxsf] h'g d08k xf], To;df xL/fsf em'Dsf em'n] . d'Fuf, df]tL, h'xf/x¿
hgsk'/df ;a}sf 3/3/df em'n] ..!!!..
o:t} tl/sfn] rf/}hgf efOsf] ljjfx
ljlwk"j{s ;DkÙ eof] . ;LtfhLsL dftfsf] dg xif{n] kl/k"0f{ x'g uof] .
/fd / nId0f b'O{ efOnfO{ hgsn] cfk\mgf 5f]/L lbP . efOsf 5f]/Lx¿rflxF e/thLnfO{
/ tL jL/ zq'£gnfO{ lbP ..!!@..
;LtfhL /dfkltsL kTgL eOg\ .
nId0fhLsL kTgL pld{nf eOg\ . e/tsL kTgL >'tsLlt{ / zq'£gsL kTgL df08jL eOg\
. h;/L cfkm" rf}w} e'jgsf :jfdL cgGt u'0fn] o'Qm lyP, leqL dgn] ljrf/ ubf{
tL kTgL klg To:t} lyOg\ ..!!#..
ljàfldq / jlzi7 b'j} Clif;dIf
;Ltf o:tL x'g\ egL hgsn] cl3sf] pTklQsyf ;a} lj:tf/k"j{s atfP– æPp6f o1
ubf{v]l/ e"ld kljq ug{ egL d uPF . xnf] hf]Tbfv]l/ ;Ltf lg:sg uOg\ . cfáo{
dfg]F ..!!$..
ltgnfO{ 5f]/L eg]/ kfn]F . ;LtfhL
eg]/ gfd klg c;n /flvlbPF . pgL afnssfndf cg]s t/xsf nLnf uly{g\ / d v';L lyPF
. cof]Wofdf /fd gfdn] bz/yhLsf 5f]/f eO{ v]N5g\ . ltd|L k'qL ;Ltf pg} k|e'hLsL dfof
oxfF cfPsL x'g\ ..!!%..
of] nLnf xf] eÙ] a'em]/ ltg}
/fdnfO{ ;Ltf lbg" egL gf/bhL p7]/ uOxfn] . ToxL s'/f] ;'g]sf] dnfO{ ofb
eof] . s'g tl/sf ldnfP/ ca d ;Ltf /fdnfO{ kf¿F eÙ] ljrf/ u/]F . of] lzjsf]
wg'if oxLF lyof] / o;}df of] k|lt1f u/]F ..!!^..
h'g jL/n] o; wg'ifsf] tfFbf] oxfF
r9fpg ;Snf, To;} jL/nfO{ d d]/L 5f]/L ;Ltfsf] ljjfx ul/lbg]5' . o; s'/fdf s'g}
km]/ kg{]5}g eÙ] s'/f ;a} jL/x¿n] hfg"g\ eg]/ ha o:tf] k|lt1f u/]F, of] s'/f
;'g]/ b]z–b]zfj/sf jL/x¿ t'?Gt} cfP ..!!&..
>L/fd cufl8 g;?Gh]n Tof] wg'if
p7fpg s;n] ;SYof] / < lxDdt xf/]/ ;a} jL/x¿ o; wg'ifsf] bz{g u/L 3/ kms]{/
uP . d]/f] k|lt1f >L/fdn] k"0f{ u/fOaS;g'eof] / of] ;a} s[kf k|e'n]
ubf{ g} ePsf] xf] eÙ] klg a'em]F .Æ ..!!*..
hgsn] ljàfldqhLsf glhsdf uP/ klg
cfgGbk"j{s cufl8 ;/]/ ;Ltfgfy /3'gfysf] :t'lt u/] . ljjfxdf bfOhf]:j¿k Ps
;o s/f]8 wg -?lkofF_ ;lxt b; xhf/ pQd–pQd /y lbP . 3f]8f Ps s/f]8j6f lbP, 5 ;o
t Psbd dQ xfQL lyP ..!!(..
k}bn ;]gf Ps nfv / tLg ;o s]6L
-bf;L_ bfg lbP . km]l/ w]/} ?lkofFn] jlzi7sf] klg k"hf u/] . To;} ;dodf
e/thLsf] klg k"hf eof], nId0fhL / zq'£ghLsf] klg k"hf eof] . To;kl5
/3'gfyhLsf] OR5f eof]– ca lkm/f}F, cof]Wof hfcf}F ..!@)..
ca hfg] OR5f a'em]kl5 hgshL /fdsf
r/0fdf k/] . ;a}sf] dg w]/} v';L kf/]/ hgsn] labf u/] . ;LtfhL dftfsf cufl8 uO{
cflnÍg cflb u/L ?g nflug\ . of] s'/f ;'g]/ ;a}sf] cfF;' a/a/L em¥of] ..!@!..
hgsn] ;LtfhLnfO{ of] ctL{ lbP–
æ;f;"–;;'/fsf ;/L csf]{ 7"nf] sf]xL 5}g . ltdLn] of] s'/f a'em]/
ltgsf] /fd|/L ;]jf6xn ug"{ . :qLsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] wd{ kltj|tf wd{ xf]
eÙ] hfg]/ kltj|tf x'g" .Æ olt ctL{ lbP/ hgsn] To; ;dodf labf lbP . pgLx¿
klg labf eP ..!@@..
o;} aLrdf k|e'hLsf gu/f ah], e]/L
d[bÍf klg ah] . k|e' km]l/ cof]Wof hfg'eof] eg]/ :ju{df klg xif{ eof] . ha
/fdsf] ;}Go;d"x hgsk'/af6 afx| sf]; k/ k'Uof], ;a}nfO{ ;ftf]k'Tnf] lng]
cg]s pNsf eof] ..!@#..
h'g ;dodf cg]s pNsf eof], Toltv]/
o; k[YjLtnsf ;a} Iflqox¿sf] 7"nf] ljgfz u/L k/z'/fd ToxfF cfOk'u]sf lyP .
To; ;dodf k[YjL sDk eOg\ / ;a}df xfxfsf/ dlRrof] . /fhfsf] dgdf ca 5f]/fx¿ s;/L
aRg] x'g\ eÙ] ljrf/ cfof] ..!@$..
o:tf a]r}g lrQn] /fhf bz/y
k/z'/fdsf kfpdf k/] . æd]/f 5f]/fx¿ ar"g\ k|ef] ¤ x] k/z'/fd ¤Æ– /fhfn]
o:tf] laGtL u/] . o:tf] laGtL klg cgfb/ ub{} ltgL sfnflUgh:tf eP . /fdsf] uj{
x¿F eg]/ k/z'/fd >L/fds} cufl8 uP ..!@%..
æs;sf] 5f]/f] xf];\ tF < dnfO{
atf . hfaf] k'/fgf] wg'if efFRt}df tFnfO{ clt uj{ eof] < c¿ s'/f s]
eg"F, of] xl/sf] wg'if xf], tF olb jL/ xf];\ eg] nf} o; wg'ifdf tfFbf] r9f
¤Æ olt eg]/ k/z'/fd Psbd w]/} l/;n] /fdsf cufl8 l7Í pleP ..!@^..
æolb t}Fn] cfh o; wg'ifdf tfFbf]
r9fpg ;ls;\ eg] d tF;Fu ;ª\u|fd ub{5' . olb ;lsg;\ eg] t d tFnfO{ /flVtgF,
;a}sf] k|f0f ;xh} vf]:5' .Æ o:tf j|m"/ jrg u/]/ k/z'/fdn] sfnflUgsf em}F
¿k lnP . pgn] k[YjL sDk u/fO{ dflg;x¿sf] ;Dk"0f{ ;ftf] x/0f u/]
..!@&..
k/z'/fdsf o:tf j|m"/ jrg
;'g]/ /3'gfyn] j|mf]wn] cufl8 ;/]/ k/z'/fdsf] Tof] wg'if ank"j{s vf];]/
lng'eof] . t'?Gt} tfFbf] r9fO{ ha af0f klg lng'eof], /3'gfysf] an 7"nf]
/x]5 eg]/ a'em]kl5 ;a} dflg;x¿ v';L eP ..!@*..
>L/3'gfyaf6 k/z'/fdnfO{
To;a]nf x's'd eof]– ætf/f] atfpm, clxn] xfG5', x] a|ég\ d sxfF xfg"F <
t'?Gt pQ/ b]pm, o;nfO{ nf} xfg\ eg]/ . tf/f] s]xL lbPgf} eg] t clxn] d ltd|f oL
uf]8f klg sfl6lbG5' .Æ ..!@(..
olt x's'd u/]/ ha k/z'/fdsf] t]h
lvFRg'eof], pgn] cl3sf] j[QfGt ;Dem] . pgn] >L/3'gfynfO{ lrg], clg pgn] olt
laGtL klg u/]– æx] k|e' ¤ xh'/ huÙfy x'g'x'Fbf] /x]5 eg]/ lrg]F . x] eujfg\ ¤
xh'/sf] s]xL c+z ldNbf d olt zlQmzfnL ePF ..!#)..
sft{jLo{ clt kfkL eof] . ca
o;nfO{ df5'{ eg]/ d}n] afns pd]/d} xh'/sf] 7"nf] tk:of u/]F . xh'/n] v';L
eP/ zlQm;d]t lbP/ o:tf] j/ lbg'eof]– æca d]/f] s]xL zlQm;d]t lnP/ hfpm . ltd|f] OR5f k"0f{ x'g]5
..!#!..
klxn] sft{jLo{nfO{ df/ .Æ d}n] k|e'hLsf] x's'd o:t} 5 eg]/
klxn] tL sft{jLo{nfO{ df/]F . clg ;a} Iflqox¿sf] PSsfO;k6s gfz klg u/]F .
Iflqo–z"Go ePsL k[YjLnfO{ xh'/n] sZokhLnfO{ lbg'eof] . olt sd{ ul/;s]/
d}n] cl3sf] l/; km]/]F ..!#@..
q]tfo'udf /fd gfd lnP/ g/–cjtf/
lng]5' . ltdL;Fu To;} avtdf e]6 xf]nf / ltd|f] zlQm vf];]/ lnpFnf . To;kl5
ltdLn] afFsL lbg ;w}F a|éfhLsf] tk:of u/]/ /xg" . dnfO{ olt ctL{ lbPkl5
>Lxl/ j}s'07wfddf hfg'ePsf] lyof] ..!##..
d}n] Tof] ;a} sfd ul/;s]F . xh'/
>L/fdnfO{ klg e]6]F . d]/f] zlQm ;a} xh'/n] x/]/ lnFbf k|e' x'g'x'Fbf] /x]5
eg]/ lrg]F . olt ePkl5 d]/f] hGd ;kmn eof] . k/dfTdfnfO{ klg ;xh} e]6\g kfPF .
xh'/sf] s[kfsf] kfq ag]/ d}n] ;a} tŒj1fg klg kfPF ..!#$..
xh'/sf hf]–hf] eQm 5g\, ca d]/f] tL;Fu ;T;Í
/xf];\ . x] k|e' ¤ d]/f] elQm xh'/sf log} r/0fdf b[9 eO{ /xf];\ .Æ olt ;a}
laGtL u/]/ k/z'/fdn] cfkm\gf ;d:t kfk / k'0o k|e'sf r/0fdf ;dk{0f u/] . k|e'n]
OlR5t j/ lbFbf k/z'/fd cfgGbdf k/] ..!#%..
pgn] ToxLF >L/3'gfysf] jl/kl/
3'd]/ gd:sf/ u/] . o;kl5 k/z'/fd >L/fdsf] dhL{cg';f/ cfkm\gf] dg >L/fdsf
r/0fdf nufP/ dx]Gb|lul/df uP . bz/yhLn] ha 5f]/fsf] t]h b]v], cflnÍg cflb ub{}
xif{sf cfF;'–wf/f aufP/ k|]dsf ;fu/df 8'a] ..!#^..
olt sfd u/]kl5 >L/fd cufl8
a9\g'eof] clg ;xh} cof]Wof k'Ug'eof] . ;LtfnfO{ lnP/ >L/fdn] s]xL ;do /fHo
;'vef]u ug'{eof] . Ps lbg v';L eP/ cfkm\gf eflgh e/tnfO{ s]xL lbgsf nflu 3/}df
Nofpg'k¥of] eg]/ o'wflht\ cof]Wof cfP ..!#&..
bz/yhLn] labf lbP . ha labf
ldNof], e/thL cfkm\gf Ps efO zq'£gnfO{ ;fydf lnP/ dfdf3/ uP . otf /fd ljjfx
u/]/ cfpg'eof] eg]/ ha cof]Wofk'/Ldf va/ km}lnof], ;f/f k|hfsf] dg k|;Ù eof] . o;eGbf
v';Lsf] s'/f c¿ s] x'GYof] / < ..!#*..
sf}zNofn] cl3 tk:of u/]sL lyOg\,
To;}sf/0fn] t xf] ;Ltf–/fd oxfF 5f]/f–a'xf/L x'g'ePsf] xf] . sf}zNofnfO{
clbltsf] zf]ef ldn]sfn] ;a} lrGtf x6]/ uP . >L/fd / ;LtfhL klg ;Dk"0f{
k|hfdf cfgGb–dÍn k|bfg u/L a:g'eof] . q}nf]Sosf gfy >Lxl/n] o;/L dflg;sf]
r]i6f u/]/ /xg'eof] ..!#(..
.. Olt >Lafnsf08 ..
@=
>Lcof]Wofsf08
>L/fd PsfGt :yndf x'g'x'GYof] / ;LtfhL k|e'sf]
;]jfdf x'g'x'GYof] . ;LtfhL glhs uP/ xftdf rDd/ lnO{ k|e'sf nflu xfFls/x]sL x'g'x'GYof]
. gf/bhL Psbd v';L eP/ cfsfzdfu{ x'Fb} ;f]xL :yndf cfP . /fdhLn] gf/bhLnfO{ w]/}
v';L x'Fb} b08jt\ ug'{eof] ..!..
æd ;+;f/L lyPF t/ xh'/sf] bz{g ldNgf;fy d wGo
ePF . xh'/sf] bz{g ldNgfn] of] efUosf] pbo xf] eÙ] a'em]F . d}n] ca xh'/sf nflu
s'g sfd ug'{ 5, Tof] rfF8f] cf1f xf];\ . d Tof] sfd l;4 u/fpFnf / xh'/sf] dgdf
cfgGb /xf];\ .Æ ..@..
k|e'sf o:tf s'/f ;'g]kl5 gf/bn] To;}cg';f/
hafkm lbP . pgn] /fdsf] w]/} :t'lt u/], / k|e'nfO{ dgdf wf/0f u/] . dgdf h'g
s'/fsf] laGtL ug'{ lyof] ;f] klg u/]– æa|éfsf] laGtL lnP/ d xh'/sxfF cfPsf] x'F
..#..
xh'/n] cof]Wofdf hfg]5' / b'i6x¿nfO{ df/L
e"ldsf] ef/ xg{]5' eg]/ jrg lbg'ePsf] lyof] . To;}cg';f/ xh'/ oxfF
kfNg'ePsf] xf] . s'/f o:tf] xf], t/ bz/y /fhfaf6 xh'/nfO{ /fhu2L lbg dg eof] .
olb Vjfldtn] ca /fHodf e'lnlbg'eof] eg] ef/ xg'{kg{] sfd t afFsL /xg] eof] .Æ
..$..
gf/bsf oL jrg ;'g]kl5 v';L eP/ k|e'n] klg
t'?Gt} pQ/ aS;g'eof]– æd /fHo gu/L ef]ln g} hfG5' .Æ Vjfldtsf oL jrg ;'g]/ gf/b
w]/} v';L eP . pgL k|e'sf jl/kl/ tLgk6s k|blIf0ff u/]/ tLj| ultn] cfsfzdf uP
..%..
bz/yhLsf dgdf ;Gtf]ifn] cfgGb–dÍn eof] . pgsf]
dgdf ca /fdnfO{ /fHo lbpmF eg]/ nx8 pTkÙ eof] . o:tf] dg nfu]kl5 pgn] u'?nfO{
8fsL u'?sf ;fd'Ù] o:tf] x's'd u/]– æd k'qnfO{ ef]ln /fHo lbg]5' . cfjZos kg{]
;a} ;fdu|L Nofpg'kg{] eof] .Æ ..^..
dGqLnfO{ tTsfn 8fs]/ x's'd eof]– æu'?n] h]h]
eG5g\, tL–tL ;fdfg em6k6 tof/ u/, a? c¿ ;a} sfd 5f8\g" .Æ dGqLn] of] x's'd
;'g]kl5 pgL u'?sf ;fy}df /x] . u'?n] pgnfO{ h]hlt rLhaLh rflxg] xf], tL ;a}yf]s
vf]Hg eg]/ 5n{Í x'g] u/L atfP ...&..
dGqLnfO{ cx|fO;s]kl5 jlzi7 u'? /f3jhLsf ;fydf
uP . >L/3'gfyn] klxn] u'? eg]/ ;Ddfg u/] . æx] q}nf]Sokt] ¤ d u'? x'g t x'F,
t/ d tkfO{Fsf] s]sf] u'? x'F < dnfO{ xh'/sf] u'? eg]/ oL dflg; eG5g\ t/ a? xh'/nfO{
g} d]/f u'? eg]/ ;a}n] elglbpmg\ ..*..
tkfO{Fsf] bz{g kfpFnf eg]/ oxfF d k'/f]lxt
ePsf] x'F . u'Kt s'/f] v'N5 eg]/ 8/ nfU5, o;eGbf a9L s] eg"F / < d u'è
s'/f] vf]Ng]5}g, ;a}yf]s hfGb5' tyflk r'krfk /x"Fnf . clxn] d xh'/;dIf ;a}
s'/f hfgLhfgLsg klg laGtL ug{ cfPsf] 5' ..(..
ef]ln oxfF xh'/nfO{ /fhltns x'g]5 . ;a} ;fdu|L
hDdf eO;s]sf] 5 . ;a} zf:qn] eGb5g\, xh'/n] e'OFdf ;'Tg'xf]nf . ;Ltfn] ;d]t cfh
;a} OlGb|o lht]/ pkjf; ug"{ . w]/} sfd afFsL 5, cf1f kfpmF, d hfG5' / uP/ ;a}yf]s
ljrf/ k'¥ofpF5' .Æ ..!)..
o:tf] laGtL u/]/ ha jlzi7 u'? hfg'eof], /fdn]
nId0fnfO{ ;dfrf/ ;'gfpFb} eÙ'eof]– æd ltdLnfO{ sfd ug{ lbpmFnf . efO e/t klg
oxfF 5}gg\ / ltgsf lglDt d]/f bof 5 . of] ;dfrf/ ;'g]kl5 sf}zNof v';L x'g]l5g\
.Æ ..!!..
/fhfn] /fdnfO{ /fHo lbg]5' eg]/ s'/f
6'ª\UofOlbPsfn] ca s}s]oLsf] s]xL nfUb}g . o;df nIdL / b'uf{ pkl:yt eP/ s'g}
lj£gafwf kg{ glbpmg\ . sf}zNof o:tf s'/f dgdf ljrf/ ub{} b]jLsf] k"hf
ub{lyg\ . t/ k/d]à/sf] dgdf rflxF sfddf lj£gafwf kfg'{ lgsf] 7xl/of] ..!@..
æx] jf0fL -;/:jtL_ ¤ ltdL uP/ lj£g kf/]/ cfpm .
ltdLn] uO{ tL dGy/f / s}s]oL b'O{ :qLsf x[bodf k;]/ sfd k"/f u/ .Æ O{à/sf
oL jrg ;'g]/ jf0fL To; dGy/fsf dgdf kl;g\ / s}s]oLnfO{ /fd|/L e'Nofpgsf nflu
klg ltgsf x[bodf klg kl;g\ ..!#..
jf0fLsf jzdf k/]sL tL s}s]oL hxfF lyOg\, sfd
laTnf ls eg]/ 56k6fP/ em§} Tof] dGy/f ToxLF k'luxfnL . p;n] cg]s 5n u/]/ l7Ss
kf/Lsg ;a j[QfGt lj:tf/ u/]/ of] 7"nf] ;"rgf lbP/ egL– æb'O{ j/ 5g\,
ltdL dfuLn]pm .Æ ..!$..
s}s]oL jf0fLåf/f e'nfOPsL lyOg\ . pgn] elgg\–
ænf} x'G5, d rfF8f] u/]/ /fdnfO{ jgjf; / e/tnfO{ /hfOF dfUg]5' . ha b'O{ j/n]
sfd l;4 u¿Fnf, ltdLnfO{ Ps ;o ufpF k'/:sf/:j¿k lbpFnf .Æ pgn] dGy/fnfO{ labf
lbP/ 3/ kmsf{Og\ / cfkm"rflxF l/; b]vfpg yflng\ ..!%..
s}s]oLn] tL ;'Gb/ j:q lgsflng\ / kmflng\ clg
d}nf sk8f z/L/df nufOg\ . pgn] ;f/f cfe"if0f–uxgfx¿ km\ofFs]/ v'al;t
l/;fpFb} vfnL hldgdf k;fl/Og\ . ;Hhg, pQd / ;'dltsf] dflg; klg s'dltsf ;Ítn]
lalu|P/ hfG5 eg]/ b'lgofFn] eGb5, 7Ls To:t} nIf0f oxfF s}s]oLdf b]lvof] ..!^..
ha /fhf v';L eP/ s}s]oLl;t a:g eg]/ uP, pgn]
ltgnfO{ b]v]gg\ . /fgL stf uOg\ eg]/ pgn] rfsgL{nfO{ ;f]w] . rfsgL{n] egL–
æpxfF j|mf]wfuf/df hfg'ePsf] t a'em\of}F t/ s]slt sf/0fn] xf] Tof] a'em]sf] 5}g
. xh'/n] g} uP/ lsg l/;fpg'ePsf] xf] eg]/ a'em\g'xf];\ .Æ ..!&..
s]6Lsf oL jrg ;'g]/ /fhf 8/fpFb} /fgLsf] glhsdf
uP . pgn] s}s]oLnfO{ ;f]w]– ænf} s'/f vf]n, lsg o:t/L w]/} l/;fof} <Æ hf]
eG5\of} d k'¥ofpFnf eg]/ pgn] zky vfPkl5 dfq pgn] d'v vf]lng\ . /fhf j[If
9n]em}F k[YjLdf 9n] t/ /fgLn] cfkm\gf] l9kL 5fl8gg\ ..!*..
/fdnfO{ jgjf; / e/tnfO{ /fHo lbg'xf];\ eg]/
/fgLn] lh2L ul/g\– æb'O{ j/n] oxL lbg'xf];\, lbg'x'Ù eg] t d'bf{;/L afFRg' xf]
. ef]ln olt s'/f ePg eg] d t ljif vfP/ dg{]5' .Æ olt s'/f eg]sf] ;'g]/ /fhf otf
km]l/ hldgdf k/L 9n] ..!(..
Tof] /ft jif{;dfg JotLt x'guof] . /fhf d'5f{
kl//x] . ha laxfg ;a} ;fdu|L tof/ ul/;s]kl5 dGqL /fhfsf] ;]jfdf uP, pgn]
ToxfFsf] rfn cgf}7f] b]v] . pgn] Psbd} w]/} ljrf/ u/]/ ;f]w]– æs] k¥of] / <Æ
;a} s'/f lj:tf/k"j{s ;'g]kl5 ;'dGq >L/fdnfO{ lng eg]/ uP . >L/fd klg
ToxfF cfpg'eof] ..@)..
æltdL g} /fhfnfO{ b'Mv–;'v x'g'sf sf/0f xf},
ltdLn] jgdf uP/ of] /fHo e/tnfO{ b]pm .Æ s}s]oLn] elgg\ . o:tf s'/f ;'g]kl5
k|e'hLn] eÙ'eof]– æx] dfO{ s}s]oL ¤ ;'g ¤ /fhf v';L /x"g\, d jgdf hfG5' .
3/df a;]/ s] sfd 5 / <..@!..
d slQ klg ufx|f] gdfgL jgdf hfg]5' t/ /fhfn] g}
of] s'/f eÙ'k5{ .Æ k|e'n] o;f] eÙ'ePsf] ;'g]/ /fhfn] eg]– æx] /fdrGb| ¤ ltdLn]
cfh dnfO{ afFw]/ /fHo u/L em'§fb]lv arfpm . o:tf] u/]df ltdLnfO{ kfk nfUb}g .Æ
..@@..
olt eg]kl5 /fhf km]l/ klg Psbd ljnfk ug{ nfu] .
/fhfsf] cfzo a'em]kl5 /fdrGb| cfkm\gL dftf ePsf] 7fpFdf hfg'eof] . sf}zNof
Toltv]/ elQmk"j{s xl/hLsf] Wofgdf a;]sL lyOg\ . pgn] >L/fdnfO{ gb]v]sL x'gfn]
lg/Gt/ k|e'sf] ehg ufogdf dUg /lxg\ ..@#..
ha ;'ldqfn] >L/fd cfpg'ePsf] hfgsf/L lbOg\,
aNn dftfsf cfFvf v'n] . k|e'nfO{ b]Vtf pgsf] dgdf 7"nf] ;Gtf]if klg eof] .
pgn] v';L eP/ >L/fdnfO{ sfvdf lnOg\ / s]xL vfpm elgg\ . of] ;'g]/ /fdhLn] eÙ'eof]–
æca t d}n] slt vfpFnf / ..@$..
ca vfg] a]nf uof] . dnfO{ t jgsf] /fHo ldNof] .
e/tn] /fHo kfP . pgL oxLF a;L hgtfdfly zf;g u¿g\ . hfcf];\ eg]/ labf lbOaS;g'eP
d v';L;fy jgdf hfg] lyPF . d rfF8} lkmg{]5' . dgdf slQ lj/x gxf];\ .Æ ..@%..
sf}zNof >L/fdsf d'vaf6 o:tf] jrg ;'g]/ d'5f{
kl/g\ . d'5f{af6 p7]kl5 pgn] elgg\– æd ltdLnfO{ ca sxfF 5f]8\5' / < /fhfn]
To;f] eg] xf]nfg\, t/ d ltdLnfO{ oxLF /f]Sb5' . gq, ca ltdL hxfF hfG5f}, dnfO{ klg
;fy}df n}hfpm ..@^..
ltdLnfO{ labf lbO{ d oxfF s;/L b'Mv ;x"Fnf
< Tof]eGbf t a? k|f0f Tofu]/ odk'/L hfg]5' .Æ sf}zNofsf] olt ljnfk ;'g]kl5
k|e'sf] dg bofn] el/of] . nId0fsf] dgdf rflxF Toltv]/ c¿dfly l/; p7\g uof]
..@&..
>L/fdhLnfO{ x]bf{ c¿l;t p7]sf] l/; cem
a9]kl5 pgn] k|e';dIf laGtL u/]– æca d e/t;Fu n8fOF ug{]5' . xh'/sf] /fHo x/0f ug{]x¿
hf]–hlthgf 5g\ tL ;anfO{ dfg{]5' . ;a}eGbf klxn] lktfhLnfO{ g} afFWg]5' .Æ pgn]
To;kl5 eg]– æc¿nfO{ t s] 5 / < ..@*..
xh['/ /fhu2Ldf r9\g'xf];\ . d ;Dk"0f{
zq'x¿sf] gfz u¿Fnf . oxL sfd u/]/ d dftfsf ;d:t zf]sx¿ x¿Fnf .Æ nId0fhLsf oL
jrg ;'Ù'ePkl5 >L/fd v';L x'g'eof] . pxfFn] 7"nf] bof /fv]/ ;a} s'/f lj:tf/k"j{s
a'emfpg'eof] ..@(..
æx] efO ¤ ;'g . o; ;+;f/df dflg;sf] z/L/ clt
sRrf 5 . z/L/ sRrf 5 eÙ] a'em]/ ltdLn] dgdf slQ l/; gu/ . ;a} ef]ux¿ lah'nL
rDs]em}F Ps}l5g g/xg] u/L r~rn 5g\ . o:tf] ljrf/ /fv]/ ltdLn] ;x", lsgeg] ;xg]
g} 7"nf] x'G5 .#)..
h;/L ;k{sf] d'vn] Rofk]sf] Eofu'tf] 8fF;nfO{
vfg vf]H5, To:t} u/L b'lgofF klg dgdf ef]u u¿Fnf eg]/ eG5g\ . dgn] ljrf/ u/–
sfn;k{sf d'vdf k/]/ s] xf]nf /, dflg; h'gLdf s]sf] /; 5 oxfF < d jg hfpFnf, xl/n]
oL ;a}nfO{ cfgGb lbpmg\ ..#!..
ltdLn] a'em– af6fsf] kf6Ldf ljleÙ b]zsf a6'jfx¿
e]nf x'G5g\ . tL v';L dg lnP/ aftlrt ub}{ aGw'sf em}F ;Fu} /ft latfpF5g\ . ha
laxfg x'G5, tL ;a} p7]/ b; lbzf nfluxfN5g\ . aGw'sf] ;fy klg o:t} xf] eÙ] a'em]/
u'0fLhgn] b'Mv–;'v Ps} dfG5g\ ..#@..
wg;DklQ 5foft'No 5, / of}jg eÙ] s'/f e]n;/L 5 .
:qL–;'vnfO{ :jKg;/Lsf] xf] eg]/ eG5g\ . of] s'/f ;fFrf] xf] eÙ] hfg]/ klg ;a} dg'iox¿
;+;f/df e'Nb5g\ . e'ne'n}ofsf] jzdf k/]/ cg]s x}/fgL em]n]/ dflg;x¿ ;+;f/L eO{
8'Nb5g\ ..##..
ltdLn] h'g l/; o; z/L/sf lgldQ u¥of}, Tof] z/L/
s:tf] 5 lrG5f} < xf8, df;', /ut / g;f olt s'/f hDdf eO{ of] aGb5 . of] z/L/ cGTodf
of t lji6f x'G5 of t e:d x'G5, kl5;Dd t of] s;}u/] klg afFRt}g . To:tf] o;
z/L/sf vflt/ 3ft u¥of} eg] a]sf/df kfkdfq nfUnf ..#$..
j|mf]w ;a}hgfsf nflu od/fh xf] / t[i0ff g}
j}t/0fL gbL xf] . of] ;To ltdLn] a'em]/ slxNo} gla;{g" . ;Gtf]ifnfO{
sfdw]g';/Lsf] 5 eÙ] a'em]/ ;Gtf]if dfg]/ /xg" . l/; ug'{ /fd|f] x'Fb}g, a?
jgdf hfg' c;n xf] eÙ] hfg]/ ;xg" ..#%..
o:t} xf], sd{sf jzdf x'g] ePsfn] sf]xL klg
Ps}7fpFdf /x]/ a:t}g . x] efO ¤ sf]xL s:t} eP klg s/n] hfg}k5{ clg hxfF uP/ eP
klg b'lgofFn] sd{sf] kmn ef]u ug}{k5{ eÙ] s'/f] lrQdf n]pm . dftfn] of] s'/f
a'em]/ xfdLnfO{ labf lbg'xf];\ .Æ ..#^..
ha k|e'n] o:tf] laGtL u/]/ kfpdf kg'{eof],
dftfn] klg dgnfO{ a'emfP/ labf lbg'eof] . cfF;' yfDg sl7g eof] / cfdfsf] z/L/
cfF;'n] lgy'|Ss eof] . ha cfzLjf{b / labf;d]t ldNof], >L/fdsf] dg v';L eof]
. nId0fn] klg ;fy}df hfG5' eg]/ cfkm"n] hfg kfpgsf nflu laGtL u/]
..#&..
ænf} lxF8 ¤Æ eg]/ nId0fnfO{ lnP/ >L/fd
;LtfhL eP7fpF hfg'eof] . ;'?df ;LtfhLnfO{ ltdLrflxF 3/}df a; eg]/ eÙ'eof] .
kª\vf, 5q / rd/n] /lxt x'g'ePsf k|e'nfO{ b]v]/ ;LtfhL Psbd zª\lst x'g'eof] . pxfFn]
xft hf]8]/ ;fd'Ù] uO{ ;f]Wg'eof]– æs] sf/0f x'guof] <Æ ..#*..
hfgsLnfO{ ;zª\lst b]v]/ k|e'hLn] o:tf] cf1f
ug'{eof]– æx] lk|o] ¤ ;f;"sf] ;]jf6xn u/]/ ltdL rf}w jif{;Dd 3/df
a:g" . lktfhLsf] jrg lz/pk/ lnO{ d jgdf hfG5' . x] d]/L :qL ¤ rf}w jif{
latfP/ d lgáo g} t'?Gt} oxfF kms{g]5' .Æ ..#(..
k|e'sf o:tf s'/f ;'g]/ ;LtfhL ToxLF d'5f{
kg'{eof] . klxn] Hof]ltifLn] eg]sf s'/f ;a} eg]/ ;]jf 5f8\lbgF eÙ'eof] .
;LtfhLsf olt s'/f ;'g]/ v';L x'Fb} k|e'n] ;LtfhLnfO{ klg ;fy}df nUg] x'g'eof] .
a|fé0fx¿ ;bf v';L /x"g\ eg]/ To; cj;/df k|e'n] w]/} wgbf}nt bfg ug'{eof]
..$)..
nId0fhLn] hxfF sf}zNofhL lyOg\ ToxL uO{ laGtL
u/] . d]/L dftfn] k5\ofpg] eOg\ eg]/ sf}zNofhL;dIf ;'ldqfhLnfO{ ;'Dk] . olt sfd
ul/;s]kl5 >L/fdsf x's'dn] nId0f tof/ eP . ;LtfhL / nId0fnfO{ ;fydf lnP/
/3'gfyhL /fhf eP7fpF k'Ug'eof] ..$!..
ha ;Ltf / nId0fnfO{ lnP/ >L/fdhL lktfhL;dIf
labf dfUg hfg'eof], o:tf] b]v]/ c;è eof] / ;a} b'lgofF zf]s ug{ nfu]– æs}s]oL
b'i6 ePsfn] ;LtfhL / >L/fdnfO{ of] b'Mv cfOnfUof] . ;LtfhLn] cfh s;f] u/]/
3f]/ hÍndf uO{ b'Mv ;xg'xf]nf <..$@..
of] cGofo eof], To;}n] oxfF ga;f}F, ca a?
k|e'sf ;fydf nfu]/ hfcf}F . /fdnfO{ jg hfgsf nflu 5f8]/ xfdL oxfF s;f] u/L a:g
;S5f}F / < pxfF;Fu guO{ lrQ a'em\b}g .Æ o:tf s'/f u/]/ hgtfn] zf]s ug{ nfu] eg]/
jfdb]j Clifn] ;a} lj:tf/k"j{s atfP/ ;a}sf] lrQ a'emfP ..$#..
æx] hgtf xf] ¤ ltdLx¿ o:tf] zf]s clt ul//x]sf
5f} . of] zf]s 5fl8b]cf], lsgeg] >L/fdnfO{ ;fIfft\ lji0f' x'g'x'G5 eg]/ dgdf
n]cf] . k[YjLsf ;a} ef/x¿ gi6 u/]/ /3'gfy lkmg'{x'G5, cGoq sxfF hfg'x'G5 / <
oL s'/f cjZo ;fFrf x'g\, lsg b'Mv dflg/x]sf 5f} <Æ ..$$..
o:tf s'/f u/]/ jfdb]j Clifn] dflg;x¿sf] dg
/fd|/L a'emfOlbP . s}s]oL / bz/y hxfF a;]sf lyP, eujfg\ >L/fd ToxfF
k'Ug'eof] . æx] dftf ¤ ca xfdL tLghgf jg hfgsf nflu eg]/ tof/ eP/ cfof}F . dgdf
slQ klg /L;/fu glnO{sg d jg hfg]5', labf ldnf];\ ..$%..
dnfO{ jg hfgsf nflu lktfhLsf] klg cf1f ldnf];\
. d ;w}F v';L 5' . xfdLn] jgdf b'Mv kfpF5f}F ls egL lktfhLsf] dgdf slQ klg zf]s
gnfuf];\ .Æ s}s]oL olt s'/f ;'g]kl5 v';L eOg\ . pgn] s]xL k'/fgf j:qx¿ lems]/
lbOg\ . >L/fdn] s}s]oLn] lbPsf tL sk8f nufpg'eof] . ;LtfhLn] tL sk8f :jLsf/
u/]/ xftdf lng'\eof] ..$^..
o:tf j:q d s;/L nufpmF eg]/ ;Ltfn] dgdg} eÙ'eof]
. pxfFn] nfh dfg]/ >L/fdsf d'vlt/ s6fIf ub{} x]g'{eof] . >L/fdn] ha tL
sk8fsf] Pp6f kf]sf] agfP/ lng'eof], ToxfF pkl:yt /fhkTgLx¿ hf]hf] lyP, tL ;a}
of] b[Zo b]v]/ /f]P ..$&..
æx] b'i6f :qL ¤ cfh ltdLn] ;LtfhLnfO{ lsg oL
k'/fgf j:q lbof} < o; sfdn] ltdLn] oxfF pkl:yt ;a}sf] k|f0f lvFr]/ lnof} .Æ
ha jlzi7 u'?n] s}s]oLnfO{ olt s'/f eÙ'eof], >L/3'gfy ;a}l;t labf eP/ /ydf r9\g'eof]
. hf]hf] Toltv]/ ToxfF pkl:yt lyP, tL ;a} /f]P ..$*..
/ydf r9]/ >L/fd / ;LtfhL jglt/ nfUg'eof] .
;fydf nId0f klg uP . 3/ 5f8]sf] To; /ft >L/3'kltsf] jf; Ps j[Ifsf d'lg eof]
. glhs} td;f gfdsL Ps ;'Gb/ gbL lyOg\ . cof]WofnfO{ vfnL u/]/ ;]gfsf]
7"nf] n:s/ cfof] / gbLsf jfl/ / kfl/ 9fs]/ a:of] ..$(..
æ>L/3'gfy lkmg'{eof] eg] xfdL klg ;Fu}
lkm/f}Fnf, jglt/ nfUg'eof] eg] xfdL klg ;Fu} hfcf}Fnf, t/ >L/fdnfO{ 5f8]/ ca
s;/L guO{ a:g ;lsG5 / <Æ >L/fdn] ;]gfsf] o:tf] dg;fo a'em\g'eof] . k|e'n]
;]gfnfO{ 5Ng] o'lQm ug'{eof] . k|ftMsfn x'gf;fy k|e'n] p7]/ em6k6 lxF8\g] dg
ug'{eof] ..%)..
kms{]/ km]l/ ;x/}tkm{ uPem}F u/]/ k|e'n] af6f]
5Nb} jglt/ nfUg'eof] . >L/fd kms{g'eP5 eG7fg]/ ;a}hgf ;x/lt/} lkm/] .
>L/fdn] o; tl/sfn] hgtfnfO{ ;x/lt/ kmsf{P/ cfkm"rflxF jglt/ nfUg'eof] .
uÍfsf] lsgf/df k'u]kl5 dfq k|e'n] /y /f]Sgsf nflu cf1f lbg'eof] ..%!..
gbLlsgf/df l;;f}sf] Pp6f 7"nf] ¿v lyof] .
To;} j[Ifsf d'lg k|e'sf] bf];|f] jf; eof] . u'xhL >L/fdsf] cfudgsf] va/ kfP/
a8f] v';L x'Fb} kmnkm"n lnO{sg bz{g ug{ cfP . >L/fdsf] :kz{ kfP/ pgsf]
b]x To;} avtdf lgd{n eof] ..%@..
æx] Vjfldt ¤ xh'/n] ;jf/L eP/ d]/f] 3/ kljq
kfl/aS;g'xf];\ eg]/ laGtL ub{5' . x] s?0fflgwfg ¤ d xh'/sf] ;]js x'F / dpk/
dfof ul/aS;g'xf];\ . hf] cf1f .Æ k|e'n] u'xsf] of] laGtL ;'g]/ eÙ'eof]– æx] ldq
¤ cfh t d jgdf hfg lxF8]sf] x'F . d ltd|f] 3/df hfÙF, oxLF ¿vd'lg /xG5' ..%#..
c¿n] lbPsf] s'g} kmnkm"n jf c¿yf]s vfg]5}g
eÙ] k|lt1f dgdf 5 . d cfkm\gf] dgsf] k|lt1f kfng u5'{ . ltdL d]/} xf}, of] /fHo
klg d]/} xf] .Æ k|e'n] olt eg]/ j/sf] b"w 3:t} cfkm\gf h6f ufF7f] kf/L
d's'6em}F kf/]/ afFWg'eof] ..%$..
hnkfg dfq u/L ;Ltf / /3'gfy s'zsf] la5\of}gdf
hfg'eof] . nId0fsf ;fydf /x]/ u'x klg /fte/ v8f /lx/x] . ;Ltf / /fdnfO{
s'zf;gdf dfq ;'t]sf] b]v]/ u'xhLnfO{ ;fx|} Unflg eof] . pgsf] dgdf zf]s Psbd
a9]/ cfof] ..%%..
pgn] nId0fnfO{ eg]– æx] efO ¤ s}s]oLn] w]/}
b'Mv lbOg\ . /fhfnfO{ jzdf kf/]/ pgn] k|e'sf] x'd{t g/fd|/L lnOg\ .Æ u'xhLsf oL
s'/f ;'g]/ nId0f u'xhLsf] lbn 7G8f x'g] u/L eGb5g\ . u'xhL klg tg, dg / jrg ;a}yf]s
lbP/ nId0fhLsf s'/f ;'Gb5g\ ..%^..
æoL b'Mv / ;'vsf] bftf sf] 5 / oxfF < xfdLn]
xfd|f sd{sf] kmn dfq kfpF5f}F . s;}n] s]xL lbG5 eÙ' s'a'l4dfq xf] . To;}n]
ltdLn] o;f] geg . o;f] eg]df cfkm\gf] wd{sf] gfz x'G5 . xfdLn] cfkm"nfO{
stf{ x'F eg]/ slxNo} cledfg ug'{x'Fb}g . hlxn] klg ltdLn] s] a'em\g" eg]
xfdL h] ef]U5f}F, Tof] xfdLn] u/]sf sd{sf] kmn xf] ..%&..
w}o{ eO{ /xg" . s:t} ljklQ k/] klg
;xg" . dflg;n] slxNo} df]xdf kg'{x'Fb}g . ;+;f/ dfofhfn xf] eÙ]
a'em\g" .Æ u'xhL / nId0fhLsf aLr o:t} s'/fsfgL eÙ]–;'Ù] u/]/ /fdsf glhsdf
/xL /ft laTof] . ha pHofnf] eof], k|e'hLaf6 x's'd eof]– æuÍf tg'{k5{ ca .Æ
æx] uÍ] ¤ ha d kms{g]5', cjZo w]/} ;fdu|L
h'6fO{ k"hf ug{]5' . t/ cfh ltdLnfO{ s]jn gd:sf/ u/L d 3f]/ jgdf hfG5' .Æ
o:tf] laGtL u/]/ ;LtfhL klthLsf ;fydf gbL t/]/ uOg\ . u'x klg dgdf k|e'k|lt
elQmefj /fv]/ cf1f kfO{ 3/lt/ lkm/] ..%(..
uÍf kf/ t/]kl5 d[u df/]/ ks'jf tf/L vfP .
/3'gfysf] t];|f] jf; ToxLF Ps j[Ifd'lg eof] . k|e'sf] rf}yf] jf; e/åfh Clifsf]
cf>ddf eof] . otf cfpg'sf] p2]Zo a'em]/ Clifn] k|e'sf] :t'lt u/] ..^)..
kfFrf}F lbgdf pxfFn] af6f] b]vfOdfUgsf nflu
Clifsf 5f]/fnfO{ ;fydf nUg'eof] . >L/fdnfO{ od'gf gbL tf/]/ tL s'df/ ;fFemdf
kmsL{ cfP . ;Ltf/fd ptf lrqs"6 k'Ug'eof] hxfF jfNdLls Clif a:y] . ToxfF
jfNdLls ClifnfO{ b08jt\ ug{ kfpFbf k|e' w]/} v';L x'g'eof] ..^!..
/3'kltn] jfNdLlsnfO{ eÙ'eof]– æxfdL oxfF s]xL
lbg a:g]5f}F . s'g 7fpF a]; xf]nf < sxfF ;'la:tf xf]nf <Æ >L/fdn]
dg'ioem}F eP/ ha s'/f ug'{eof], jfNdLlsn] ;'g] . jfNdLls emg\ xf]l;of/ lyP,
pgn] tl/sf ldnfP/ pko'Qm s'/f laGtL u/] ..^@..
æx] /3'gfy ¤ xh'/sf Ps} gfdsf] klg a8]a8]
Clifx¿ k"/f dlxdf hfGb}gg\, xh'/ o:tf x'g'x'G5 . xh'/sf nflu of]Uo :yfgsf]
s] sfd 5 / < xh'/n] a:gsf nflu ;Hhgsf] x[bo g} pQd 3/ x'G5, To;eGbf pQd :yfg
sxfF 5 / < xh'/n] Pp6f ljj/0f ;'lgaS;g'xf];\, d xh'/nfO{ clxNo} laGtL ub{5'
..^#..
d cl3 Pp6f Jofwf lyPF . d}n] ha /fdgfd pN6f]
u/]/ hk]F, ;KtClifsf kljq s[kfn] ubf{ jfNdLls egL gfd rNof] . pN6f] gfdsf] t
olt 7"nf] dlxdf 5, d}n] Hofbf s] JofVof ug'{k5{ / < xh'/ uÍf / o;
lrqs"6 lul/sf aLrsf] s'g} 7fpFdf a:g'xf];\ .Æ ..^$..
jfNdLls Clifsf jrg ;'g]/ >L/fd Psbd v';L eP/
ToxfFaf6 lxF8\g'eof] . pxfF To;kl5 uÍf / tL lrqs"6 kj{tsf aLr kf/]/ a:g'eof]
. otf uÍfaf6 ;'dGq kmsL{ cfP . pgL hxfF bz/y a;]sf lyP ToxfF t'?Gt} uP clg hf]
;dfrf/ lyof] ;a} h:tfsf] t:t} ;'gfOlbP ..^%..
æj/sf] b"w 3;]/ d's'6em}F kf/]/ b'j} efOn]
h6f afFWg'eof] . clg >L/fd / ;Ltf dfO{n] nf} hf egL x's'd lbg'eof] . uÍf
t/]/ ha /3'gfy hfg'eof] gh/n] x]bf{ Psbd sl7g eof] . ha pxfFx¿nfO{ b]Vg 5f8]F,
/y lnP/ ?Fb} bf}8]/ oxfF cfPsf] 5' ..^^..
nId0f, ;Ltf / /fdaf6 xh'/sf] ;]jfdf laGtL u/];\
eg]/ x's'd eof] . xfd|f] zf]s /lQe/ slxNo} gu¿g\, zf]s s'g} sfdsf] x'Fb}g eÙ]
s'/f u/L >L/fd hfg'eof] .Æ o;/L ha ;'d'Gqn] ;a} lj:tf/ u/], sf}zNofn] bz/yhLnfO{
s7f]/ tl/sfn] jfUaf0f xflgg\ ..^&..
zAbsf tL/n] ha clt kL8f eof], bz/yn] eg]–
ædnfO{ slt eG5\of} < dg{] ;do cfO;s]sf] 5 . z/L/n] ult 5f8\of] . d ca db{}
5', k'qzf]ssf sf/0fn] h;/L xfdL d¥of}F To;} u/L ltdLn] klg 7"nf] ljklQ k/L
dg'{k/f];\ eÙ] ;/fk 5 ..^*..
cl3 Ps tk:jLn] olt ;/fk lbO{ d/]/ uPsf lyP .
ltgsf] ToxL ;/fksf] kmn ldn]sfn] 7Ls To:t} k/]sf] 5 .Æ ;/fksf] ;Dk"0f{
lj:tf/ ul/;s]kl5 xf /fd ¤ ;Ltf ¤ eGb} ha bz/yn] k|f0f Tofu u/], To; ;dodf
7"nf] vnan eof] ..^(..
ha k|ftM sfn eof], jlzi7 u'? dGqL lnP/ t'?Gt
b/af/df k'u] . bz/ysf] d[t z/L/ t]ndf /flvof] . ptf -dfjndf /x]sf_ e/thLnfO{ lemsfpg
eg]/ dflg; k7fOof] . ha jlzi7 u'?af6 rfF8} cfpg" egL cf1f 5 eÙ] ;'g],
b"tsf ;fy}df nfu]/ e/thL efO zq'£gnfO{ klg ;fy} lnP/ cfP ..&)..
ha e/tsf] e]6 s}s]oLl;t eof] pgn] lktfhL sxfF
5g\ eg]/ ;f]w] . s}s]oLn] e/tnfO{ ;Dk"0f{ 36gf lj:tf/k"j{s ;'gfOg\ .
cfdfsf s'/f ;'g]kl5 pgsf] dgdf 7"nf] zf]s k¥of] . pgL cfdf;Fu ;fx|} l/;fP
. pgn] eg]– æcfdf ¤ ltdL kfkL xf} . ltdL s'DeLkfs g/sdf ef]u ug{ hfpnL
.Æ ..&!..
s}s]oLnfO{ ufnL u/]/ e/t cfkm" Psbd}
b'Mlvt eP . pgL sf}zNofhL ePsf 7fpFdf bf}8]/ k'[u] . æx] dftf ¤ -/fdnfO{ jgjf;
lbnfO{ cfkm"nfO{ /fHo lbnfpg]_ o; ljifodf d]/f] s'g} ;Ddlt–;dy{g lyof] eÙ]
xh'/sf] dgdf gk/f];\ . d}n] -/fHo kfpg] ljifodf_ clnslt klg ?lr b]vfPsf] eP
u'?nfO{ df/]a/fa/sf] kfk nfuf];\ .Æ ..&@..
o:tf] laGtL u/]/ e/thL b'Mvdf k/L ljnfk
ul//x]sf lyP, To;}a]nf jlzi7 u'?hL dGqLju{;d]t lnP/ glhsdf cfOk'u] . u'?n]
e/thLsf] zf]s b]v] . pgn] eg]– æx] dxf/fh ¤ zf]s ug'{ c;n x'Fb}g, lsg zf]s u5f}{
<Æ ..&#..
cg]s tŒjsf] pkb]z lbP/ u'?n] e/thLsf ;a} zf]s /
b'láGtfx¿ gfz u/] . u'?sf] cf1f lnP/ e/tn] lktfsf] sfhlsl/of u/] . /fhfsf] lsl/of
ul/;s]kl5 pgn] c;ª\Vo bfg u/] . o;}aLr e/tn] zf]sdf 8'a]/ dgdf ljrf/ u/]–
..&$..
æd]/L dftf /fIf;Lem}F eOg\ . logsf glhsdf oxfF
a:g' kSs} 7Ls 5}g . hxfF k|e' x'g'x'G5 d ToxLF hfG5' .Æ ha e/tn] o:tf] ljrf/
dgdf lnP, logsf] dgdf o:tf] 5 egL u'?nfO{ yfxf t lyof] t/ klg o:tf] a]nfdf h] eÙ'
plrt x'GYof], u'?n] ToxL eg] ..&%..
ælktfsf] x's'd 5– oxfF e/tn] /fHo ug"{ .
/fdn] Clifd'lgsf em}F rf}w jif{;Dd jgdf uO{ a;"g\ . ;Ltf–/fd oxL cfb]z dfÙ
jg uPsf x'g\ . oxfF xh'/n] klg /fhu2Ldf r9\g'xf];\ / of] /fHo d]/f] xf] egL
x's'd lbg'xf];\ .Æ ..&^..
o:tf] laGtL u/L ha jlzi7 u'? r'k eP, e/tn]
t'?Gt} pQ/ lbP– æd oxfF /fHo s] uy{]F / < sLlt{df klg cksLlt{ kf/]/ oxfF a;L
s;/L /fHo ug{] < a? nId0fn] h;/L bfh';Fu} /x]/ ;]jf6xn u/L
====..&&..
;Ltfkltsf ;fy}df hxfF uP, d klg ca ToxLF hfG5'
. s}s]oL oxfF PSn} al;/x"g\, d pgsf] ;fy 5f]8\b5' . d kmnfxf/L x'G5' /
ef]ln g} lz/el/ h6f wf/0f u/]/ lxF8\b} jgdf hfg]5' eÙ] ljrf/ dgdf cfPsf] 5
..&*..
of] /fhu2L k|e'sf] xf] / k|e'nfO{ 3/ kmsf{P/ d
of] ufbL ;'DkG5' . d}n] lsg s/df k/]/ /fHo ug{] <Æ e/tsf o:tf s'/f ;'g]kl5
;a} cToGt v';L eP . ef]lnkN6 laxfg p7]/ pgL ;a]/} lxFl8 klg xfn] ..&(..
;a} cfdf, efOx¿ / u'?;lxt ;Dk"0f{ kmf}h
klg lnP/ ;Ltf–/fdsf r/0ftndf dg nufpFb} e/t uÍfhLdf k'u] . u'xhLnfO{ zËf
x'guof] . 7"nf] ;}Goan b]v]kl5 pgn] s'/} ga'emLsg gbL tfg{ 8/ dfg] ..*)..
olb e/t sk6L /x]5g\ eg] 8'Íf tfg]/ o'4 u/f}Fnf
eÙ] eof] . pgn] cfkm\gf ;}Gox¿nfO{ klg tof/ x'g eg] . leq uDeL/ dg;fo lnP/ pgL s'/f
s] xf] egL a'em\g uP . pgn] ToxfF e]6L /fv]/ bz{g u/] clg cfFvflt/ clnslt lrxfP
..*!..
u'xn] b]v]– e/tn] cfFvfsf uxel/ cfF;' e/]/ zf]s
ub}{ k6sk6s eg]– æd}n] ;Ltf–kltnfO{ sxfF e]6\5' <Æ ha pgn] cfkm\gf] lz/
e/tsf kfpdf /fvL 9f]u u/], pgn] u'xnfO{ cËdfn u¿F egL p7fP ..*@..
e/thLn] u'xnfO{ ;f]w]– æ;Ltfklt ;'Tg'ePsf] :yn
s'g xf] dnfO{ eg, d ToxfF hfG5' .Æ ljj/0f ;'g]kl5 pgL /3'klt ;'Tg'ePsf] zogdf
k'u] . s'zsf] zog b]v]/ e/tn] dgdf v]b dfg] ..*#..
æcxf] ¤ d]/f vflt/ ;LtfhL klt;Fu} jg–jgdf uP/
s'zf;gdf ;'lT5g\ . o;cl3 slxNo} pgn] o:t/L ;'Tg'k/]sf] lyPg . cxf] ¤ dnfO{ hGd
lbg] cfdf s}s]oL lwSsf/ eOg\ . log}sf sf/0fn] ;LtfhL klt;Fu jgdf uOg\ ..*$..
;Ltfgfy sxfF 5g\ < slt k/ k'u] < sxfF
e]6\g ;S5' < s]xL yfxf 5 eg] dnfO{ eg, ca d ToxLF hfG5' .Æ u'xn] klg /fd
sxfF 5g\ eg]/ atfOlbP . u'xsf ;dfrf/n] ca bfh'nfO{ e]6\g kfpg] ePF eg]/ e/t
v';L eP ..*%..
;Dk"0f{ ljj/0f atfOlbP/ u'xn] e/tnfO{ uÍfhL
tfl/lbP . ToxfFb]lv e/t uP/ e/åfh Clif ePsf] 7fpFdf k'u] . pgn] Ps lbg ToxLF
jf; u/] . Clifn] pgsf] ;Ddfg u/] . Clifsf] :jfut;Tsf/ kfO{ e/tsf ;Dk"0f{ ;}Gou0f
5Ss k/] ..*^..
ef]lnkN6 ;a]/} ;}Gou0f lnP/ e/t Clifaf6 labf eP
. pgL d slxn] lrqs"6 k'Ub5' egL eGb} uO/x] . ha ;}Gobn v';L x'Fb}
lrqs"6 lul/sf] glhsdf k'Uof], e/thLn] cufl8 uP/ k|e'sf] 8]/fsf] vf]hL u/]
..*&..
8]/f b]v]kl5 e/thL glhs uP . pgn] ToxfF k|e'sf
kfpsf 5fk b]v] . >L/fdsf kfpsf 5fk lrg]/ pgn] v';L x'Fb} To;df lz/n] 6]s] .
pgn] eg]– æd wGo /x]5', ;xh} gkfOg] kfpsf 5fk b]v]F . a|éfhLn] klg cfkm\gf]
lz/n] 6]Sg gkfpg] cj;/ cfh d}n] ;lhn} kfPF .Æ ..**..
o:tf] af]Nb} / k|e'sf r/0fw"lndf elQmn]
n6\kl6Fb} dgdg} slxn] k'U5', sxfF x'g'x'G5 egLsg e/t b;–lbzflt/ b[li6 lbFb}
lyP, pgn] k|e'hLnfO{ cfkm\g} cfFvfn] b]Vg kfOxfn] . VjfldtnfO{ cfh kfPF eg]/
pgL v';L x'Fb} kfpdf kg{ bf}8] ..*(..
/3'kltn] cfkm\gf kfpdf k/]sf, uxel/ alx/x]sf
c>'wf/f lnPsf, ;a /fHo;d]t t[0fa/fa/ ug]/ cfkm"df dg nufPsf e/tnfO{
b]Vg'eof] . o:tf] b]v]kl5 pxfFn] e/tnfO{ s[kfk"j{s cfkm\gf] sfvdf lng'eof]
. e/tsf] dg o:tf] xf] eÙ] a'em]sfn] /3'kltn] pgLdfly 7"nf] s[kfb[li6 lbg'eof]
..()..
e/tn] >L;Ltfkltsf / dfO{sf r/0fdf cfkm\gf]
lz/ /fv] . >L/fdhLn] ;f]Wg'eof]– ælktf sxfF 5g\ < lsg cfh d pgnfO{
b]lVtgF < pgL s] ub{} 5g\ < stf 5g\ <Æ >L/fdhLn] o;/L ha
;f]Wg'eof], jlzi7n] ;a} s'/f lj:tf/k"j{s eg] . >L/fd zf]s ug{ nfUg'eof]
..(!..
>L/fdn] uÍf:gfg ug'{eof] / lktfn] kfpmg\ egL
ToxLF ltnf~hln Pjd\ kmnkm"nn] lk08bfg lbg'eof] . To; lbgdf pxfFn] pkjf;
a:g'eof] / clg ha /ft laTof] pxfF km]l/ uÍfdf hfg'eof] . uÍf:gfg u/L;s]/ pxfF
km]l/ cfkm\gf] s'6Ldf cfO{ a:g'eof] ..(@..
;Ltf–/fdsf r/0fdf cfkm\gf] lz/ /fv]/ pxfFx¿nfO{
cof]Wof kmsf{P/ nU5' eÙ] 7"nf] dg;fo dgdf /fvL e/tn] laGtL u/]– æx] /3'kt]
¤ xh'/ cfh lsg jgdf cfpg'ePsf] xf] < dnfO{ cToGt lrGtf nfUb5 ..(#..
x] Vjfldt ¤ d t xh'/sf] bf; dfq x'F . of] /fHo
ugf{sf lgldQ sxfF of]Uo 5' / < of] /fhu2L t xh'/sf] kf] xf] . d}n] t
xh'/x¿sf] ;]jf u/]/ kf] a:g] xf] ..($..
5f]/f xf]nfg\ / ltgn] w]/}w]/} o1 unf{g\ . ;d:t
k|hfx¿sf] lrGtf klg xnf{g\ . ta kf] tL 5f]/fx¿nfO{ /fHo 5f8L jg hfg' c;n xf],
To;sf nflu t jg 5Fb} 5 ..(%..
of] ;do jgdf hfg] xf]Og, dnfO{ t o:tf] nfUb5 .
hfcf}F, 3/} kmsL{ /fHo ug'{xf];\ . d]/L oL dftf;Fu klg gl/;fOlbg'xf];\ .Æ ..(^..
o:tf k|sf/n] cg]s laGtL ub{} / cfFvfel/ cfF;'
lnP/ ha e/t kfpdf uO{ /f]P, k|e' klg dgdf v';L eP/ af]Ng'eof] ..(&..
æx] efO ¤ ltdL cfh lsg lh2L ul//x]sf 5f} <
sfd gl;l4O{sg kms{g' c;n xf]Og . To;}n] d jgdf hfG5' . ltdL kmsL{ cof]Wof hfpm
/ o; /fHosf] sfd ltdLn] rnfpm ..(*..
/fdn] jgdf uP/ d'lg j]z wf/0f ug"{ clg
e/tn] oxfF a;]/ /fHo ug"{ eÙ] ha lktfsf] cf1f ;'Ù kfPF, ;f]xL cf1fn] jg
hfg cfPsf] x'F .Æ ..((..
ha e/tn] of] s'/f ;'Ù kfP, pgn] r/0fdf k/]/
km]l/ laGtL u/]– æx] gfy ¤ xfd|f lktf dltxLg ePsf x'g\ . ltgL :qLsf jzdf
g/fd|/L kmF;]sf x'g\ ..!))..
pgn] To;f] eg] eGb}df /fHo 5f8L cfh jgdf hfg'
c;n xf]Og . x] Vjfldt ¤ d]/f] w]/} laGtL 5, xh'/x¿ kmsL{ 3/ hfcf}F . kms{ÙF eÙ]
hafkmrflxF d}n] gkfpmF .Æ ..!)!..
ha e/tn] o:tf] c8\8L lnP, k|e'n] km]l/ pQ/
lbg'eof]– æx] efO ¤ d kms{ÙF . ltdL kmsL{ hfpm . ltdLn] lktfhLnfO{ klg bf]if
gnufpm ..!)@..
lktfhL Psbd} ;TojfbL lyP . ;fFr} x'gfn] pgn]
dnfO{ j/bfg lbPsf x'g\ . ;f] j/bfg k"0f{ ug{sf lgldQ d jgdf hfG5' . of]
s'/f ;fFrf] xf] eg]/ dgdf a'emL n]pm .Æ ..!)#..
e/tn] k|e'sf] pQ/ ;'g]/ b'Mv dfg] . pgn] km]l/
r/0fdf k/]/ laGtL u/]– æx] Vjfldt ¤ d laGtL ub{5', kms{g'xf];\ . xh'/sf] abnfdf
a? d o; b08sf/0odf hfG5' .Æ ..!)$..
e/thLsf o:tf s'/f ;'g]/ k|e'af6 pgnfO{ km]l/
x's'd eof]– æx] efO ¤ ltdL kms{ . of] /fHo ;f6\of] eg] j/bfg em'6f] x'G5 . x]
efO ¤ ltdL lsg cfh lkmj|mL ul//x]sf 5f} <Æ ..!)%..
o:tf] x's'd ;'g]kl5 e/tn] klg /fdsf r/0fdf k/L
laGtL u/]– æx] /3'kt] ¤ d t xh'/sf] z/0fdf 5' . xh'/sf] r/0faf6 Ps l5g klg k/ /xFbf
dgdf lrGtf x'G5 . xh'/ gkms{g] eP d klg xh'/s} kl5kl5 nfu]/ jgdf hfg]5' ..!)^..
x] Vjfldt ¤ olb xh'/ kmsL{ 3/ ghfg] xf] / dnfO{
klg cfkm";Fu} gnUg] xf] eg] c¿ s'/f s]xL gegL d ca d5'{ .Æ olt eg]/ e/tn]
d/0fsf lgldQ ha c7f]6 u/] >L/fdn] klg v';L eO{ clt bofn' dg agfpg'eof]
..!)&..
>L/fdn] u'?;dIf lognfO{ ltdLn] a'emfpm egL
lgb{]zg lbg'eof] . u'?n] e/tnfO{ PsfGtdf nu]/ ;a} /x:o vf]n]/ a'emfP– æx] e/t ¤
;'g, oL hf] /3'klt x'g\, logL t ;fIfft\ huÙfy x'g\ . logL lqe'jgkltsf klg
clwklt x'g\ ..!)*..
cl3 a|éfhLn] ;d:t e"ldsf] ef/ x/0f
ul/lbg'xf];\ egL :t'lt ubf{ v';L eP/ k|e'n] eÙ'ePsf] lyof]– ;'g ¤ d k[YjLsf]
ef/ x/0f u¿Fnf . o;f] eg]sf] x'gfn] ;f]xL jrg kfng ug{sf lgldQ k|e' jgdf
hfg'x'g]5 . sfd ;s]kl5 pxfF 3/ kms{g'x'g]5 eÙ] a'em ..!)(..
k|e's} OR5f xf], gq o;/L s}s]oLn] klg k|e'nfO{
slQ klg dxŒj glbO{sg jg} hfpmg\ eg]/ s;/L eÙ ;Sg] lyOg\ / < ;To s'/f o:tf]
hfg]kl5 ltdL ca of] cfu|x gu/ . e"ldsf] ef/ 6fl/;s]kl5 t k|e' sxfF hfG5g\ /
<Æ ..!!)..
/fj0fnfO{ df/]/ e"ldsf] ef/ ptfl/;s]kl5 huÙfy
lkmg{]5g\ clg /3'gfy o:tf x'g\ eg]/ u'?n] ;a} u'è s'/f] vf]n]/ lj:tf/k"j{s
eg] . u'?sf jf0fL ;'g]kl5 e/t v';L eP . /3'gfy kms{g dfÙ'ePg eÙ] s'/fdf pgsf]
dg ;Dxflnof] . o;kl5 e/t /fdsf glhs} uP ..!!!..
æx] gfy ¤ ufF7L s'/f] ;'g]F . d ca lkm5'{ /
cof]Wof hfG5' . xh'/sf Ps hf]/ v/fp k"hf ug{sf nflu lbg'xf];\ .Æ o:tf]
laGtL u/L >L/fdsf jl/kl/ k|blIf0ff ub{} e/tn] k|0ffd u/] . >L/fdn]
cfkm\gf v/fp lbP/ e/tsf ;a} tfkx¿ tTsfn x/0f ug'{eof] ..!!@..
e/tn] km]l/ laGtL u/]– æca d lkmg{ t tof/ 5',
t/ olb rf}w jif{ ;dfKt ePkl5 klg lkmg{'ePg eg] d ;fFRr} g} dg{]5' .Æ of] laGtL
;'g]kl5 >L/fdaf6 e/tsf ;fd' x's'd eof]– ænf}, x'G5 .Æ clg s}s]oL /3'gfysf
r/0fdf k/]/ Psbd /f]Og\ ..!!#..
æx] gfy ¤ d}n] b'a'{l4 cfP/ xh'/nfO{ /fHosf]
3ft u/fO{ clt b'Mv lbPF . dfofn] df]x kf/]/ d]/f] dg klg e'lnuP5, a'l4 klg
x/fP5 . x] gfy ¤ ca d s] u¿F < cfh d ljklQ k/]/ ?G5', ljklQ k/]kl5 cfh cfP/
of] r]t v'Nof] . lqe'jgkltn] dflg;nfO{ s7k'tnLnfO{ em}F grfpF5g\ . x] O{à/ ¤
ltd|f] dfof wGo 5 ..!!$..
d]/f] dfof 5f]/f, hgwg cflbdf h]–hlt 5 of] ;a}
lvFlrlbg'xf];\ . of] b'a'{l4 -:qL_ xf] / kl5 d};Fu z/0f k/L eg]/ cToGt s[kf
/flvlbg'xf];\ .Æ s}s]oLn] o:tf] tl/sfn] :t'lt u/]/ k|e'sf kfpdf lz/ /flvg\ . x]
gfy ¤ z/0fdf kg{ cfO{ eg]/ s?0ff ug'{xf];\ eg]/ laGtL ul/g\ ..!!%..
>L;Ltfkltn] xfF;]/ eÙ'eof]– æg8/fpm . d}n]
h] eÙ nufPsf] lyPF ltdLn] ToxL eg]sL lyof} . ltd|f] o;df bf]if 5}g eÙ] s'/f
dgdf /fd|/L a'em, ;a} OR5f d]/} xf] . ca dgdf ;Gtf]if kfpm / dnfO{ lbglbg}
;DemFb} lbg latfpm . ltd|f ;a} sd{x¿ 5'6\g]5g\, ca dgdf clnslt klg zf]s g/fvLsg
hfpm .Æ ..!!^.
s}s]oLn] k|e'af6 s?0ff kfPsf] a'emL v';L eP/
labf dflug\ . pgL dgdf >L/fdsf r/0ff/ljGbsf] ehg ub{} cof]Wof uOg\ . ;a}
;}Gou0f lnP/ e/t klg labf eO{ k'gM cof]Wof uP . ;a} ;]gfx¿nfO{ 3/df /fvL cfkm"rflxF
cnUu} a;] ..!!&..
e/thL gGbLu|fddf ;/], e"lddf zog u/] clg
k|ltlbg kmnfxf/ dfq u/] . cfkm\gf] lz/df h6f wf/0f u/]sf e/tn] /fhu2Ldfly v/fp
/fv]/ /fHosf] sfd ;a} u/], t/ h] u/] /fhu2Ldf laGtL u/]/ dfq u/] . o; tl/sfn]
e/tn] >L/fddf dg lbP/ lbg latfpg yfn] ..!!*..
s]xL lbg lrqs"6df al;;s]kl5 >L/3'gfyn]
jfNdLls;Fu labf eO{ eÙ'eof]– æd jgdf hfG5', jgdf 3'D5' .Æ o;kl5 pxfF v';L eP/
clqsf] cf>ddf k'Ug'eof] . clqsf kfpdf lz/ /fv]/ pxfFn] cfkm\gf] gfd atfpg'eof]–
æd /fd x'F .Æ >L/fdsf jf0fL ;'Gbf clq Clifsf] dg clt v';L eof] ..!!(..
clq Clifn] ;Ltf–klt >L/fdsf] k"hf u/] .
pgn] >L/fdsf kfpdf laGtL u/]– æd]/L kTgL a"9L 5g\ . s'g} s'/fdf Pshft
dfof 5}g . pgL s'6Lleq} 5g\ . ;LtfhLn] pgnfO{ bz{g lbgsf lgldQ s'l6leq}
uOlbg'xf];\ . >L;Ltfsf] bz{g ug{ kfP/ d]/L a'l9ofn] cfkm\gf] hGdnfO{ ;fy{s agfpmg\
.Æ ..!@)..
clqsf] laGtL ;'g]/ >L/fdn] x's'd lbg'eof]–
ænf} ;Ltf ¤ s'6Lleq hfpm . leq uP/ clqsL kTgLnfO{ bz{g lbP/ ltdLn] t'?Gt}
kms{]/ cfpg" .Æ cfkm\gf :jfdLsf] of] x's'd ;'g]/ v';L x'Fb} ;LtfhL leq hfg'eof]
. leq Psbd j[4f eP/ al;/x]sL clqsL kTgLnfO{ e]6\g'eof] ..!@!..
;LtfhLn] cfkm\gf] lz/ tL a"9Lsf kfpdf
/fv]/ a"9Ldf cfkm"k|lt k|]d a9fpg'eof] . a"9Ln] ;LtfhLnfO{
hf]/–hf]/ s'08n / ;f/L lbOg\ clg cÍ/fu gfdsf] ;'ulGwt b|Jo klg r9fOg\ . pgn]
o;f] klg elgg\– æo;sf] n]kgn] ;'Gb/tf lg/Gt/ alg/xnf .Æ ;LtfhLnfO{ cflzif lbg kfpFbf
tL cg;"of w]/} v';L eOg\ ..!@@..
tL b'j} kltkTgLn] ;Ltf / nId0f;lxt /fdnfO{ ef]hg
lbG5f}F egL d]xgtk"j{s cg]s rLh tof/ kf/] . pgLx¿n] pxfFx¿nfO{ ef]h u/fP .
/3'gfysf] dfof hfgL pgLx¿ kltkTgL b'j} ldn]/ To; cj;/df /fdsf] sLlt{ ufP
..!@#..
.. Olt >L cof]Wofsf08 ..
#=
>Lc/0osf08
>L/3'kltn] clqsf] cf>ddf Tof] lbg
k|]dk"j{s latfpg'eof] . csf{] lbg ;a]/} p7]/ jgdf hfg] dg;fo /fv]/ pxfFn]
clqhLsf glhsdf uP/ eÙ'eof]– æca d hfG5' . labf kfpFm . of] af6f] ;xL xf]nf eg]/
atfpg ;Sg] Ps cu'jf dnfO{ lbg'xf];\ .Æ ..!..
>L;Ltf/fdsf] of] x's'd ;'g]kl5 Clifn] eg]–
æs;nfO{ k7fpmF v} < ;a}nfO{ af6f] b]vfpg'x'g] xh'/ g} oxLF x'g'x'G5, ca
xh'/nfO{ dfu{bz{g u/fpg] s'g cu'jf v6fpFm < d xh'/sf] nLnf hfGb5' t/ klg Ps
c;n cu'jf v6fpFb5' . xh'/sf] cfb]z k"0f{ ug{sf lgldQ klg Pshgf cu'jf
k7fOlbg]5' .Æ ..@..
clqn] olt laGtL ul/;s]kl5 pgn] w]/}hgf lzionfO{
cu'jfsf] ¿kdf v6fP . s]xL af6f] t cfkm}F klg kl5kl5 uP/ /fdnfO{ labf u/] . Ps
sf]; k/ k'u]kl5 Pp6L a8L gbL alx/x]sL e]l6Og\ . gfp r9]/ tg'{kg{] lyof] .
pxfFx¿nfO{ gbL kf/ u/fO{ k7fPkl5 Clifsf ;a} lziox¿ klg Clifs} d9Llt/ kms{]
..#..
;Ltf–/fd jgdf k'Ug'eof] . ToxfFsf] jg Psbd 3gf
lyof] . af3, efn' / b'i6 /fIf;x¿ ToxfF lg/Gt/ 8'Ny] . ToxfF k'u]kl5 k|e'hLn]
x's'd ug'{eof]– æx] efO ¤ d tof/ eP/ ;Ltfsf cl3cl3 lxF8\b5' . ltdLn] kl5kl5
/x]/ lxF8\g" .Æ ..$..
o:tf s'/fsfgL ub{} /fd / nId0f Psbd xf]l;of/
eP/ lxF8\g'x'GYof] . 5 sf]; af6f] jg}jg lxFl8;s]kl5 ;f] 6f]nL Ps ;'Gb/ jgdf
k'Uof] . ToxfF Ps ;'Gb/ tnfp /x]5 . To;sf] zLtn kfgL lkP/ >L/3'gfy ¿vsf]
5fofdf ha a:g'ePsf] lyof], ToxfF lj/fw gfdsf] Ps 7"nf] /fIf; cfOk'Uof] /
To;n] pxfFx¿nfO{ 8/ b]vfpg yfNof] ..%..
æltdLx¿ sf] xf} < ;fydf :qL klg lnP/
lxFl8/x]sf 5f}, lsg olt 7"nf] jgdf cfof} < ltdLx¿sf] dgdf s] of]hgf 5
< ca oxfFaf6 ptf sxfF;Dd hfg] OR5f 5 < ltdLx¿nfO{ d}n] df/]/ vfg' 7Ls
x'G5 eÙ] ljrf/ cfP/ ;f]w]sf] x'F . ltdLx¿sf] gfd / otf cfpg'sf] sf/0f, p2]Zo /
hxfF;Dd hfg nfu]sf 5f} Tof] atfcf] .Æ ..^..
/fIf;sf oL jrg ;'g]/ k|e'n] cfkm\gf] gfd / otf
cfpg'sf] p2]Zo atfpg'eof] . pxfFn] olt elg;Sgf;fy p;n] eGof]– æafFRg dg 5 eg]
;Ltf / xltof/ 5f8]/ kmsL{ vfnLxft hfcf] .Æ olt eg]/ ha Tof] /fIf; ;LtfhLnfO{
kj|mg ;'/ afFw]/ cufl8 a9\of], /3'gfyn] To;sf b'j} xft sf6]/ v;flnlbg'eof] ..
&..
ha p;sf xft v;], pm l/;n] /fdnfO{ g} vfG5' eg]/
d'v afpFb} bf}l8of] . k|e'hLn] To;sf uf]8f klg sfl6lbg'eof] . xftuf]8f gePkl5
Tof] ;k{sf em}F e'OFdf kl;|of] . xftuf]8f ;a} sfl6P klg Tof] 3;|]/ cufl8 cfof]
..*..
ha Tof] 3;|L3;|L ;g{ yfNof], Tof] ljBfw/ u0fsf]
lyof] / To;sf] ;/fk 5'6f];\ / k/dwfd hfcf];\ eg]/ k|e'hLn] To;sf] 6fpsf] klg
l5gflnlbg'eof] . To;sf] /fIf; b]x d¥of], ;/fk klg 6¥of] / pm k'gM ljBfw/ g}
eof] . To;n] -cfkm\gf] pksf/ ul/lbg'ePsfdf_ >L/fdsf] w]/} :t'lt u¥of] / v';L
x'Fb} :ju{nf]sdf uof] ..(..
ha lj/fw :ju{ uof], k|e'hLn] jgsf] af6f]
kj|mg'eof] . ca d of]uLx¿sf] /Iff ug{]5' eg]/ dgdf 7"nf] bofefj lng'eof] .
z/eÍhL Wofg u/]/ jgdf hxfF a;]sf lyP, ToxfF k'u]/ k|e'hLn] v';L x'Fb} bz{g
lbg'eof] ..!)..
>Lz/eÍ Clifn] k|e'hLdf tg, dg / jrg ;a}
nufP/ cfkm\gf] hlt sd{ lyof] Tof] ;a} k|e'hLd} tTsfn ck{0f u/] . pgn] Pp6f
/fd|f] lrtf agfO{ cfkm\gf cfFvfn] eujfg\sf] bz{g u/] clg To;kl5 cfkm\gf] z/L/
hnfO{ ;+;f/;fu/ t/]/ tL rlnuP ..!!..
;a} Clifn] k|e'sf xh'/df laGtL u/]– æx] k|e' ¤
xfd|f] ljklQ klg b]lvlbg'eP k"0f{ bof x'g] lyof] . xfdLnfO{ w]/} cfkt\
k/]sf] 5 . ;a} Clifsf s'6L–s'6Ldf k'u]/ b]v] kf] bof ug'{x'g] lyof] .Æ Clifx¿n]
o;f] eg]sf] ;'g]kl5 k|e'hL klg pgLx¿n] eg]sf 7fpFdf hfg'eof] ..!#..
To; jgdf pxfFn] cg]s vKk/sf xf8 e'OFel/
b]Vg'eof] / ;f]Wg'eof]– æoL s;sf vKk/ x'g\ < oL gh/n] cg]s dflg; d/]sf b]V5'
.Æ >L;Ltfkltsf o:tf jrg ;'gL Clifn] laGtL u/]– æoL lz/x¿ Clifsf x'g\ . oxfF
w]/} CifLà/x¿ 5n k/]/ d/] .Æ ..!$..
/fIf;sf 5nn] w]/} Clifx¿ d/] eÙ] s'/f ;'g]kl5
;a} Clifx¿nfO{ /fvL ;asf ;fd'Ù]df k|e'n] of] k|lt1f ug'{eof]– æd ;a} /fIf;x¿sf]
gi6 u¿Fnf .Æ ;a} Clifx¿sf] dg v';L eof], ;a} cfgGbdf k/] ..!%..
s]xL jif{ ToxLF latfP/ >Lxl/n] ;a}
of]uLx¿sf] tfk xg'{eof] . km]l/ ;'tLI0fsf pk/df dfof ePsfn] k|e'n] ToxfFaf6
k|:yfg ug'{eof] . hxfF eQm ;'tLI0f lyP, ToxLF uP/ k|e'n] bz{g lbg'eof] .
;'tLI0f Clifn] k"hf k"0f{ u/L >L/fdnfO{ dgdf lnP ..!^..
hlxn] of] b]x 5'6\nf ta ltdLnfO{ ;fo'Ho d'lQm
ldNg]5 eÙ] k|e'sf] cf1f ;'g]kl5 Clifsf] dgdf ca t sd{sf] kfz 6'6\nf eÙ] eof] .
pgn] dgdf 7"nf] xif{ kfP . o;kl5 >L;Ltf/fdn] cul:t Clif;Fu uO{ s]xL lbg
a:g] s'/f dgdf lrtfpg'eof] ...!&..
k|e'sf ;fydf kl5kl5 ;'tLI0f klg uP . cul:tsf
efO clUglhêfsxfF k'u]kl5 Ps /ft k|e' ToxLF a:g'eof] . clUglhêf v'a} v';L eP .
O{à/ egL lrg]/ ToxfF ltgn] ljlwk"j{s k"hg u/] ..!*..
ToxfFaf6 >L;Ltfklt p7]/ ;a]/} lxF8\g'eof] .
pxfF cul:t sxfF 5g\ eÙ] va/ a'emL ToxfF k'Ug'eof] . cul:tn] v';L eP/ dgdf wf/0f
u/L w]/} :t'lt klg u/] . pgn] k|e'sf] lj/f6\ ¿ksf] j0f{g u/Lsg k"hf klg u/]
..!(..
cl3 OGb|hLn] ;'Gb/ t/af/;Fu wf/0f u/]sf Ps
hf]8L 7f]j|mf wg' / af0f;lxt ToxLF lyP, ltgn] tL ;a} xltof/ /3'gfynfO{ lbP .
pgn] laGtL u/]– æca uP/ xh'/n] o; k[YjLsf ;d:t ef/ x/0f ul/lbg'xf];\ ..@)..
cf7 sf]; k/ k~rj6L gfd ePsf] c;n cf>d 5 .
Tof] Psbd /d0fLo 5 . ToxLF a;]/ xh'/n] s]xL lbg latfpg'xf];\ . ToxLF uP/ ;a}
;fw'hgdfly s?0ff lrtfpg'xf];\ .Æ ..@!..
cul:t Clifsf] o:tf] pkb]z kfP/ >L/fd Totf
hfgsf nflu tof/ x'g'eof] . pxfF cfkm}FnfO{ yfxf t lyof] tfklg h'g dfu{ Clifn]
atfP ;f] dfu{ eP/ hfgsf nflu pt} kfp rnfpg'eof] ..@@..
k|e' clnslt k/ k'Ug'ePsf] lyof] . af6fdf Pp6f
cToGt j[4 h6fo'nfO{ hÍnaLr b]Vg'eof] . To;nfO{ /fIf; xf] egL dfg{sf nflu
k|e'hLn] nLnf ub{} wg' dfUg'eof] ..@#..
cfkm"nfO{ dfg{] s'/f ;'g]/ h6fo' Psbd
8/fof] . p;n] cfkm" /fhf bz/yhLsf] lk|o ;vf x'F egL s/fof] . d oxLF a;]/
>L;LtfhLsf] enf] ug{]5', xh'/af6 dnfO{ sNof0f ldnf];\ eg]/ laGtL klg u¥of]
..@$..
>L/fdn] klg Toltv]/ clt v';L dgn] To;nfO{
cfgGb lge{o lbg'eof] . k|e'n] p;nfO{ lge{o lbg'ePkl5 To;n] v'al;t laGtL u¥of]–
æx] Vjfldt ¤ d xh'/sf] z/0fdf 5' .Æ >L/fd To;kl5 k~rj6Ldf cfpg'eof] ..@%..
ToxLF jgsf] aLrdf k|e'n] jf; lng'k¥of] . PsfGt
b]v]/ dgdf xif{ eof] / /3'gfy ToxLF cfgGbk"j{s /xg'eof] . glhs csf{]
cf>d st} lyPg ..@^..
PsfGt kfPkl5 nId0fn] k|e'sf r/0fdf laGtL u/]–
æx] /3'kt] ¤ d xh'/sf] z/0fdf 5' . 1fg s'g xf] < lj1fg s'g xf] < dnfO{
s]xL yfxf 5}g, dleq 7"nf] c1fg 5 ..@&..
cf1f xf];\– d}n] ;d:t tŒj ;'Ù kfpmF . hfÙ]
k'?if c¿ sf] 5 / d stf hfpmF <Æ nId0fhLsf] of] laGtL ;'g]/ k|e'hL w]/}
xlif{t x'g'eof] . pxfFn] nId0fhLnfO{ To;} ;dodf ;a} tŒj cyf{t\ /x:o atfpg'eof]
..@*..
1fg eg]sf] of] xf], lj1fg eg]sf] of] xf], o;
tl/sfn] a:of] eg] c1fg 5'6\t5 eg]/ k|e'n] 5n{Í x'g] tl/sfn] atfpg'eof] .
nId0fhLn] klg ToxLF ;a} tŒj kfP ..@(..
o;} aLrdf z"k{0fvf st}af6 b]vf k/L .
k|e'hLn] To; b'i6nfO{ b]Vg'eof] . sfdb]jsf jzdf k/]sL To;n] k|e'sf glhsdf uP/
Psbd v';L eP/ k|e'hLnfO{ kl/ro ;f]wL ..#)..
k|e'hLn] gfd / sfd ;a} atfpg'eof] . ha To;n]
k|e'hLsf] kl/ro ;'gL, p;n] dgdg} ca >L/fdnfO{ klt¿kdf eHb5' eÙ] ;f]rL . p;n]
laGtL u/L– ædnfO{ kTgL agfO{ n]pm . o; z/L/df ePsf] sfdjf;gfsf]
sl7g tfk 5'6fOb]pm .Æ ..#!..
o:tf] jrg ;'g]/ ;Ltftkm{ x]/]/ xfF:t} k|e'n]
pQ/ lbg'eof]– æd]/f] 3/df kTgL 5Fb} 5 . ;f}tf 5] eÙ] a'em]/ tF dnfO{ klt¿kdf
geh\ . a? otf efO vfnL 5, efOnfO{ g} klt dfg]/ eh\ .Æ ..#@..
;fFrf] eÙ'eof] eg]/ pm nId0fsf glhs uO{ . p;n]
v';L x'Fb} egL– æd kTgL aÙ cfPF .Æ nId0fn] p;sf ;a} s'/f ;'g]/ eg]– æd t bf;
x'F, oxfF dl;t /x]/ tFnfO{ s'g ;'v ldN5 / < ..##..
hf pt}, dflns pxfF g} x'g'x'G5 / pxLF a:g'
pko'Qm 5 . t]/f] a'l4 /x]g5, tF Psbd sRrf /lx5;\ .Æ z"k{0fvfn] o:tf jrg
;'gL / pm l/;fP/ ;LtfhLnfO{ ca vfg'k¥of] egL kms{]/ bf}8L ..#$..
k[YjLsf] ef/ xg{sf nflu k|e'n] ToxLF aLh /f]Kg
nfUg'eof] . nId0fhLnfO{ eg]/ pxfFn] To;sf gfs / sfg sf6\g nufpg'eof] . cf1f
lnP/ nId0fhLn] klg To;sf gfs–sfg sfl6lbg'eof] . Tof] Psbd 8/fP/ cfkm\gf efOx¿
ePsf] 7fpFdf efu]/ uO{ ..#%..
p;n] uP/ cfkm\gf lqlz/, b"if0f / v/ gfdsf
tLg efO;dIf h] ePsf] xf] Tof] ;a} lj:tf/ u/L . of] ;'g]/ tL /fIf;x¿ l/;fP/
clUgem}F ag] . ltgLx¿ tLg} efO 7"nf] ;}Gobn;d]t lnP/ km6fkm6 sbd a9fP/ hxfF
k|e' x'g'x'GYof] ToxfF cfP ..#^..
oL /fIf; x'g\ eg]/ k|e'n] Toltv]/} rfn
kfpg'eof] . nId0fhLnfO{ k|e'n] tTsfn sfd cx|fpg'eof]– æx] efO ¤ ca ltdL t'?Gt}
oL ;LtfhLnfO{ lnP/ u'kmfdf uO{ al;/fv ..#&..
PszAb gaf]nLsg t'?Gt} p7]/ hfpm . ;ª\u|fdsf]
;do eof], ca l9nf] gu/ . d b'i6nfO{ 7"nf] t]h pTkÙ u/]/ dfb{5' . oL rf}w}
xhf/nfO{ ;xh} 6'j|mf6'j|mf kfg{]5' .Æ ..#*..
>L/fdaf6 o:tf] x's'd x'g uof] / nId0fhL
;LtfhLnfO{ ;fydf lnO{sg t'?Gt uO{ u'kmfdf al;/x] . otf /3'gfy wg' / af0fx¿ l7Ss
kf/]/ rfF8} tof/ x'g'eof] ..#(..
tL v/, lqlz/ / b"if0f tLg efO ;}Gobn;d]t
;fydf lnP/ cfP . pgLx¿n] Psbd l/; r9fP/ 7fs'/hLsf pk/df af0fsf] j[li6 kf/] .
7fs'/hLn] klg tL ;a} af0f sf6]/ 6fg'{eof] ..$)..
ltgsf tL ;a} xltof/x¿ sf6]/ 6fg'{eof] /
;Dk"0f{ /fIf;x¿nfO{ t'?Gt} dfl/lbg'eof] . v/, lqlz/ / b"if0fnfO{
sf6\g'eof] / ;Dk"0f{ /fIf;x¿nfO{ rf/} 38Ldf l;Wofpg'eof] ..$!..
>L/fdn] ha v/, lqlz/ / b"if0fnfO{
dfg'{eof], ;Ltf / nId0f klg k|e';dIf cfP . z"k{0fvf rflxF 8/fP/ efuL . pm
hxfF /fj0f 5, pxLF hfg'k¥of] egL hfg nfuL ..$@..
pm /fj0f hxfF 5 pxLF k'uL / /f]Os/fO u/]/ ljnfk
ub{} To;n] ;a} efOaGw'x¿sf] dg x/L . /fj0fn] cfkm\gL alxgLnfO{ gfs / sfg b'j}
gePsL b]Vof] ..$#..
p;sf] dgdf alxgLsf pk/ dfof eof] / pm em§
p7\of] . p;n] s] ePsf] xf] eg]/ lj:tf/k"j{s ;Dk"0f{ hfÙ rfx\of] .
p;n] t'?Gt glhs} uP/ ;f]Wof]– æx] alxgL ¤ ltd|f gfs / sfg sf6\g] k'?if s'g xf]
< w]/} cfF6L /x]5 Tof], ;xh} dfg{;d]t cfF6 ubf]{ /x]5 ..$$..
h;n] cfh oL gfs / sfg sf6\of], x] alxgL ¤ ;'g /
hfg, ca Tof] dg{ tof/ eof] .Æ z"k{0fvfn] ha o:tf jrg ;'gL, p;n] cfkm\gf
gfs / sfg sf6\g] ;Ltf / nId0f;lxt /3'gfysf af/]df atfO{ ..$%..
æk~rj6Ldf a;]sf tL w]/} k/fj|mdL 5g\ . 7f]j|mf
le/Lsg wg'if klg v'a s;]/ lxF8\5g\ . dgdg} ljrf/ u5'{ / d o:tf] 7fGb5'– ltgn]
;a} e:d kf] kfl/b]nfg\ ls eg]/ 8/ nfUb5 ..$^..
d t dg}b]lv v'a 8/fP/ cfO/x]sL 5' . tL ;a}
Clifx¿nfO{ v';L /fv]/ lxF8\b5g\ . cfáo{ dfGb} d bf}8]/ d oxfF cfPsL x'F .
xh'/;dIf of] ;a} ;Dk"0f{ ljj/0f lj:tf/k"j{s laGtL ub{5' ..$&..
;LtfhLnfO{ clt ;'Gb/L dfg]/ tL ;'Gb/LnfO{ 6kSs
l6kL oxfF NofpmF eÙ] s'/f dgdf lnP/ uPsL lyPF, gs6L / a'RrL;d]t eP/ o:tf]
ljkt\df k/]/ cfpg'k¥of] ..$*..
;fdYo{ 5 eg]b]lv ltdL cfh hfpm / uP/ Nofpm .
;fd'Ù]af6 xg{ t sl7g 5, ltdL To:tf] dg gu/ . Ps o'lQmn] 5n u/]/ xg'{knf{ . ;fd'Ù]
slxNo} ghfg", z/L/ ToxLF 9Nnf .Æ ..$(..
To;n] w]/} 7"nf] qf;df k/]/ s'/f u/]sf]
clg ;}Gobn;d]t lqlz/, b"if0f / v/ d/]sf] ljj/0f ;'Gof] . p;n] alxgLnfO{
w]/} vflt/bf/L u¥of] clg PsfGtdf uO{ w]/} ;f]rljrf/ u¥of] ..%)..
;fdfGo dflg; ePsf] eP ltgn] s;/L Tolt w]/}nfO{
df/], s;/L Toqf] ;}Gobn;d]t v/, lqlz/, b"if0fnfO{ ;dfKt kf/] < ;fdfGo
dflg; xf]Ogg\, oL t k/d]à/ g} x'g\ . x}g eg] t efOx¿sf cl3 sf] l6Sg ;Sg] lyof]
/ ..%!..
olb O{à/ x'g\ eg] ltgn] h;/L klg dfb{5g\ .
;fdfGo dflg; /x]5g\ eg] ;LtfhLsf] x/0f ug{]5' . O{à/ /x]5g\ eg] lj/f]w ubf{ tL
v';L x'g]5g\ / ltgsf] ddfly emg\ /L; x'g]5 . d pgnfO{ eh"Fnf ..%@..
olt ljrf/ u/L /fj0f ;d'b|kfl/ t¥of] / pm df/Lr
ePsf] 7fpFdf Clifsf ;/L ¿k wf/0f u/L k'Uof] . pm /y /fvL glhs uof] / v/x¿ ;a}
gfz ePsf] s'/f df/LrnfO{ lj:tf/k"j{s eGof] .%#..
æo:tf] ;d:of k¥of], dnfO{ cfh ;xfotf b]pm .
ltdL cfh 7"nf] / ;'Gb/ d[u :j¿k n]pm . /fdrGb|nfO{ 5n]/ ltdLn] ;Ltfaf6 k/
n}hfpm . ha d}n] ;LtfnfO{ x/]/ nU5', ltdL kms{]/ cfpg" .Æ ..%$..
ha df/Lrn] olt x's'd ;'Gof], p;n] To; x's'dsf]
ljifodf dgdf ;f]rljrf/ u¥of] . p;n] k|e'sf] ;d:t t]h hgfpFb} /fj0fnfO{ cfkm\gf
dflns x'g\ eg]/ dgdf ho lrtfP/ laGtL u¥of] ..%%..
æltdLnfO{ s;n] o:tf] pkb]z u¥of] / cfh cfP/ d
;Ltf x5'{ eGb} 5f} clg dnfO{ d[u x'g eGb} 5f} < ltd|f] zq' ToxL xf], ltdL
p;nfO{ ToxLF uP/ df/ . Tof] ltd|f] s'n};d]t gfz u/fpg vf]lh/x]sf] 5 ..%^..
>L/fdnfO{ lhTg s;n] ;S5 / ltdL 7"nf]
;'/ ul//x]sf 5f} < of] ;'/ lnof} eg] s'n;lxt ltdL cfh dg{]5f} . Ps af0fn]
xfg]/ dnfO{ rf/ ;o sf]; k/ kmflnlbP . To;a]nf pgL afns} lyP, t/ klg ;'afx'nfO{
e:d kfl/lbP ..%&..
cr]n oxfF jgdf d[u¿k wf/0f u/]/ 3'ld/x]sf]
lyPF, Ps af0fn] oxLF klg k5fl/lbP . /ut 5fb\b} clt 8/fP/ efuL oxfF cfPsf] x'F .
ca t d hfÙF eG5', v'al;t r]t kfPsf] 5' ..%*..
To;sf/0f ltdL klg lj/f]wsf] of] dlt gn]pm . ca
d ;Ltf x5'{ eg]/ cfu|x 5fl8b]pm . o:tf] dlt lnof} eg] ;a}yf]s gi6 x'g]5 . v/,
lqlz/ / b"if0f s;/L dfl/lbP eÙ] s'/f t b]lvxfNof} ..%(..
d ltd|f] enf] x'g] s'/f eGb5' eg]/ ltdLn]
hflgn]pm . csf{] klg ufF7L s'/f] eG5', ltdL Wofgk"j{s ;'g . oL t cgGt
clwgfy k/d]à/ g} x'g\, h'g k'?ifnfO{ a|éfhLaf6 klg ;bf hlkG5 ..^)..
gf/bhLsf] jrg ;'g]sf] x'gfn] ltdLnfO{ d cfh
eGb5' . x] Vjfldt ¤ d ;bf ltd|f] enf] lrtfO/xG5' . nf} /fj0fnfO{ df/ egL a|éfhLn]
j/bfg dfu], clg k|e'n] ToxL ;'/ ug{ nfu]sf x'g\ ..^!..
To;sf/0f ltdL 3/} hfpm / a; clg of] s'dlt klg
gn]pm . pgL O{à/ x'g\ eÙ] a'em]/ ;f]xL k|sf/sf] lrQ b]pm . k|e'n] hf] ub{5g\
u¿g\, of] ;a} pg}sf] nLnf xf] . c¿ s;}n] s]xL u/] klg k|e'sf cufl8 hf]/ nfUb}g
.Æ ..^@..
df/Lrn] ha olt ;a} s'/f atfof], /fj0fn] emg\ oL
s'/f ;'g]/ a'emL v'al;t dg lbof] . p;n] df/LrnfO{ x]b{} eGof]– æd ;Ltf x/0f
u5'{, ltdL km]l/ d[u eP/ hfpm ..^#..
olb ltgL O{à/ x'g\ eg] ltgn] cjZo dfg]{5g\ t/
;fdfGo dflg; /x]5g\ eg] t cjZo d;Fu xfg{]5g\ . O{à/ /x]5g\ eg] klg /fd|f] x'G5,
d cjZo tg{]5', clg ;fdfGo dflg; /x]5g\ eg] t d ;Ltf;Fu ef]u ug{]5' ..^$..
ltdL hfpm . d ;LtfhLnfO{ x/]/ cjZo lng]5' . ca
c¿ s]xL af]Nof} eg] d ltdLnfO{ sfl6lbG5' .Æ o:tf] x's'd u/]/ p;n] df/LrnfO{
cK7\of/fdf kf¥of] . df/Lrn] klg To;kl5 hLpsf] cf; TofUof] ..^%..
ædg{}kg{] xf] eg] a? d xl/sf xftaf6 d5'{ / t5'{
. o; b'i6sf xftaf6 dl/of] eg] t d g/sdf k5'{ .Æ o:tf] ljrf/ u/]/ p;n] tTsfn
d[u–¿k wf/0f u¥of] . pm /fj0fsf] x's'd lz/f]k/ u/L tof/ eof] ..^^..
o;kl5 df/Lr ljlrqsf rl/q nLnf ub{} bf}l8of] .
pm ;LtfhLsf glhs uP/ ToxfF otfptf lkmg{ nfUof] . p;n] ;LtfhLnfO{ df]x u¿F eg]/
tfSof] clg cg]s nLnf u/]/ jl/kl/ rg{ nfUof] ..^&..
5n xf] eg]/ k|e'hLn] rfn kfOxfNg'eof] . PsfGtdf
uP/ k|e'hLn] ;LtfnfO{ sfd cx|fpg'eof]– æx] ;Lt] ¤ cb[Zo eO{ ltdL ca clUgdf a; .
oxfF 5fof ;Ltf agfP/ 5f8 ..^*..
Ps leIf'sf] ¿k lnP/ cfh /fj0f cfpg]5 / cfkm\gf]
;SsnL ¿k n'sfP/ ltdLnfO{ To; b'i6n] xg{]5 . To;sf/0f cfkm\gf] ;SsnL ¿k ltdLn]
rfF8} l5kfpm . Ps jif{;Dd ltdLn] clUgdf l5k]/ lbg latfpm .Æ ..^(..
o:tf] x's'd ;'g]/ cb[Zo :j¿k wf/0f u/L 5fof
;Ltf klg b'?:t tof/ u/L ;LtfhL l5k]/ ha clUgdf /lxg\, /3'gfyhL ltg} 5fof
;Ltf;Fu a:g'eof] ..&)..
5fof ;LtfhLn] clt lrqljlrq dfg]/ To; d[unfO{
v]nfpmF eÙ] 7flgg\ . pgn] laGtL ul/g\– æx] /3'kt] ¤ Tof] d[u klj|mlbg'xf];\ . d
To;nfO{ v]nfpg rfxG5' . Tof] d[u cToGt hftL 5 .Æ ..&!..
k|e'sf] klg OR5f oxL lyof] . pxfFn] 5fof
;Ltfsf] laGtL ;'g]/ hfg' g} 7Ls x'G5 egL of] s'/f dgdf ;f]Rg'eof] . clg xftdf
wg' lnP/ pxfF d[usf kl5 bf}8g'eof] . o; aLrdf pxfFn] nId0fnfO{ cx|fpg'eof]–
æltdL ;Ltfsf ;dLkdf al;/fv .Æ ..&@..
nId0f ;Ltfsf ;fydf ?Fufnf] eP/ a;] . df/LrnfO{
k|e'n] Psbdl;t v]bfpg'eof] . ha To;n] Psbd lbSs nufof], pxfFn] To;nfO{
dfg'{eof] . æx] efO nId0f ¤ d d/]F .Æ o;f] eg]/ To;n] 5n s/fof] ..&#..
5nsf jrg ;'gL ;LtfhL Psbd 8/fOg\ . nId0fhLnfO{
pgn] cx|fOg\– æltdL hfpm .Æ nId0fhLn] of] x's'd ;'g]/ laGtL u/]– æx] dfO{ ¤ h'g
d[u lyof] k|e'n] To;nfO{ dfg'{ePsf] xf] .Æ ..&$..
To:tf] d[u sxfF lyof] /, Tof] t d[u¿k wf/0f
u/]sf] df/Lr /fIf; lyof] . To;}n] t To;nfO{ df/]/ 7fs'/hLn] ToxLF 9fNbf Tof]
s/fPsf] lyof] . x] efO nId0f ¤ d d/]F eg]/ To;n] 5nsf] efiffdf s/fPsf] lyof]
..&%..
Tof] Hof]lt:j¿k eof] / ToxLF xl/df ldNof] .
;a}nfO{ o; s'/fn] Toltv]/ cfáo{ eof] . o; b'i6n] klg cfh of] ult kfof] eÙ]
a'em]/ ;a}hgfnfO{ xif{ eof] ..&^..
nId0fhLsf jrg ;'g]/ ;Ltf l/;fOg\ . gh/af6 Psbd
w]/} cfF;' klg v;fOg\ . nId0fnfO{ ToxfF pgn] cjfRo klg af]lng\– æs] ltdLnfO{
d}n] eH5' eÙ] 7fGof} < cfh oxfF===..&&..
/fdb]lv afx]s c¿ s;}nfO{ d elHbgF . ltd|} cufl8
d of] z/L/ Tofu ub{5' . ltd|f] lrQ clt b'i6 /x]5 eÙ] hfg]F . ltd|f] sfdb]lv
d}n] cfh ltdLnfO{ clt zq' dfg]F .Æ ..&*..
o:tf jrg ;'g]/ nId0fhL l/;fP . logn] cfh cjfRo
af]lng\ eg]/ dgleq lrtfP . æx] r08L ¤ lognfO{ lwSsf/ xf];\ .Æ olt eg]/ pgL
Psbd} a]r}g eP . pgn] jgb]jLnfO{ /vjf/L v6fP ..&(..
;LtfhLnfO{ ToxLF 5f8]/ pgL p7]/ uPsf] / k/
k'u]kl5 gh/af6 cf]em]n k/]sf] s'/f /fj0fn] b]Vof] . clg pm t'?Gt ;Ltf eP7fpF
cfof] . c;nL :j¿k 5kfP/ ;+Gof;Lsf] ¿k lnP/ pm cfPsf] lyof] ..*)..
;+Gof;L cfPsf x'g\ eg]/ pgn] 7"nf]
elQmk"j{s k"hf k|0ffd klg ul/g\ . ;LtfhL Psbd xlif{t eOg\ . pgn]
laGtL ul/g\– æx] u'/f] ¤ a:g'xf];\ . k|e' kmsL{ cfPkl5 xh'/nfO{ pxfFn] dg nufP/
w]/} Kof/f] ug'{x'g]5 .Æ ..*!..
o:tf jrg ;'gL ;Ltflt/ b[li6 lbO/x]sf] p;n] logsf
klt sf] x'g\ a'emF" eg]/ u'è s'/f lngsf nflu ;f]Wof]– æltd|f klt sf] x'g\
< hf] x'g\ ltdLn] ltgsf] gfd / sfd;d]t atfpm .Æ ..*@..
;LtfhLn] klg ;+Gof;L x'g\ eÙ] hfg]/ slQ klg
5n5fd gkf/Lsg gfd, sfd cflb ;a}yf]s elgg\ . pgn] klg To;nfO{ ;f]lwg\– æxh'/sf]
klg kl/ro ;'Ù kfpmF . tkfO{Fn] klg cfkm\gf] gfd / 7fpF atfpg'xf];\ .Æ..*#..
o:tf jrg ;'g]kl5 ;LtfnfO{ xg]{ ;'/ u/]/ p;n]
gfd, sfd slQ klg g9fF6L ;a} ;To;To kl/ro lbof] . p;n] cjfRo jrg af]Nof]–
æltdLn] dnfO{ klt dflgn]pm . /fdrGb|nfO{ ca ltdLn] 5fl8b]pm .Æ ..*$..
To;sf jrg ;'g]/ ;Ltf dgdg} clns 8/fOg\ t/ k|s6
¿kdf To; b'i6nfO{ TofGb|f]a/fa/ ulgg\– æx] b'i6 /fj0f ¤ tF cjZo dnf{;\ P]n], ha
oxLF k|e'hLsf cufl8 knf{;\ .Æ ..*%..
;Ltfsf o:tf jrg ;'Gbf l/;fP/ pm h'?Ss p7\of] .
pm ;SsnL :j¿k wf/0f u/]/ ca d x/0f u5'{ eg]/ tDtof/ eof] . aL;j6f xft / b;j6f
lz/ ePsf] clg z/L/ Psbd z'4 sfnf] eof] . o:tf] :j¿k b]vfP/ /fj0fn] ;a}sf] dgdf
qf; k}bf u¥of] ..*^..
;LtfhLnfO{ dgn] lrg]sf] x'gfn] p;n] dgdf
dft[jt\ a'l4 lnof] . d}n] cfkm\gf xftn] 5'Fbf cg'lrt x'G5 egL cfkm"n] :kz{
u/]g . p;n] cfkm\gf gª ;a} hldgdf w;]/ xftn] hldg};lxt t'?Gt p7fof] . o;kl5
;LtfhLnfO{ /ydf /fv]/ pm bf}l8of] . o;/L /fj0fn] ;LtfnfO{ /fdaf6 cnu u¥of]
..*&..
æxf /fd ¤ nId0f ¤Æ ;Ltf oltdfq d'vn] af]ln/lxg\
. pgL Psbd /f]Og\ . tgdg /fddf nufP/ pgL lg/Gt/ ljên eOg\ . of] b[Zo h6fo'n]
b]lvxfNof] . p;n] t'?Gt} p8]/ uP/ /fj0fsf] /y r"0f{ kfl/lbof] . h6fo'n]
3f]8f gfz u/fO{ km]l/ wg' ;d]t 6'j|mf6'j|mf kfl/lbof] ..**..
/fj0f emg\ jL/ lyof] . p;n] t'?Gt} emD6]/ xftdf
t/af/ lnof] . p;n] Psbd l/;fP/ h6fo'sf b'j} kv]6f sfl6lbP/ hldgdf v;flnlbof] .
rf]6 kgf{n] h6fo' k[YjLdf em¥of] . o; df}sfdf /fj0fn] t'?Gt} /y tof/ ul/xfNof]
. b'i6n] ;LtfnfO{ /ydf /fv]/ l;Gw' kf/ ul/xfNof] ..*(..
;Ltf ha cfsfzdf Ciod"s lul/dfly pl8/x]sL
lyOg\, pgn] cfkm\gf ePe/sf ;a} uxgf km'sfnL alnof] kf]sf] agfOg\ / s;}n]
/fd–nId0fnfO{ lbpmg\ eg]/ Tof] kf]sf] ToxfF v;flng\ . ;'lu|jn] e]6]/ Tof]
kf]sf] s;n] v;fn]sf] xf]nf eg]/ u'kmfdf /fv] ..()..
;LtfhLnfO{ nËfdf k'¥ofPkl5 dft[jt\ a'l4 u/]/
leqL au}Frfdf nuL c;n czf]ssf j[Ifd'lg /fVof] . p;n] dfO{sf] v'a} ;]jf u¥of],
t/ pgn] dgdf w]/} b'Mv kfOg\ . æxf /fd ¤ xf /fd ¤ x] huÙfy ¤Æ oxL jrg u/]/ pgn]
hltv]/} /fddf cfkm\gf] lrQ l:y/ ul/g\ ..(!..
df/LrnfO{ df/]/ k|e' lkmg'{x'Fb} lyof], jgdf
af6}df efO b]lvP . /fdn] efO k'Ug'eGbf klxNo} dgdg} ljrf/ ug'{eof]– æoL efOnfO{
dfof ;Ltf ag]sf] s'/f clnslt klg ofb 5}g, rfn gkfPsf] x'gfn] logn] ;fFr} ;Ltf
log} x'g\ eg]/ 7fg]sf 5g\ ..(@..
d of] s'/f vf]lNbgF, u'è /fV5' . logn] ;xL ;Ltf
log} x'g\ eg]/ dfg"g\ . 5fof ;LtfnfO{ jf:tljs ;Ltf log} x'g\ eg]/ dfg]df
lgáo g} logn] zq';Fu Psbd l/;fP/ n8\g]5g\ .Æ k|e'hLsf] dgdf o:tf] lgáo ePs}
a]nf nId0f ToxfF k'u] . >L/3'gfyn] ;f]Wg'eof]– æ;LtfnfO{ PSn} 5f8]/ ltdL lsg
oxfF cfPsf <Æ ..(#..
of] x's'd ;'g]/ nId0fn] laGtL u/]– æs] u¿F, hf]
b'jf{Ro af]lng\ . ;a} eg"F eg] klg Tof] t d eÙ} ;lQmgF . df/Lrsf 5nsf jrg
;'g]/ pgn] ha cToGt b'jf{Ro af]lng\, d}n] e/;s cg]s t/xn] ;DemfPF t/ s;} u/]
klg laGtL nfu]g .Æ ..($..
km]l/ k|e'n] pQ/ lbg'eof]– æTo;f] eP tfklg h]
u¥of} Tof] cg'lrt} xf] . hlt b'j{rg af]n] tfklg :qL xf] eÙ] hfg]/ 5f]8\g' x'Fb}
x'Fb}gYof] .Æ olt af]ln;s]kl5 /fdn] t'?Gt} cf>dlt/ kfOnf cufl8 a9fpg'eof] .
ha ;LtfhLnfO{ b]Vg'ePg, pxfF Psbd} zf]s ug{ nfUg'eof] ..(%..
æls /fIf;x¿n] jgdf x/], ls b'i6n] k]6 e/] . d
cGoq uPsf] df}sfdf Ps yf]s s]xL t cjZo eof] . s'g b'i6sf] v]n k¥of] eÙ] s'/f x]
jgb]jLx¿ xf] ¤ ltdLx¿nfO{ yfxf 5 ls, lj:tf/df atfcf] . d]/L Kof/L ;LtfnfO{
b]lVtgF, ;Ltf hxfF 5g\ d Tot} hfG5' .Æ ..(^..
;LtfnfO{ ge]6]/ o:tf tl/sf;Fu ;f]wL–;f]wL
1fg:j¿kL /3'gfy klg h:tf] ;fdfGo dflg;n] u5{ pxL /Ltn] æxf d]/L ;Ltf ¤Æ egL To;
jgdf a8f] lj/xn] ;f]wLvf]hL ub}{ lkmg'{x'GYof] . ;LtfnfO{ ge]l6O/x]sf] a]nfdf
o;}aLr pxfFn] jgsf] aLrdf /y / wg'ifsf cg]s 6'j|mf b]Vg'eof] ..(&..
pxfFn] efO nId0fnfO{ eÙ'eof]– æx] efO ¤ ltdLn]
oxfFsf] s'rfn b]Vof} < csf]{ sf]xL cfO{ lht]/ lnP5, d}n] t oxfF w]/} g/fd|f]
rfn b]v]F .Æ olt s'/f u/L >L/fd clns k/ hfg'eof] . pxfFn] lrÙ} sl7g kg{] u/L
h6fo' klN6/x]sf] b]Vg'eof] . To;sf b'j} kv]6f lyPgg\ ..(*..
>L/fddf c1fg t slQ klg lyPg, t/ klg pxfFn]
dflg;sf em}F nLnf ug'{eof] . lrGb} glrg]em}F u/]/ eujfg\n] cufl8 ;/]/ eÙ'eof]–
æx] efO ¤ wg' b]pm . b'i6 e]6\l6OxfNof], d o;nfO{ af0f wf/0f u/]/ dfb{5' .
;LtfnfO{ vfg] oxL /x]5 eÙ] a'lemof] . cfkm\gf] k]6 e/]/ of] dhf;Fu klN6/x]sf]
/x]5 .Æ ..((..
h6fo'n] >L/fdsf jrg ;'Gof] / ;Dk"0f{
va/sf] j[QfGt laGtL u¥of] . p;sf s'/f ;'gL k|e'df k"0f{ bof knfof] .
pxfFn] glhs uO{ To;nfO{ 5fDg' eof] / p;sf ;a} lrGtf x6fOlbg'eof] . ;Ltfsf]
;dfrf/ ;a} elg;s]kl5 >L/fds} ;fd'df Tof] h6fo' d¥of] . :gfg / bfx;+:sf/ u/L
df+;lk08x¿ lbO{ k|e'n] To;sf] lj|mofsd{ ul/lbg'eof] ..!))..
h6fo' k|e'df w]/} elQm /fv]/ :t'lt klg u/]/
;fo'Ho d'lQm kfO{ wfddf k'Uof] . k|e' klg dflg;sf] nLnf hgfO{ lj/x u/Lu/L
hxfFtxLF ;f]Wb} jgjgdf lkmg{ nfUg'eof] . ;d:t jg rxfbf{ klg csf{] Ps}hgf klg
;LtfnfO{ b]Vg]–e]6\g] sf]xL e]l6Pgg\ ..!)!..
5ftLdf d'v ePsf] Pp6f /fIf; lyof] . lz/ gePsfn]
gfd p;sf] gfd saGw lyof] . To;sf rf/rf/ sf];;Dd k'Ug] b'O{ clt alnof nfdf xft
lyP . Tof] /fIf; Ps 7fpFdf a;]/ e]6]hlt ;a}nfO{ xftn] tfg]/ vfGYof] .
>L/3'klt To;sf afx'sf aLrdf kg'{eP5 / cufl8 hfg] dfu{ /f]lsof] ..!)@..
/fIf;n] 3]l/Psf] a'em]/ /3'gfyn] efOnfO{ eÙ'eof]–
æx] nId0f ¤ ca ce/ kl/Ph:tf] 5, o; /fIf;n] xfdLnfO{ lgN5 ls s;f] <Æ
7fs'/hLsf oL jrg ;'g]kl5 nId0fhLn] laGtL u/]– æx] gfy ¤ s]sf] 8/ < xfdL b'O{
eO{ o;sf b'O{ xftnfO{ sfl6lbcf}F . o;sf xft oxLF em5{g\ .Æ ..!)#..
olt s'/fsfgL u/]/ b'j} efOn] Ps–Ps xft sf6]/
;lhn} v;fn] . cfkm\gf xft em/]sf] yfxf kfpFbf /fIf; klg 5Ss k¥of] . p;n]
;f]Wof]– ædh:tf] jL/sf o:tf xft ;xh} v;fNof}, ltdLx¿ sf] xf} < s] dgdf lnP/
jgdf 8'Nb} 5f} < ltdLx¿ sxfF hfgsf nflu lxF8]sf xf} <Æ..!)$..
>L/3'gfyn] xfF;]/ lj:tf/k"j{s pQ/
lbg'eof] . To;n] /fd egL ;'Gof] / dgn] >Lxl/ log} x'g\ eg]/ lrGof] .
7fs'/hLnfO{ lrg]/ To;n] Psbd v';L eP/ cfkm\gf] s'/f lj:tf/ u¥of]– æx] gfy ¤ cfh
xh'/nfO{ lrg]F, xh'/nfO{ d]/f ;fd' kfPF / d]/f ;a} lrGtfx¿ 6/] ..!)%..
d uGwj{ x'F tfklg a|éfaf6 cjWo x'g] j/bfg
kfPkl5 /fd|f] 5' egL ddf uj{ eof] . ci6fjj|m ClifnfO{ b]v]/ Psbd g/fd|f /x]5g\
egL clnslt xfF;]F . pgn] dnfO{ /fIf; eP;\ egL >fk lbP . kl5 pg}n] d'lQmsf]
pkfo klg atfP ..!)^..
/fIf; ePsfn] d l/;fP/ otfplt 8'Nby]F . OGb|hLn]
d]/f] lz/ sfl6lbP . a|éfsf] j/bfg lyof] / d lz/ sfl6Fbf klg afFr]F . o;af6
OGb|flb b]jtfx¿ ;a} 5Ss k/] . lz/ uP/ klg of] afFRof], ca s;f] unf{ egL
OGb|hLnfO{ dpk/ cToGt bof cfof], o;sf/0f vfgsf lgldQ 5ftLdf Pp6f d'v lbP/ uP
..!)&..
rf/rf/ sf];;Dd ;dfpg egL nfdfnfdf xft lbP . tL
xft cfh xh'/n] lu/fOaS;g'eof] . oxLF;Ddsf nflu lyP oL . h:tf] d'lQm tL ci6fjj|m
Clifn] klxn] atfPsf lyP, cfh oxfF To:t} l7Ss eof] / oL xft v;], d}n] ca d'lQm
kfPF ..!)*..
Sof aft k|ef] ¤ d cfh wGo /x]5' . hlt cfzf
u/]sf] lyPF, kfPF . /ftf]lbg xh'/sf r/0fsf] gfd /6]/ a;]sf] lyPF, cfh z/0fsf]
ult ldNof] . ca Psbd ulx/f] vf8n vg]/ d]/f] of] z/L/ To;df /fvL kf]nL e:d
u/fOaS;g'xf];\ / d ;+;f/ t/]/ hfg]5' .!)(..
;LtfnfO{ e]§fpgsf nflu ;To;To pkfo laGtL ug{]5'
.Æ of] laGtL ;'g]/ xl/n] To;sf] z/L/ v/fgL xf]pGh]n kf]lnlbg'eof] . To;kl5
To;n] ;'Gb/ z'4 :j¿k wf/0f u¥of] . k|e'hLn] p;nfO{ j/ klg lbg'eof] . To;n]
elQmk"j{s k|e'sf] :t'lt u¥of] / k/dwfd k'Uof] ..!!)..
æx] gfy ¤ ca xh'/ za/L hxfF 5g\ ToxLF
hfg'xf];\, kSs} ;LtfhL e]l6g'x'g]5 . ltgdf xh'/sf r/0fsdnsf] 7"nf] elQm 5,
ltgsf lrGtf x6fOlbg'xf];\ .Æ huÙfyl;t oxL laGtL u/]/ Tof] saGw ha k/dwfd uof],
>L/fdn] km]l/ cf>ddf k'uL 7"nf] s[kf /fv]/ za/LnfO{ bz{g lbg'eof]
..!!!..
za/L cf;gaf6 p7]/ t'?Gt} >L/fdsf r/0fdf
kl/g\ . pgn] ;s];Dd /fd|f];Fu k"hf u/]/ xft hf]8\b} laGtL ul/g\– æx] gfy ¤
d gLr / ul/a s'nsL :qLhflt x'F . d 7Ls tl/sfn] xh'/sf] :t'lt ug{;Dd hflGbgF .
xh'/sf r/0fsf] dfq cfwf/ 5, d]/f] xfnt o:t} 5 ..!!@..
x] Vjfldt ¤ u'?af6 xh'/sf af/]df lj:tf/ kfPkl5
u'?sf] cf1f dgdf lnP/ slxn] xh'/sf] bz{g kfpF5' egL v'a;Fu tgdg xh'/df lbO{
xh'/sf] lgTo k"hf u/L a;]sL lyPF . cfh xh'/sf] bof eof] / xh'/nfO{ k|ToIf
b]Vg kfPF .!!#..
s]n] cfh xh'/ k|;Ù x'g'eof] < d}n] s'g sd{
u/]F < of]uLsf dgn] ;d]t e]6\g g;Sg] bz{g d}n] kfPF .Æ o:tf] laGtL ;'g]/
k|e'sf] dgdf za/Lsf k|lt bof pTkÙ eof] . k|e'n] cfkm" cfpgfsf] p2]Zo :ki6
kfg'{eof]– æd pFr–gLr jf :qL–k'?ifsf] e]b ulb{gF, elQm ePdf v';L x'G5' ..!!$..
elStsf gf} ;fwg 5g\, tL gf}df klxnf] ;fwg ;T;Í
xf] . klxnf] ;fwg eof] eg] afFsL /x]sf hf] tL cf7 ;fwgx¿ 5g\, tL ;a} c;n ;Ítn]
j|md};Fu ldNb5g\ . ;T;Í eof] eg] ;a} algxfNb5, c¿sf] ;Ítn] s] x'G5 / <
..!!%..
d}n] ltdLnfO{ ;T;Ídf /x]sL, lbglbg} dpk/
7"nf] elQm ePsL clg ;Hhgsf] ;Ít kfO{sg ;a} u'0fdf kl/kSj / of]Uo ePsL
b]v]F . To;} eP/ d ltdLnfO{ bz{g lbg egL v';L;fy cfh cfkm}F cfPF . d}n] bz{g
lbPF / kfof}, ltdL cwd ePsL eP s] dnfO{ kfpFYof} / < ..!!^..
ltd|f] cfh d'lQm eof] / ;a} lkmj|mLx¿ 5'6] .
cfh ltdL v';L eP/ hfpm . d]/L ;Ltf sxfF 5g\, s'g} yfxfkQf] ePdf Tof] klg ;a}
atfpm .Æ k|e'sf] x's'd ;'g]kl5 pgn] laGtL ul/g\– æs] eg"F < ;j{JofkL
xh'/n] a'em]/ g;Sg] Ps}/lQ s'g} 7fpF 5}g ..!!&..
of] ;fFrf] laGtL u/]sL x'F t/ klg xh'/n]
dflg;sf] of] ¿k wf/0f u/L cf1f ePsf] x'gfn] d ;dosf] Vofn /fv]/ xh'/;dIf laGtL
ub{5' . ;Ltf nËfdf x'g'x'G5 . ca xh'/n] ;'u|LjnfO{ e]6 aS;g'xf];\ . ltgn] h]hlt
c¿ sfd 5g\ ;a} kf/ nufpg]5g\ ..!!*..
Ciod"s kj{tsf] 6fs'/fdf kDkf eÙ] tnfpsf]
glhs}df tL a:5g\ . ;w}F clt lkmj|mL dfg]/ ToxfF tL lbg latfpF5g\ . afnLsf] 8/
x'gfn] ToxLF nfdf] ;dob]lv a;]sf 5g\, lsgeg] ToxfF afnL hfFb}g . afnLnfO{
ghfg" eg]/ ;/fk 5 . d}n] xh'/;dIf ;a} laGtL u/]F ..!!(..
xh'/n] ;'u|Ljl;t ldt]/L ;fOgf] ufF:g'xf]nf, ;a}
sfd x'g]5 . ;Ltf klg e]l6g'x'g]5 . cfh d xh'/sf] glhsd} cfkm\gf] b]xnfO v/fgL
agfO{ kf]Nb5' .Æ olt laGtL u/]/ lrtfdf cfkm\gf] z/L/ r9fO{ ;Dk"0f{ z/L/
v/fgL agfOg\ . tL za/L 7fs'/sf clt elQmn] ubf{ ;+;f/;fu/ tl/g\ ..!@)..
hftsL cwd gLr eP/ klg pgn] clt b'n{e cj;/ kfOg\
. pgL;Fu >L/fd v';L x'g'eof] / >L/fdsf cl3 b]x 5f8Lsg ltgL ;xhdf k/dwfd
uOg\ . a|fé0f s'ndf hGd]sf] dflg;n] k|e'sf] elQm u5{ eg] emg\ To;sf] t s] s'/f
ef] / . hf]–sf]xL klg olb eQm eP eg] tL k"/fk"/ of]uL x'G5g\ ..!@!..
x] dflg; xf] ¤ /3'gfysf r/0fsf] elQmn] g} d'lQm
lbg]5 . >L/fdnfO{ sfdw]g';/Lsf x'g\ eÙ] hfgLsg dgdf lng'kb{5 . c¿ tGqdGqx¿n]
s] u5f{} < ;a}yf]s zf]s 5f8]/ >L/fddf tgdg nufpm, dgdf a'em, o; sfdaf6
cjZo ;f/ ldNb5 ..!@@..
.. Olt >Lc/0osf08 ..
$=
>LlslisGwfsf08
ha za/L d'Qm eO{ uOg\, pgsf ;a} s'/f ;'Ù'ePsf
>L/fdn] klg ca ;'u|LjnfO{ e]6\g hfG5' egL Ciod"s lul/tkm{ hfg tof/
x'g'eof] . hfFb} ubf{ Pp6f Ps sf];hltsf] tnfp e]l6of] . za/Ln] gfd lnPsf] kDkf
eÙ] tnfp oxL xf] eg]/ >L/3'gfyn] lrÙ'eof] ..!..
To; tnfpdf df5f / s5'jf rNby] . sdnsf kqbnx¿
kfgLsf] ;txdf v:gfn] ;d:t 9flsPsf] lyof], kfgL s;/L b]lvof];\ < gLnf, /ftf,
;]tf cflb cg]s /ªsf sdn lyP . xfF;, ltqf, ;f/;, nf6f]sf];]/fx¿ af]Nby] ..@..
To; tnfpsf] kfgL ;Gtx¿sf] dg h:t} lgd{n b]v]/
k|e' k|;Ù x'g'eof] . pxfFnfO{ of] tnfp ;fx|} c;n nfUof] . pxfFn] s]xL hnkfg
ug'{eof] / ;Dk"0f{ jgsf] cjnf]sg ug{ nfUg'eof] . ha ;'u|Ljn] k|e'nfO{
b]v], pgn] 8/fP/ k|e' ePlt/ gh/ nufP ..#..
afnLsf] 5n xf] ls eG7fg]/ pgn] xftn] O;f/f u/]
. c¿ g} sf]xL ;Hhg /x]5 eÙ] a'em]kl5 pgL clnslt xfF;] . æx] xg'dfg\ ¤ ltdL a|fé0f
afns ag]/ hfpm . tL sf] x'g\, sxfF hfg nfu]sf x'g\, ltgsf] dgdf s] ljrf/ /x]5 /
ltgL lsg jl/kl/ x]/]/ 8'ln/x]sf 5g\ a'em]/ cfpm .Æ ..$..
;'u|Ljn] xg'dfgnfO{ hfpm eg]/ ha of] x's'd u/],
pgL a|fé0f afns ag]/ >L/fdsf ;dLkdf pkl:yt eP . ToxfF k'u]/ pgn] tl/sf
k'¥ofP/ laGtL ub{} k|e'nfO{ ;f]w]– æxh'/ sf] x'g'ef] < otflt/ s]–slt sfdn]
xh'/ kfNg'ePsf] xf]nf <Æ k|e'hLn] klg v';L eP/ xg'dfgnfO{ cfkm\gf] k"/f
kl/ro / otf cfpg'sf] p2]Zo v';L;fy atfpg'eof] ..%..
xg'dfgn] klg ;'u|Ljsf af/]df ;Dk"0f{ kl/ro
laGtL u/] . >L/3'gfynfO{ af]s]/ ;'u|LjsxfF nUg] ljrf/ u/]/ pgn] cfkm\gf]
c;nL :j¿k wf/0f u/] . o;kl5 /fd–nId0fnfO{ af]s]/ t'?Gt} ;'u|Ljsf ;dIf nUgsf
nflu ltgL tLj|ultn] cfsfzdf s'b] ..^..
xg'dfgn] /fd–nId0fnfO{ t'?Gt} kxf8sf 6fs'/fdf
k'¥ofP . >L/fd ¿vsf] 5fofdf a:g'eof] . xg'dfg ;'u|LjnfO{ va/ lbgsf nflu
t'?Gt} uOxfn] . ;Dk"0f{ kl/ro kfO;s]kl5 ;'u|Lj cfP / pgn] k|e'sf] bz{g u/]
. pgn] sf]dn xfFuf efFr]/ >L/fdsf nflu cf;g tof/ kf/] . olt ug{ kfPsfdf ltgL
cfglGbt eP ..&..
;'u|LjnfO{ nId0fhLn] cf;g lbP, xg'dfgn] Psbd
;Ddfgk"j{s nId0fhLnfO{ cf;g lbP . ;a} j[QfGt atfP/ nId0fhLn] ha
lj:tf/k"j{s eg], ;Ltfn] h'g uxgf v;fnL hfg'ePsf] lyof], ;'u|Ljn] tL xflh/
u/fP ..*..
æxf /fd ¤ xf nId0f ¤ olt dfq k'sfb{} cfsfzdf
uO/x]sL lyOg\ . pgn] ;a} uxgf km'sfnL xfd|f] o; jf;df emg{] tl/sfn] v;fn]/ tL
uOg\ . d oxLF lyPF t/ d}n] pgnfO{ lrlggF . oL uxgf s;sf x'g\, xh'/ cfkm}Fn]
x]/]/ lrlgaS;g'xf];\, ePhlt ;a} xh'/;dIf k|:t't ub{5' .Æ ..(..
olt ljj/0f laGtL ul/;s]kl5 pgn] >L/fd;dIf
uxgfx¿ k|:t't u/] . k|e'n] tL uxgf /fd|/L x]g'{eof] / tL ;a} uxgf lrÙ'eof] .
uxgf lrg]kl5 pxfF æxf ¤ d]/L ;Ltf ¤Æ eGb} Psbd w]/} zf]s ug{ nfUg'eof] . tL
uxgf 5ftLdf nufP/ k|e' Pstdf;n] cg]s ljnfk ub{} ?g'eof] . Tof] b]v]/ nId0f /
;'u|Ljn] k|e'hLnfO{ ;fGTjgf lbP ..!)..
æx] /fd ¤ xfdL /fj0fnfO{ df/]/ ;xh};Fu
;LtfhLnfO{ oxfF xh'/;dIf xflh/ u/fpFnf . Tof] b'i6 sxfF hfnf / <Æ tL
;'u|Ljn] /fdsf xh'/df olt laGtL u/] . xg'dfgn] klg clUgnfO{ ;fIfL /fv]/ af]n]
..!!..
clUg ;fIfL /fv]/ ;'u|LjhLn] /fd;Fu ldt]/L
;fOgf] ufF;] . >L/fd / ;'u|Lj sfFw hf]/]/ /Ltk"j{s dLt ag] . dLt
eO;s]kl5 ;'u|Lj >L/fdg]/ a;] . ;'u|Ljn] Toltv]/ laGtL u/]– æx] gfy ¤ w]/}
lbgb]lv si6 ;x]/ d afnLsf 8/n] o;} 7fpFdf /x]sf] 5' ..!@..
dftÍhLsf] ;/fk k/]sf] x'gfn] afnL oxfF cfpFb}g,
To;}n] kf] a:g kfPsf] 5', gq eg] dnfO{ s;n] arfpFbYof] xf]nf / < d afnLsf]
an laGtL ub{5' . clxn] p;b]lv ;a} 8/fpF5g\ . s:t} jL/ eP klg pml;t n8] eg] tL
;w}F dg{] u/]sf 5g\ ..!#..
dfofjL gfd u/]sf] Pp6f 7"nf] jL/ /fIf;
lyof] . Tof] dosf] k'q lyof] . Tof] afnLl;t n8fOF ug{ eg]/ cfof] / Psbdl;t xfFs
lbof] . afnLn] klg bf}l8P/ uP/ To;nfO{ d'8\sLn] xfGof] . ha rf]6 k¥of], Tof]
8/n] efu]/ uof] . afnL To;sf kl5kl5 v]b\b} uof] ..!$..
d klg afnLsf kl5kl5 nfu]/ uPF . /fIf; u'kmfdf
k:of] . 9f]sfdf dnfO{ /fv]/ afnL Psbd l/;fpFb} leq k:of] . Ps dlxgf lat]/ uof]
t/ afnL kms{]/ cfPg . ;fx|} lbSs nfUof] / s;f] u¿F eg]/ ;f]lr/x]sf] a]nfdf leq
u'kmfaf6 /ut cfof] ..!%..
nf} afnL t d/]5, u'kmfaf6 /ut au]/ cfPsf]
b]lvG5 . afnL kSs} d¥of] / ca To; /fIf;n] kms{]/ dnfO{ klg df5{ eÙ] eof] . d}n]
u'kmfsf] d'v y'g]/ ToxfFaf6 lxF8\g' d'gfl;a b]v]F . o:tf] a'l4 eof] / Pp6f 7"nf]
kTy/ NofP/ To; u'kmfsf] d'v y'lglbPF tf ls To; /fIf;n] kms{]/ cfpg dg u/]df klg
;xh} lg:sg g;sf];\ ..!^..
o; tl/sfn] /fd|/L u'kmf y'g]F clg d afnL d¥of]
eGb} lkm/]F . ;Dk"0f{ ljj/0f ;'gfpFbf dnfO{ /fhf agfOlbP . /fhf eP/
/fHoef]u klg u/]F . s]xL lbgkl5 afnL t /fIf; df/L lkm/]/ dl;t Psbd l/;fpFb}
pkl:yt eof] ..!&..
To; lbgb]lv 8/fP/ d oxLF /xg yfn]F . To;n] d]/L
kTgL klg anhkm\tL;Fu ef]u ul//x]sf] 5 . t/ s]xL ug{ d]/f] an k'Ub}g . t/ Tof]
oxfF cfpg ;Sg] ePsf] eP oxLF cfP/ klg dfg{] lyof] . To;nfO{ kfksf] slQ klg 8/
nfUb}g, a'xf/L t hah{:tL lnPsf] 5 .Æ ..!*..
;'u|LjhLn] ;fx| b'MvL eP/ laGtL u/]sf] ;'g]kl5
k|e'hLn] cGtMs/0fn] u'g]/ ;'u|Ljsf] ca b'Mv xb{5' egL ljrf/ u/]/ ;fGTjgf lbFb} eÙ'eof]–
æx] ldq ¤ ;'g . Tof] afnL df/]/ ca ltdLnfO{ /fHo lbnfpFnf . capk|fGt To;sf]
s]xL hf]/ rNg]jfnf 5}g .Æ ..!(..
k|e'hLsf] o:tf] ;To jrg ;'Gbf klg afnL t
7"nf] 5, k|e'n] dfg{ ;Sg'x'G5 ls ;Sg'x'Ù ls eg]/ pgnfO{ zËf eof] .
afnLnfO{ Psbd} jL/ xf] eÙ] a'em]/ /fdsf] cufl8 ;/L pgn] afnLsf] cl3sf] k/fj|md
/fd|/L lj:tf/ u/]/ eg] ..@)..
æPs lbg b'Gb'le gfdsf] Psbd 7"nf] /fIf;
cfof] . To;n] cfP/ afnLnfO{ v'a;Fu xfFs lbof] . afnLn] To;nfO{ ;xh} lgdf]7Lsg
lz/ 5'§ØfO{ xftdf lnof] . Tof] lz/ km\ofFlslbFbf Tof] oxfF v:of] / rf/ sf];
If]qkmndf To;sf /utsf w]/} l56f kg{ uof] . o;af6 Clif w]/} l/;fP ..@!..
Clifn] afnLnfO{ ;/fk lbP– cab]lv tF oxfF cfO;\
eg] t}F klg lz/ cnu eO{ k[YjLdf v:nf;\, h;/L of] v:of] . of] s'/f dnfO{ ;a}
klxNo} yfxf lyof] / To;} sf/0fn] d oxfF cfP/ a:g yfn]F . To;nfO{ klg of] ofb 5,
To;} ePsfn] d To; jL/b]lv ar]sf] 5' ..@@..
;f]xL lz/ kj{t;/L cem;Dd 5 . Tof] km\ofFSg
;Sg'eof] eg] afnL dfg{ ;dy{ x'g'x'G5 eg]/ Toltv]/ lrg'Fnf . d]/f] t s'g} 3dG8
afFsL 5}g .Æ ;'u|Ljsf oL s'/f ;'g]kl5 k|e'sf] dgdf lognfO{ cfkm\gf] ;fdYo{sf]
emns lbpmF eÙ] eof] . pxfFn] Tof] lz/ kfpsf cf}Fnfn] km\Foflslbg'eof] . Tof]
lz/ rfnL; sf]; k/;Dd k'Uof] ..@#..
;'u|Ljn] Tof] b]v], tyflk dgdf cem} zËf afFsL
/x\of] . pgnfO{ dgdf nfUof]– k|e'n] afnL dfg{ ;Sg'x'G5 ls x'Ù, afnL t Psbd
7"nf] 5 . oxfF ;ftj6f tf8–j[If 5g\, lognfO{ Ps tL/n] 5]8\g ;Sg'eof] eg]
kSs} afnLnfO{ dfg{ ;Sg'x'g]5 . pgn] of] s'/f klg k|e'nfO{ :ki6;Fu eg] ..@$..
æx] gfy ¤ d afnL o:tf] 5 eg]/ c¿ klg laGtL
ub{5' . of] lz/ km\ofFs]/ dfq d]/f] dgn] ljàf; dfg]g . afnLn] o; tf8–j[IfnfO{
a'6}a/fa/ uG5 / xNnfP/ o;sf ePhlt ;a} kft v;flnlbG5 ..@%..
xh'/n] clxn] Pp6f af0f lnP/ oL ;a} tf8j[Ifdf
5]bg u/L ;a}df l5b| u/fOaS;g'xf];\ . aNn d]/f] dg 9'Ss x'g]5 .Æ ha ;'u|LjhLn]
k|e';dIf olt laGtL u/], pxfFn] klg nf} t eg]/ v';Ln] xftdf wg'af{0f lng'eof]
..@^..
k|e'n] af0f 5f8\g'eof] / Tof] j]ul;t uO{ ;ftj6}
tf8sf ¿vx¿ e]bg u/]/ kj{t, e"ld;d]t lr/]/ k/ uof] . ;fd'df cfPsf ;a}yf]s
;vfk kf/]kl5 Tof] af0f kmsL{ 7f]j|mfdf k:of] . of] b]v]/ ;'u|LjhL 5Ss k/] .
pgn] ;fIfft\ >Lklt x'g'x'G5 eg]/ lrg], clg pgn] >L/fdsf] v'a;Fu :t'lt u/]
..@&..
æx] gfy ¤ aNn lrg]F . cxf] ¤ xh'/ t ;sn ;+;f/sf
cfTdf huÙfy x'g'x'Fbf] /x]5 . dfofb]lv d ca cnu ePF . ca t emg\ nf]edf]x klg afFsL
/x]g . k'q, kTgL / wg cflb kfP/ ca d}n] s]xL ug'{ 5}g . tL ;a} daf6 k/} xf]pmg\
. d]/f oL b;cf]6} OlGb|ox¿ xh'/sf] ;]jf6xndf /x"g\ .Æ ..@*..
o; tl/sfn] ha pgn] :t'lt u/], >L/fdn] Tof]
;a ;'g]/ of] 1fg cfh lbpmF eÙ] dgdg} ljrf/ ug'{eof] . dfofn] clt df]x kf/L ha
/3'gfy xfF;]/ af]Ng'eof], ;'u|Lj k|e'sf jrgn] df]xdf k/], pgn] Tof] 1fg ;a}
lal;{Oxfn] ..@(..
æx] ;vf ;'u|Lj ¤ b'lgofF–;+;f/n] dnfO{ eGnfg\–
logn] ;'u|Lj;Fu ldt]/L ;fOgf] nufP/ ltgsf cfklQ x6fP/ s'g rLh lbP/ uP <
;+;f/sf] of] cjufn ca d d]6\5' . clxn] afnL hxfF 5, ltdL ToxfF hfpm / To;nfO{
o'4sf] xfFs b]pm . d To;sf] jw ub{5' ..#)..
/ ltdLnfO{ d t'?Gt} /fHo u/fpF5' .Æ ha /fdsf]
o:tf] x's'd eof], ;'u|Lj v';L eP/ afnL eP7fpF uO{ Psbd hf]8n] jrgsf] xfFs lbP .
lslisGwfk'/Lsf] glhs}sf] jgdf uP/ hf]8n] xfFs lbP/ ;'u|LjhL ToxfFaf6 lxF8] eÙ]
va/ a'em]kl5 afnL t'?Gt} o'4sf lglDt lg:Sof] ..#!..
afnL / ;'u|Ljsf] n8fOF ;'? eof] . ;'u|Lj Ps
l5g;Dd n8] . afnLsf cufl8 ;'u|Lj n8\g s] ;Sy] < jL/ afnLn] ;xh} ltgnfO{ tx
nufP . ca t k|e'n] af0f 5f8]/ afnLnfO{ dfnf{g\ eÙ] cf;n] afnLsf s7f]/ 3':;f
kfpFbf klg ;'u|Lj s]xLa]/ l6ls/x] ..#@..
>L/fdn] afnL / ;'u|Ljsf cg'xf/ x]g'{eof], tL
Psbd b'?:t /x]5g\ . To;f] x'gfn] k|e'n] af0f yfDg'eof] . ha o'4df l6Sg d'l:sn
eof], ;'u|Lj efu] . pgL sfFKt} / /ut 5fb\b} >L/3'gfysf xh'/df k'u] . pgsf]
;d:t an afnLn] tf]l8lbof] . pgsf] z/L/dfq efu]/ >L/fd;dIf k'Ug ;Sof] ..##..
;'u|Ljn] Psbd w]/} laGtL u/]– æx] gfy ¤ dnfO{
dfg{] OR5f 5 eg] d]/f] s]xL hf]/ rNb}g . x] Vjfldt ¤ xh'/ cfkm}Fn] oxLF
dfl/aS;g'xf];\ . dLt nufP/ ;vf elg;s]kl5 ca zq'nfO{ nufP/ dfg'{ plrt x'G5 /
<Æ ..#$..
;'u|Ljsf oL jrg ;'g]/ k|e'n] uxel/ cfF;'
kfg'{eof] . k|e'n] ;'u|LjhLnfO{ cËdfn u/]/ w]/} ;fGTjgf lbg'eof] . pxfFn] eÙ'eof]–
æx] ;'u|Lj ;v] ¤ bfh'efOsf] cg'xf/ b'?:t b]v]F . ldqrflxF dnf{g\ eÙ] 8/ xF'bf
afnL afFr]/ uof] ..#%..
b]xdf ljz]if lrgf] nufP/ km]l/ hfpm . km]l/
To;nfO{ xfFs b]pm . d afnLnfO{ ;xh} dfl/lbG5', Ps}l5gsf] dfq s'/f xf], ;do
nfUb}g .Æ o:tf s'/f u/]/ zky;d]t vfP/ ;'u|Ljsf] lrQ a'emfO{ nId0fnfO{ cf1f
aS;g'eof]– æx] efO ¤ km"n Nofpm . dfnf wf/0f u/]/====..#^..
;f] dfnf klx/fO{ ltdLn] t'?Gt} lognfO{ ptf
k7fpm . logn] clxNo} afnLnfO{ xfFs lbpmg\ . d To;nfO{ gdf/Lsg sxfF 5f8\5' /
<Æ of] x's'd ;'g]/ nId0fn] ;'u|LjnfO{ dfnf nufOlbP . Tof] dfnf klx/]/ ;'u|Lj
afnL ePsf] 7fpFdf uP ..#&..
ha ;'u|Lj afnLnfO{ Psbd 7"nf] xfFs lbO{
a;], afnLn] ;'u|Ljsf zAb ;'Gof] / pm cfkm\gf] 7fpFaf6 p7\of] . pm 5Ss k¥of],
clg To;kl5 l/;fof] klg . d'Ssf VjfP/ cl3 wkfPsf] Tof] eu'jf km]l/ kms{]5 eÙ]
eof] ..#*..
ha afnL k'gM s5f8 s;L tof/ eP/ hfg nfUof],
tf/fn] /f]Sg vf]Hb} ;dfltg\ / elgg\– æo;a]nf tkfO{F ptf ghfg'xf];\ . ;'u|LjnfO{
s'g} jL/ anjfg\sf] ;xfotf ldn]sf] 5 . ;xfotf gkfPsf] eP ;'u|Ljn] s;/L olt l56} kms{g]
cfF6 ug{] lyP / <Æ ..#(..
tf/fsf oL jrg ;'g]/ anjfg\ jL/ afnLn] eGof]–
æx] Kof/L ¤ g8/fpm . d–a/fa/sf] bf];|f] jL/ oxfF sf] 5 / < cfh d ;'u|LjnfO{
/ p;sf] ;xfotf ug{]nfO{ ;d]t ;xh} df/]/ lkmg{]5' . jL/ x'F, xfFs lbFbf s;/L a:g
ldN5 / ¤ slQ klg zËf gdfg .Æ ..$)..
afnLsf oL jrg ;'g]kl5 tf/fhLn] km]l/ elgg\– æx]
gfy ¤ d]/f s]xL s'/f Wofg lbP/ ;'lgaS;g'xf];\ . d xh'/;dIf lxtsf s'/f eGb5', ca
;'u|Ljsf lgldQ ;fIfft\ cof]Wofklt >L/fdrGb| ;xfotf lbg cfPsf 5g\ . ca xfd|f]
hf]/ Ps/lQ rNb}g ..$!..
;'u|Ljl;t ldt]/L nufO{ /3'gfyhLn] pgnfO{
cfkm\gf] ;+/If0fdf lng'ePsf] 5 . afnL df/L /fHo lbpFnf eg]/ pxfFn] pgnfO{ jrg
lbg'ePsf] 5 . o:tf] s'/f jgdf uPsf] a]nf cÍbn] c¿sf d'vaf6 ;'g]/ oxfF cfO{ ;a}
s'/f dnfO{ cl3 g} eg]sf] 5 . To;sf/0f tkfO{F Totf ghfg'xf];\ ..$@..
;'u|Ljl;t xh'/n] ca zq'tf g/fVg'xf];\ . tkfO{F
hfg'xf];\ / ltgnfO{ oxfF Nofpg'xf];\ . of] /fHo ;'u|LjnfO{ lbg'xf];\ . ca xh'/sf]
hLt x'g]5}g . >L/fdsf b'O{ kfpdf kg'{xf];\, k|e'n] bof ug'{x'g]5 . ;'vef]u
ug{] OR5f 5 olb eg] oL s'/f ;fFrf x'g\ eg]/ a'em\g'xf];\ .Æ ..$#..
olt laGtL u/]/ tf/f ha afnLsf b'O{ kfp kj|mL ?g
nflug\, ltgnfO{ ;Demfpgsf nflu afnL af]Nof]– æx] Kof/L ¤ k6Ss} g8/fpm . d klg >L/3'gfynfO{
;fIfft\ /dfsf klt gf/fo0f x'g'x'G5 egL lrGb5' . pxfF hut\sf klt x'g'x'G5 ..$$..
>L/3'gfy ToxfF x'g'x'Fbf] /x]5 eg] d pxfFsf]
r/0fdf kl/xfNg]5' . ;'u|Lj PSn} /x]5 eg] To;nfO{ ;xh} dfl/lbG5, sxfF 5f]8\5' /
< ;'u|Lj slt alnof] 5 /, Tof] kfhL eu'jf km]l/ n8\g] dg;fo lnFbf] kf] /x]5 .
To; kfhLnfO{ 8fs]/ cfh of] /fHo d}n] s;/L lbg] <..$%..
To;sf/0f zf]s gu/L ltdL al;/x" . d ToxfF
hfG5' .Æ olt eg]/ n8\gsf nflu s5f8 s;]/ tof/ eO{ afnL bf}l8OxfNof] . ha
afnL–;'u|Lj b'O{ efO l/;n] km]l/ n8\g nfu], ¿vsf] cf8 lnP/ k|e'hLn] Ps af0f
5f8\g'eof] ..$^..
ha af0f afnLsf x[bodf alh|of], To;n] ;jf{Í afwf
u¥of] / afnL d'5f{ k/]/ k[YjL sDk u/fpFb} 9Nof] . b'O{ 38Lhlt d'5f{ k/]kl5 p;df
ha clnslt r]tgf cfof], p;n] >L/3'gfynfO{ v';L eP/ cfkm\gf ;fd'Ù] a;]sf
b]Vof] ..$&..
p;n] >L/3'gfynfO{ eGof]– æx] /3'gfy ¤ d}n]
xh'/sf] s] gf]S;fg k'¥ofPF < xh'/n] cfh cfkm\gf] wd{ 5f8]/ n's]/ dnfO{ dfg'{eof],
/ d clxn] db{} 5' . Iflqo wd{ s] oxL xf] < jL/n] st} n'sLn'sL af0f 5f8\5g\
< cfh oxLF dfq Iflqo eO{sg wd{ 5f8L n8\g] Pshgf b]v]F ..$*..
;fd' pkl:yt eP/ tkfO{Fn] dnfO{ af0f 5f8L
dfg'{ePsf] eP 7"nf] ozsf] s'/f x'g] lyof] . ;'u|Lj xh'/sf] slt lxt}ifL xf]
/ d slt la/fgf] x'F, xf b}j ¤ ltdLn] s] lrtfof} < /fj0fn] ;LtfnfO{ x/0f
u¥of] egL w]/} 7"nf] ;Gtfk dgdf lnP/ ;'u|LjnfO{ ;xfotf dfUb} dnfO{ rf]/n]
em}F n's]/ ====..$(..
dfg'{eof] . of] 7"nf] e"n eof] . ca
s;f] u¿F < afFRg ;s] t oxLF a;]/ /fj0fnfO{ s'n};d]t ;lhn} kftf s;]/ lemsfpg]
lyPF . an k|of]u u/]/ d}n] nËfk'/LnfO{ ;d]t ;xh} oxLF lemsfpg] lyPF . kfhL
/fj0fnfO{ dfg{sf nflu xh'/n] lsg pxLF;Dd k'lu/xg'kYof{] / < ..%)..
rf]/L dfbf{ g oz x'guof] g t df;' g} vfg ldNof]
. tkfO{Fh:tf] wdf{Tdf kfkLem}F x'g'eof] . otf d]/f] Hofg Joy{df v]/ uof] .Æ
afnLsf oL jrg ;'g]/ /3'gfyn] eÙ'eof]– ætF slt asas u5{;\ < afnL x'F egL uj{
t u/\, t/ klg x]/\ tF ;fFRr}sf] b'd{lt xf];\ ..%!..
kfksf] 8/ clnslt klg g/fvL t}Fn] v';Lsf ;fy
a'xf/L x/0f ul/;\ . ;f]xL kfk clxn] k|s6 x'g uof] . To;} kfkn] tF dg{ nfu]sf]
xf];\ . wd{sf] :yfkgf ug{sf nflu d}n] cjtf/ lnPsf] x'F . wd{ hfg]/, t]/f]
Jojxf/nfO{ cwd{ 7fg]/ d}n] cfh tFnfO{ dfg{ vf]h]sf] x'F .Æ ..%@..
>L/fdsf oL jrg ;'g]kl5 k|e' egL hfg]/ afnL
pxfFsf r/0fdf k¥of] . p;n] xft hf]/L laGtL u¥of]– æx] /3'gfy ¤ d jfg/ x'F, Ifdf
ug'{xf];\ . d eG5', ca xh'/sf] gfdf]Rrf/0f dfq u/]/ of] ;+;f/–;fu/ ;lhn} t/]/
hfG5' . d}n] xh'/sf] bz{g u/L=== ..%#..
dg{ kfPF . o; cj;/df d]/f] efUosf] d slt aofg
u¿F < x] eujfg\ ¤ xh'/nfO{ cfkm" dg{] avtdf c¿ s;n] kfpF5 / < d]/f]
t oxL ult lyof], ldlnxfNof], d k/dwfd hfG5' t/ cÍbdfly xh'/sf] bof /xf];\ . pm
xh'/sf] ;]jfdf xflh/ 5 ..%$..
d]/f] 5ftLdf xh'/sf] af0f 5 . of] tfg]/ dnfO{
5f]Olbg'eP b]xdf zLtn x'g] lyof] / d]/f] k|f0f ;xh} hfg] lyof] .Æ afnLsf oL jrg
;'g]/ k|e'n] af0f lemlslbg'eof] / p;nfO{ 5f]Olbg'eof] . afnL v';L eP/ 7fs'/sf
cufl8 b]x 5f8L k/dwfd uof] ..%%..
ToxfF afnLsf] ;fy nfu]/ cfPsf hlt jfg/ lyP tL
;a} efu]/ uP . ltgn] tf/fhL;dIf uO{ ;a} xfnva/ lj:tf/ u/]– æ>L/fdn] n's]/
af0f 5f8L afnLnfO{ ;xh} dfl/lbg'eof] . ;'u|Lj Psbd v';Lsf ;fy >L/fdsf xh'/df
dGqL;d]t pkl:yt lyP ..%^..
of] /fHo cÍbnfO{ aS;g'xf];\ . xfdL ;x/sf] 9f]sf
y'g]/ a:5f}F . l56} x's'd aS;g'xf];\, w]/} ;f]rljrf/ u/]/ s] x'G5 / <Æ
jfg/x¿n] olt laGtL u/] . pgLx¿ em§} tof/ klg eP . x's'dcg';f/ sfd ug{ eg]/ ;a}
jfg/x¿ v8f eO/x] ..%&..
ha tf/fn] afnLsf] k/nf]s eof] egL va/ ;'lgg\,
pgn] lg/Gt/ ljên x'Fb} ?Fb} elgg\– æxf gfy ¤ cfh sxfF uof} < ca k'q, /fHo /
wgn] s] ug'{ <Æ tL tf/f hxfF afnLsf] k/nf]s ePsf] xf] ;f]xL 7fpFdf ;f]Wb}
k'lug\ ..%*..
afnLsf b'O{ kfp kj|m]/ Psbd} ?Fb} / ljnfk ub{}
pgn] >L/3'gfynfO{ elgg\– æx] /3'gfy ¤ k]ml/ af0f lnP/ dnfO{ klg
dfl/lbg'xf];\ . d klg d]/f kltsf ;Fu} hfG5' . pgn] dnfO{ :ju{df vf]Hnfg\, d ptf
guO{sg oxLF a:g s;/L ;S5' / < ..%(..
kTgLl;t ljof]u x'Fbf oltsf ljkt\ x'Fbf /x]5g\ eÙ]
xh'/nfO{ ;a} yfxf 5Fb} 5, d}n] s]xL elg/xg'kb{}g, lsg eg"F < kTgL bfg
u/L hlt k'0o x'G5 ;f] k'0o klg ldNg]5 . To;sf/0f cfh xh'/n] dnfO{ kltsf ;fydf
hfcf];\ egL tL/n] xfÙ'xf];\ .Æ ..^)..
>L/fdsf cufl8 olt s'/f u/L tf/fn] ;'u|Ljtkm{
kms{]/ elgg\– ænf} ¤ ca dLtn] lbPsf] eg]/ v';L;fy /fHo u/ .Æ tf/fsf oL jrg
;'g]kl5 k|e'sf] dgdf pgLk|lt bof cfof] . tf/fnfO{ a'emfpgsf lgldQ pxfFn] Ps tŒj
eÙ'eof] ..^!..
æx] tf/fhL ¤ ltdL ljrf/ gk'¥ofO{ slt zf]s
ub{5\of} < s'/} ga'emL of] d]/f] klt xf] eg]/ Joy{} z/L/sf] gfz ul//x]sL 5f}
. olb hLjfTdfnfO{ klt xf] eG5\of} eg] hLjfTdf t k6Ss} db{}g, olb b]xnfO{ klt
xf] eG7fG5f} eg] t lsg zf]s ul//x]sL 5f}, b]x t oxLF 5Fb} 5 .Æ ..^@..
>L/fdsf oL jrg ;'g]/ tf/f r'k nflug\ . dgdf
h'g ;Gb]x pTkÙ eof] pgL ;f] dfq ;f]Wg nflug\– æx] gfy ¤ xh'/af6 hf] dhL{ eof],
;a} ;'g]F, t/ lrQ a'em\b}g . of] ef]u s;n] ub{5 egL d]/f] dgdf cem} ;Gb]x 5Fb}
5 ..^#..
of] ef]u b]xn] ub{5 eg"F eg] of] b]x t h8
5, O{à/ xf] / p;}n] ;ayf]s ef]u u5{ eg"F eg] Tof] klg d t eÙ ;lQmgF .
xh'/sf Ps} jrgn] d Psbd} df]lxt ePF . xh'/n] dfof /fvL d]/f] c1fg gfz x'g] u/L
a'emfOaS;g'xf];\ ..^$..
tf/fsf oL jrg ;'g]kl5 pgLk|lt w]/} dfof dgdf
lnO{ k|e'n] ;a} /x:o vf]n]/ tŒj1fg aS;g'eof]– æx] tf/fhL ¤ of] ;+;f/ em'6f] 5 eÙ]
hfg, / g/f]pm . ;+;f/nfO{ em'6f] lsg eg]sf] xf] eÙ] s'/f klg d lj:tf/df atfpF5'
..^%..
æd lgTo x'F t/ oxL z/L/sf lgldQ ;dlk{t eP/} d
uPF . z/L/ dbf{ d cfkm}F dl/uPem}F klg ePF . cxf] ¤ d]/f] of] c1fg xf] .Æ eg]/
hlxn];Dd dflg;n] dgdf lnFb}gg\ Toltv]/;Dd ltgsf oL emd]nf klg /lx/xG5g\ ..^^..
hLj cyf{t\ cfTdf :kml6sh:tf] xf], z/L/x¿
nfxfem}F x'g\ eÙ] a'em\g" . nfxfsf ;fydf :kml6s /x]h:tf] xf] eÙ] b[i6fGt
lbg'k5{ . nfxfsf ;fydf /xFbf :kml6sn] /ftf] 5' eg]/ h;/L eG7fG5, p;}u/L z/L/
dbf{ d klg d5'{ eg]/ hLjn] eG7fG5 ..^&..
:kml6sn] /ftf] 5' eg]/ 7fÙ' h;/L ;'xfpFb}g, p;}
u/L o; hLjn] z/L/sf ;fydf d5'{ eG7fÙ ;'xfpFb}g . g dflg;sf] hLjfTdf z/L/;Fu
nfu]/ dg{] xf], g t :kml6s /ftf] x'g] xf] . of] ;a} dgsf] v]n xf] eg]/ hfg
..^*..
dgs} v]nn] hLjfTdfn] z/L/ g} d x'F eGb5 eg]/
ha;Dd dflg;n] hfGb}gg\ ta;Dd dflg;nfO{ hLjgsf cgfjZos emd]nfn] b'Mv lbO/xG5g\ .
h;n] of] ;a dgsf] v]ndfq xf] eg]/ hfGb5g\ tL t/L hfG5g\ . ghfÙ] hLjfTdfx¿ hf]
5g\ tL ;a kmGbfdf kl//xG5g\ ..^(..
z/L/ g} d x'F / oL wg–hgx¿ d]/f x'g\ eg]/ ha
dgsf v]ndf k¥of], ta To;nfO{ cg]s b'Mvsi6n] 3]l//fV5g\ eÙ] a'em . ;T;Ía]u/,
u'?s[kfa]u/ / dgsf ;d:t v]n glhtL oL emd]nfx¿ k6Ss} 5'6\t}gg\ ..&)..
d lgTo cfTdf x'F . z/L/x¿ rf/ 38Lsf nflu dfq
x'g\ . /fd|/L ljrf/ ubf{ oL l6Qm}gg\ eÙ] hflgG5 . clg ljifox¿ :jKg;/Lsf x'g\ eÙ]
hfÙ] dflg;n] b[9 u/L oL s'/f elQm/;n] lnP . d}n] k|Lltjz eg]sf oL s'/fx¿
gla;{g" ..&!..
cl3Nnf] hGddf w]/} elQm u/]sL lyof} / o; hGddf
bz{g lbPF, gq d em§ bz{g sxfF lbGy]F / < d]/f] :j¿k / oL jrg ca ;Dem]/
lng", olt u¥of} eg] ltdLnfO{ h]–hlt b'Mv 5g\ tL ;a} 5'6\t5g\ ..&@..
sd{ ug{df ;Ldf 5}g . d}n] ej–;d'b| ;xh} tl/g]
af6f] atfPF . h;n] d]/f] :j¿k / oL jrg ;Dem]/ lnG5g\ ltgsf ;a} sd{–kfzx¿
;xh}l;t sfl6G5g\ .Æ ..&#..
k|e'hLsf] o:tf] jrg ;'g]kl5 v';L eP/ pgn]
cfkm"l;t hlt cledfg lyof] ToxLF 5fl8g\ . Toltv]/} ;'u|Ljsf] klg cledfg gi6
eof] . >L/fdsf] s[kf x'guPkl5 Tof] sxfF l6S5 / <..&$..
k|e'hLn] ldqnfO{ To;} ;dodf x's'd ug'{eof]– æx]
ldq ;'u|Lj ¤ oL afnLnfO{ hnfpm . logsf] lj|mof u/]/ z/L/ z'4 kf/ . ;a} sfd
5f8]/ cfh klxn] oxL sfd u/ .Æ ..&%..
of] x's'd kfPkl5 ;'u|Ljn] afnLnfO{ nu]/ hnfP,
clg lj|mof ul/;s]kl5 pgL kms]{/ cfP . ;Dk"0f{ /fHo k|e'sf r/0fdf ck{0f
u/]/ pgn] eg]– æd xh'/sf] ;]js ag]/ xh'/sf] z/0fdf a:5' .Æ ..&^..
k|e'hLaf6 ;'u|LjnfO{ x's'd eof]– æhf] ltdL xf},
d klg pxL x'F . cfh ltdL hfpm / /fhu2Ldf a; . d t oxLF jg}df /xg rfxG5' .
ufpFdf jf 3/df a:g] 5}g eg]/ d]/f] k|lt1f 5 . nId0f ltdL;Fu} hfnfg\, efO uPkl5
eOxfN5 ..&&..
ha of] jiff{sfn lalt;S5, clg ;LtfhLsf] vf]hL
ug"{ .Æ k|e'af6 olt dhL{ eof], / o;af6 ;'u|Lj cfgGb;fu/df k/] . nId0fhL
klg >L/fdsf x's'dn] ;'u|Ljsf ;fydf uP . ;'u|Lj /fhu2Ldf a;]kl5 pgL kms]{/
k|e' eP7fpF pkl:yt eP ..&*..
ToxLF k|jif{0f lul/ gfdsf] lzv/df r9L
>L/fdn] x]g'{eof] . pxfFn] :kml6ssf] Ps ;'Gb/ u'kmf b]Vg'eof] . pxfFn] ToxLF
d9L cyf{t\ s'6L agfpg'eof] . ToxfF kof{Kt kmnkm"n lyof], glhs} tnfp klg
lyof] . of] b]v]/ a:g nfossf] 7fpF /x]5 eg]/ k|e'hLsf] dg v';L eof] ..&(..
k|e' jiff{sfn /x'Gh]n ToxLF /xg'eof] . ;dodf
kfgL kYof{] . k]6el/ 6Ù 3fF; vfg kfP/ jgsf ;a} kz'x¿ k'i6 lyP . tL ;a} k|e'd}
Wofg lbP/ >L/3'gfysf jl/kl/ a:y] . hGt'x¿sf] Wofg ljrf/ u/]/ eujfg\ klg v';L
/xg'x'GYof] .*)..
Ps lbg nId0fn] laGtL u/]– æx] gfy ¤
k"hfsf] ljwfg ;'Ù kfpFm . x] s?0fflgwfg ¤ Tof] ljwfg s'g xf], xh'/n]
v';L;fy x's'd ug'{xf];\ . a|éf, Jof;, gf/b cflb / c¿ ;a} eG5g\– dflg;nfO{ tg{sf
nflu gf/fo0f–k"hf a/fa/ csf{] pkfo 5}g / eujfg\ k"hf ubf{ v';L
x'g'x'G5 ..*!..
o:tf] ;'g]kl5 d]/f] dg xh'/sf] r/0fdf uof] .
To;}n] k"hfsf] ljwfgsf] af/]df ;f]w]sf] x'F . x] boflgwfg ¤ xh'/sf em}F
;fFrf] tŒj atfpg] c¿ sf] 5g\ / ¤Æ nId0fsf] o:tf] jrg ;'g]kl5 k|e'hLn]
k"hfsf] ljlw h]–hlt xf] ;a} ;ª\If]kdf eÙ'eof] . o;af6 nId0f clt v';L eP
..*@..
jiff{sfn oxL /Ltn] syfx¿sf] jftf{ u/]/ ToxLF
laTof] . k|e'n] ;LtfhLnfO{ em§ ;Demg'eof] / Psbd ljnfk ug{ nfUg'eof] . o;}aLr
lslisGwfk'/Ldf dGqL xg'dfgn] ;'u|Ljl;t ;LtfhLsf] vf]hva/ ug'{xf];\ eg]/ 1fgn]
laGtL u/] ..*#..
æx] /fhg\ ¤ /3'gfyn] xh'/sf] 7"nf] pksf/
u/L To; 7"nf] jL/ afnLnfO{ gi6 u/]/ xh'/nfO{ of] /fHo aS;g'eof] . xh'/n]
;f] s'/f la;{]em}F dfGb5' . ;do klg eof], xh'/n] ca c¿ ;a} sfd 5f8]/ ;LtfhLsf]
vf]hva/ ug'{kg{] xf] ..*$..
xh'/nfO{ t ;LtfhLsf] vf]hL ug'{knf{ egL ofb}
5}g . afnLsf] h'g ult eof] ;f]xL ult xh'/sf] klg xf]nf .Æ xg'dfgsf] of] laGtL
;'g]kl5 logn] ;fFrf s'/f u/] eg]/ ;'u|Ljn] tTsfn ;}Gobn k7fpm eg]/ x's'd lbP
..*%..
æb; xhf/ jL/x¿ uP/ oL ;ft åLkdf hlt jfg/ 5g\
;a}nfO{ vf]hL cfh va/ lbpmg\ . ;a} jL/x¿ ca em§} hDdf xf]pmg\ . h'g jL/ of]
x's'd ab/ u/L oxfF oL kGw| lbgleqdf cfOk'Ub}g, d To;sf] kSs} k|f0f lng]5' eÙ]
a'em"g\ / ;a}n] dgdf lnpmg\ .Æ ..*^..
;'u|Ljsf] o:tf] x's'd ePkl5 ;f]xLadf]lhd u/L
xg'dfgn] b; xhf/ jL/nfO{ t'?Gt} v6fOxfn] . b; xhf/ jL/nfO{ b; lbzflt/ 5/]kl5
xg'dfg v';L eP/ /x] . tL jL/ b;lt/ uO{ va/ lbP/ cg]s ;]gf a6'n] ..*&..
otf >L/fd cg]s t/xn] nLnf ub{} ljnfk ug{
nfUg'eof] . pxfFn] eÙ'eof]– ætL ;Ltf sxfF xf]lng\ < cem;Dd kQf nfu]g . oxfF
5g\ egL va/ kfPb]lv t pxLF hfg] lyPF / cd[th:tL d]/L ;LtfnfO{ Nofpg] lyPF, t/
va/ kf] sxfF kfpmF / v} ¤ ..**..
x] efO ¤ ;'g h;n] d]/L ;Ltf x/]sf] 5, d To;sf]
;a} s'n;d]t e:d u/fpg]5', To;df slQ klg s?0ff /fVg]5}g .Æ olt s'/f efO;Fu u/L
q}nf]Sosf gfy >Lxl/ km]l/ ;LtfhLsf] ljifodf zf]s u/L cg]s t/xn] ljnfk ug{
nfUg'eof] ...*(..
æx] ;Lt] ¤ db]lv k/ eO{ s;/L a:5\of} < ltdL
sxfF 5f} < dnfO{ t k|f0f} wfÙ sl7g eof], da]u/ ltdLnfO{ t emg\ slt cfkt\
ePsf] xf]nf . ltd|f] e]6 gkfpFbf dnfO{ oL rGb|df;d]t ;"o{em}F tftf eO/x]sf
5g\, ltd|f] t s;/L aofg u¿F < ltdL t emg\ b'i6sf kf;df 5\of} ..()..
;'u|Lj cfh s[t£gem}F x'g uP . z/bsfn cfO;Sof]
t/ ;LtfhLsf] vf]hLlgtL ug'{knf{ egL cem;Dd ;'t{} 5}g . o;f] xf] eg] o; ;'u|Lj
b'i6nfO{ klg afnLnfO{ em}F df5'{ .Æ nId0fn] k|e'sf] jrg ;'g]/ cufl8 ;/L laGtL
u/] ..(!..
æx] gfy ¤ dnfO{ cfh x's'd aS;g'xf];\ . d uO{
;'u|LjnfO{ df5'{ .Æ nId0fsf oL jrg ;'g]/ /3'gfyn] cToGt v';L eO{ eÙ'eof]– æefO
¤ cfh} gdf/ . ltdL uP/ w]/} xKsfpm . dfl/xfNg' plrt x'Fb}g, t/ /fd|/L r]tfjgL
lbP/ kmsL{ cfpm .Æ ..(@..
k|e'sf] of] x's'd ;'g]/ nId0fhL t'?Gt} uP . otf
;LtfgfyrflxF dflg;sf] nLnf ub{} Psbd;Fu ljnfk ug{ nfUg'eof] . lslisGwfk'/L
k'u]/ nId0fhLn] wg'sf] 6Ëf/ u/] . s'g}s'g} jfg/x¿ kTy/ / j[If p7fP/ k|lt/f]wdf
cufl8 cfOk'u] ..(#..
;a} jfg/x¿nfO{ gi6 ub{5' eg]/ nId0fhLn] af0f wf/0f
u/] . cÍb cfP/ jfg/x¿ ;a}nfO{ e]nf u/]/ nId0fsf] r/0fdf k/] . cÍbl;t w]/} k|;Ù
eP/ nId0fhLn] t'?Gt cx|fP– æltdL hfpm / ;'u|LjnfO{ d cfPsf] va/ b]pm .Æ ..($..
cÍb uP/ Tof] va/ ;'u|LjnfO{ lbP . ;'u|Ljn] klg
t'?Gt} x's'd lbP– ænf} hfpm / oxfF Nofpm . xg'dfgn] cÍbnfO{ ;Fu} lnP/ hfpm /
t'?Gt r/0fdf k/]/ nId0fnfO{ ;a} j|mf]w zfGt kf/]/ a'emfO{ Nofpm .Æ ..(%..
;'u|Ljsf] o:tf] jrg ;'g]kl5 ;f]xLadf]lhd u/L
xg'dfg uP/ nId0fhLsf kfpdf k/] . pgn] nId0fhLnfO{ xftdf lnO{ v';L kf/]/ NofP .
;'u|Ljsf] x's'd ;'g]/ tf/fhL xtf/xtf/ uOg\ . pgn] nId0fhLnfO{ ;DemfP/ v';L kf¿F
egL w]/} laGtL ul/g\ ..(^..
ha nId0f / ;'u|Ljsf] e]6 eof], ;'u|Lj z/0fdf
k/] . nId0fhLn] klg tTsfn xsf/]/ ;'u|LjhLsf] ;ftf] lnP . nId0fhLn] eg]–
æafnLem}F x'g dg 5 ls <Æ nId0fhLsf] lrQ a'emfpgsf nflu xg'dfg cl3 ;l/xfn]
..(&..
nId0fhLn] ;'u|Lj cflbsf] sfo{n] lrQ a'emfP .
o;kl5 v';Lsf s'/fsfgL u/]/ nId0fhLn] hxfF k|e' x'g'x'GYof] ToxLF kms{g] OR5f
k|s6 u/] . ;'u|Lj v';L eP/ nId0fsf ;fydf cg]s ;}Go;d]t lnP/ uP . hxfF
>L/3'gfy x'g'x'GYof] ToxLF ;a}hgf t'?Gt} pkl:yt eP ..(*..
>L/3'gfynfO{ b]v]kl5 /yaf6 clns k/} pq]/ Ps}l5gdf
cfO{ nId0f / ;'u|Lj kfpdf k/] . >L/fd v';L x'g'eof] . pxfFn] ;'u|LjnfO{ ‘x]
ldq ¤’ eGb} cfkm}F cufl8 ;/]/ v'a;Fu cflnÍg cflb u/]kl5 ;f]wk'5 ug'{eof] ..((..
;'u|Lj laGtL ug{ nfu]– æx] /3'gfy ¤ d}n] t ;]gf
klg ;fyd} NofPsf] 5' . oL jL/x¿ cg]s t/xsf 5g\ / OGb|t'No k/fj|mdL klg 5g\ . oL
;a} Vjfldtsf lgldQ v';L;fy k|f0f;d]t lbg tof/ 5g\ . xh'/af6 h]–h;f] x's'd x'G5 Tof]
;ayf]s ug{ oL tDtof/ 5g\ ..!))..
o;af6 >L/3'gfy Psbd v';L x'g'eof] . pxfFn]
xiff{>'wf/f axfpg'eof] . pxfFn] x's'd lbg'eof]– æx] ;'u|Lj ;vf ¤ oL jfg/x¿
b;} lbzflt/ 5l/P/ hfpmg\ . ltgn] ;Ltf hxfF 5g\ ToxfF k'u]/ va/ Nofpmg\ .Æ
>L/fdsf] x's'd kfO{ ;'u|LjhLn] jfg/x¿nfO{ sfdsf] pbL{ lbP ..!)!..
æjL/x¿ ;a} b;} lbzf hfcf] / ;LtfhL sxfF
e]l6g'x'G5 kQf nufO{ pxfFsf] va/ lnP/ ;a} jL/x¿ oxfF cfcf] . Ps dlxgf cjlw
latfO{ clnslt klg va/ s]xL ge]6L hf] l9nfO unf{ To;nfO{ d ;lhn} dfl/lbG5', Tof]
dg{]5 .Æ ..!)@..
o:tf] t'?Gt x's'd u/L ;'u|Ljn] c¿ lbzfdf c¿ yk
jfg/ k7fP . blIf0ftkm{ eg] ;a}eGbf hAa/ jL/x¿ 5fg]/ k7fP . pgn] cÍb, hfDajfg\,
xg'dfg, gn, ;'if]0f, z/e, d}Gb, låljw cflb cf7 jL/ jfg/nfO{ Totf k7fP . k|e'sf]
;fydf Pshgf dfq /x] ..!)#..
x's'd kfPkl5 oL cf7 jL/x¿ hfgsf nflu tof/
eOxfn] . To;}a]nf >L/fdrGb|n] xftdf cf}F7L lnP/ of] x's'd ug'{eof]– æxg'dfg
¤ hfpm, sfd ;fWo u/]/ cfpm . of] cf}F7L klg ;fydf lnP/ hfpm . o; cf}F7Ldf d]/f]
gfd klg 5, ;LtfhLn] lrg"g\ eÙfvflt/ lbPsf] x'F ..!)$..
ltdLn] dfq of] sfd l;4 u/fpg ;S5f}, lsgeg] d}n]
ltd|f] an slt 5 eÙ] hfg]sf] 5' . To;sf/0f t d eG5', ltdLnfO{ af6fdf klg z'e g}
x'g]5 .Æ pgn] >L/3'gfysf] olt x's'd kfP, / cf}F7L lnP . xg'dfgn] v';L eP/
cfkm\gf] tg–dg k|e'hLd} lbP ..!)%..
x's'dcg';f/ cÍb / xg'dfg cflb jL/x¿ blIf0f
lbzfdf uP . ltgLx¿ k[YjLsf s'gfs'gf vf]Hb}vf]Hb} ;a}lt/ 3'Db} uP . Ps lbg
ljGWolul/df Pp6f /fIf; b]lvof] / /fj0f xf] ls eg]/ s;}n] d'7L s;Ls;L lxsf{P
..!)^..
t/ /fj0f xf]Og eÙ] ePkl5 Totf ghfcf}F eg]/
ltgLx¿ csf]{ jglt/ nfu]/ vf]Hg yfn] . Kof; a9]kl5 cfs'n eO{ tL kfgL klg vf]hL
lxF8\g nfu] . Pp6f u'kmfaf6 leh]sf lr;f KjfFv ePsf xfF;x¿ lgl:s/x]sf b]lvP . tL
jL/x¿ To; u'kmfleq k;] . leq t Psbd ;'Gb/ a:tL /x]5 ..!)&..
lr;f] kfgLsf cg]s tnfp /x]5g\, ;a} j[Ifx¿df
kmnkm"n n6/Dd 5g\ . x]5{g\– 3/x¿ 5g\ / 3/3/df cg]s rLhaLh 5g\ . cg]s xL/f
hjfx/ft nufPsf 3/;d]t b]lvG5g\ . t/ Pp6f klg dfG5] st} b]lvPg, dfq Ps of]lugL
:jod\k|efnfO{ ToxfF Wofg u/]/ al;/x]sL b]v] ..!)*..
ltgn] k|0ffd u/]kl5 of]lugLn] tL ;a}nfO{
;f]lwg\– æltdLx¿ oxfF s] sfd k/]/ cfof} < s] OR5f 5, atfcf], ca ltdLx¿nfO{
stf hfg' 5 <Æ of]lugLsf] o:tf] jrg ;'g]kl5 xg'dfg af]n]– æxfdL ;a} olthgf
cfh oxfF s]jn kfgL vfg] dg;fo lnP/ cfPsf xf}F ..!)(..
sfd oxL xf] . oxL sfd ug'{ 5 .Æ ha xg'dfgn]
cfkm" cfpg'sf] ;Dk"0f{ dg;fo lj:tf/k"j{s eg], ltgL xg'dfgsf
jrgn] ;fx}| v';L eOg\ . pgn] elgg\– ækmnkm"n klg vfcf], hn klg lkP/ kmsL{
oxLF cfcf] . cfh d cfkm\gf] gfd atfP/ k|e' hxfF x'g'x'G5 Tot} hfG5' .Æ ..!!)..
of]lugLsf o:tf jrg ;'g]kl5 pgLx¿ hnkfg u/]/
km]l/ klg ToxLF cfP . of]lugLn] /fdsf b"tx¿ x'g\ eÙ] lrg]kl5 ;a} s'/f
ul/g\– æd x]dfsL ;vL x'F . ;vL uOuOg\ . pgsf jrgn] ubf{ d oxfF w]/} jif{b]lv
a;]/ k|e'sf] gfd elh/x]sL 5' / clxn] aNn s[tfy{ ePF ..!!!..
pgL elGyg\– æxl/sf] /fd cjtf/ x'g]5 . /fj0fn]
;Ltfsf] x/0f ug{]5 . vf]Hg] jfg/x¿ cfpg]5g\ . ltdL To; ;do;Dd oxLF /xg" .
ltdLn] jfg/x¿sf] / /3'gfysf] k"hf u/]kl5 a|énf]s kfpg]5f} . d cfh hfG5' t/
ltdL al;/xg" . s]xL sfnkl5 ltdL klg cfpnL .Æ ..!!@..
d]/L ;FlugLHo" o:tf] ctL{ lbP/ a|énf]s
uOg\ . pgn] gfRtf lzj v';L x'g'eO{ of] :yfg a:tL lbg'ePsf] xf] . pgL ljàsdf{sL
k'qL x'g\ / drflxF uGwj{sGof x'F . ;a} ljj/0f cfh eg]F, ca d v';L;fy k|e'
olta]nf hxfF x'g'x'G5 pxLF hfG5' ..!!#..
ltdLx¿ cfFvf lrDn, d Ps}l5gdf ;xh} ltdLx¿nfO{
af6f;Dd k'¥ofOlbG5' .Æ ltgLx¿nfO{ ;xh} af6fdf k'¥ofO{ pgn] elgg\– æca ltdLx¿
hfcf] .Æ tL of]lugL >L/fdrGb|hL ePlt/ lxFl8g\ . jfg/x¿ cfkm\gf] dfu{df nfu]
. of]lugL >L/fdsf] s'6L hxfF lyof] p;} :yfgdf k'lug\ .!!$..
pgn] >L/fdsf] :t'lt ul/g\ / ltgnfO{ k|e'n]
j/ lbg'eof]– æhfpm / ab/Lgfydf d]/f] Wofg ub{} afFsL hLjg latfpm, clg ltdLnfO{
k/dwfd ldNg]5 . ltd|f] dgdf h] OR5f 5, Tof] ;a} k'uf];\ .Æ o:tf] j/ kfO{ tL ab/Lgfytkm{
uOg\ . >L/fdsf jrgn] ubf{ ltgL ;+;f/af6 kf/ eOg\ .!!%..
;a} jfg/x¿ ;LtfnfO{ vf]Hg eg]/ jgdf lkmb{y], t/
w]/} sfn lat] klg ;LtfnfO{ kfPgg\ . Ps lbg ToxfF cÍbn] clt zf]s u/]– æca
;'u|Ljn] xfdLnfO{ ;lhn} dfg]{5g\ . ;a}sf] Hofg hfg] eof] . of] Kof/f] k|f0fnfO{
s;f] u/L hf]ufpg] xf]nf < ca dg{] eof}F, afFRg' oxLF;Dd dfq /x]5 .!!^..
;'u|Ljn] dnfO{ dfg'{ 5 . ca of] ;lhnf] lgx'F
klg kfOxfn] . pgn] zq' 7fg]/ dfg{]5g\ lsgeg] dnfO{ pgn] zq'sf] aLh xf] eÙ]
7fg]sf 5g\ . cl3 klg >L/fdsf] s[kf x'gfn] dfq ar]sf] x'F . clxn] t /fdn] klg
;LtfnfO{ vf]h]g eg]/ dnfO{ dfg{] cg'dlt lbg'x'g]5 .Æ ..!!&..
cÍbsf oL jrg ;'g]/ s]xL jfg/n] of] laGtL u/]–
æx] ;fx]a ¤ oxLF a;f}F . oxLF a:of}F eg] s'g pkfon] dfg{ ;S5g\ / .Æ cÍbsf / c¿
jfg/x¿sf s'/f ;'g]/ xg'dfgn] eg]– ælsg ltdLx¿n] Psbd} 5f]6f s'/f u¥of} <
..!!*..
ltdLx¿ ;'u|Ljsf lk|o 5f} . eujfg\ /fdrGb|hLsf
klg kSs} lk|o 5f} . d >L/fdsf xh'/df uP/ ;a} s'/f sf/0f;lxt ;fFrf]–;fFrf]
eG5' . e"ef/ xg{ eg]/ cflbk'?ifsf] >L/fd cjtf/ ePsf] xf] . k|e's} OR5f
o:tf] gePsf] eP ;LtfhLnfO{ x/0f ug{ s;n] ;SYof] / < ..!!(..
k|e'hLsf] dfgj cjtf/ ePsf] xf] . xfdL jfg/
k|e'hLsf ;]js eO{ ;]jf u5f{}F / elQmk"j{s s]jn k|e'hLsf x's'ddf /xg]5f}F .
kl5 klg k|e's} ;fy nfu]/ wfddf hfg]5f}F eÙ] of] s'/f hfg . lsg dgdf cg]s s'ts{
u5f}{ < k|e'sf] dgdf s;}k|lt l/; 5}g .Æ ..!@)..
xg'dfgsf o:tf s'/f ;'g]/ cÍbn] a'em] . pgLx¿
v';L eP/ ljGWofrn lul/sf s'gfs'gf;d]t ;a}lt/ vf]Hb} uP . clg pgLx¿ Iff/;d'b|sf]
lsgf/df k'u] . ToxfF Pp6f kj{t lyof] . To;sf] gfd dx]Gb|lul/ xf] . ToxfFaf6
;d'b| Psbd} glhs} b]lvG5 ..!@!..
;Ltf g t k[YjLdf e]l6Og\ g t hndf hfg] af6f]
st} 5 . ca vf]hf}F, hfcf}F eg] k[YjLdf ;a}lt/ vf]lh;Sof}F, t/ ;LtfnfO{ s;} u/]
klg kfPgf}F . kmsL{ hfcf}F eg] klg ca ;xh} dfg{]5g\ . To;/L dfl/g'eGbf t cfh
cfkm}F dg'{ a]; xf] eg]/ ;a} jfg/x¿ ;d'b|lsgf/df a;] ..!@@..
To; jgdf ;DkftL gfdsf Ps j[4 lu4 a:ty] . tL lu4
ha lg:s], ltgn] b[li6 lkm/fP/ To; lsgf/df x]bf{ tL jfg/x¿nfO{ b]v] . pgn] eg]–
æd ca k]6 eb{5', cfxf/f kfPF .Æ cÍb cflb jL/x¿n] oL jrg ;'g], / ltgLx¿ ;fx|}
8/fP ..!@#..
tL jL/ jfg/x¿ ;a} eÙ nfu]– ænf} ca xfd|f] sfn
cfP5 . cfh xfdL d5f{}F, o;n] cjZo df5{ . o; lu4sf] rfn x]/ . cxf ¤ h6fo'sf]
efUo slt /fd|f] lyof] /x]5 ¤ pgn] k|e'hLsf] Kof/f] x'g] sfd u/], / 7fs'/hLnfO{
l/emfO{ ;+;f/–;fu/ t/L kf/ klg eP ..!@$..
xfdL t ;a} Joy{} lu4sf d'vdf kg{ oxfF cfof}F .Æ
jfg/sf olt s'/f ;'g]kl5 ;DkftLn] eg]– æx] jL/x¿ xf] ¤ ltdLx¿ g8/fcf] . ltdLx¿n]
cfh Kof/f] s'/f ;'gfof} . h6fo' d]/} efO xf] . To;sf] ;a} va/vfa/ eg .Æ ..!@%..
cÍb cflb jL/x¿nfO{ lge{o lbO{ ;DkftLn] ha olt
eg]sf lyP, cÍbhLn] ;a} lj:tf/k"j{s j[QfGt atfP . ;DkftLn] eg]– ænf} dnfO{
clxNo} rfF8f] u/L ;fu/df n}hfcf] . d cfh h6fo'nfO{ hnf~hln lbG5' ..!@^..
:gfg, c~hln bfg cflb ul/;s]kl5 d ltdLx¿nfO{
;Ltfsf] va/ atfpg]5' .Æ olt s'/f ;'lg;s]kl5 ltgn] ;DkftLnfO{ prfn] / t'?Gt}
;fu/df nlulbP . ;DkftLn] :gfg u/L c~hln lbO;s]kl5 k'gM ltgnfO{ klxn]s} 7fpFdf
NofO{ /flvlbP . ;DkftLn] v';L eP/ ;a}yf]s elglbP . pgn] ;Ltfsf cfklQ ;a}
b]lv/x]sf lyP ..!@&..
æx] jL/ xf] ¤ d t lu4 x'F / d gh/n] klg
;LtfhLnfO{ b]Vt5' . oxfF x'g'x'G5, o:tf] klx/g 5, olthgf ;fydf 5g\ / o:tf] rfnf
5 egL ;a}yf]s ltdLx¿nfO{ eGb5' . oxfF ePsf ltdLx¿dWo] hf] rf/ ;o sf]; s'b\g
;S5f}, nËf klg k'Ub5f} lsgeg] Tolt s'lbof] eg] nËf k'luG5 ..!@*..
;LtfhL nËfdf x'g'x'G5 . ToxfF uof] eg] ;LtfhL
ToxLF e]l6g'x'g]5 . rf/ ;o sf]; s'b\g] sfd ufx|f] 5 . t/ ToxLF hfcf], cGt st}
ghfcf] . /fj0fn] nu]/ leqL u'KtL jgdf /fd|/L /fv]sf] 5 . k'u]/ e]6 u/,
ltdLx¿dWo] sf] of] ;d'b| t/]/ hfg ;S5 < ..!@(..
czf]ssf] jgleq ToxfF l;;f}sf] Pp6f c;n ¿v 5 .
;LtfhL ToxLF x'g'x'G5 . ToxLF e]6 x'g]5 . nf} hfpm . ;do oxLF laTg nfUof] . s]
u¿F, /fj0fnfO{ dfg{ t d ;xh} dfg{] lyPF, Tof] sf] xf] /, t/ ;fIfft\
;"o{hLsf s7f]/ ls/0fn] ;a} KjfFv 89]sf 5g\ / kf] t ¤ ..!#)..
ltdLx¿dWo] s'g jL/ ;d'b|df rf/ ;o sf]; s'b\g
;Sg] 5 < ;Ltfsf] ;a} ;dfrf/ a'em]/ ;xh} kms{]/ oxfF cfpm .Æ of] ;dfrf/ atfPkl5
;DkftLn] km]l/ v';L eP/ h'g tl/sfn] cl3 KjfFv 89] / cfklQdf k/]/ cfkm"n]
s]slt b'Mvsi6 em]n] cflb ;a} xfn eg] .!#!..
æ;DkftL / h6fo' xfdL b'O{ efO xf}F . xfd|f] an
slt 5 egL hfÙsf nflu b'j} efO p8]/ uO{ >L;"o{sf laDad'lg k'Ubfv]l/ tL
h6fo'n] clt tftf] dfg] / Tof] sfo{ kl/Tofu u/] . o;/L efO h6fo' ar] . d s] u¿F,
d]/f ;a} KjfFv 89], d e'OFdf em/]F ..!#@..
Psbd pFrfOb]lv d ljGWolul/df em/]F . tLg lbg t
d'5f{ g} k/]F . tLg lbgkl5 ha d lapFem]F, rGb|df d'lgnfO{ e]6]F . d ltgsf
glhsdf uPF . tL Clifn] ;f]w] / d}n] cfkm\gf] ljkt\sf] l:ylt ;a}yf]s eg]F .
d]/f] lrQ a'emfpgsf nflu pgn] b'Mv hlt x'G5g\ ;a}yf]s eg] ..!##..
ue{df /xFbf o:tf] ljklQ x'G5, of}jgdf o:tf] si6
x'G5, a"9f] ePkl5 o:tf cfklQ cfpF5g\ eÙ] t ;a} dgdf yfx} 5, elg/xg'kb{}g .
hxfF b]x 5, b'Mv klg ToxLF 5 eÙ] ;fFrf] s'/f /x]5 eg]/ yfxf kfPF ..!#$..
To;sf/0f b]x 5 eg] /f]u 5'6\t}g eÙ] a'em]/ b'Mv
gdfg . b'Mv ;x]/ >L/fdsf] cjtf/ x'g] ;do;Dd o;} :yfgdf /x]/ s]xL sfn latfpm
. /fdsf] cjtf/ x'g]5 / ;LtfnfO{ /fj0fn] xg{]5 To; avtdf ;LtfhLnfO{ vf]Hg eg]/
==== ..!#%..
jL/–jL/ jfg/ cfpg]5g\ . ltgLx¿;Fu Toltv]/ e]6
xf]nf . ha ;Ltfsf] ;dfrf/ ;'gfpFnf, ta KjfFv pd|g]5g\ eGy] . ;f]xL s'/f ;a}
k'luxfNof], x]/, KjfFv klg pld|P . ca ltdLx¿ hfcf] .Æ olt eg]/ KjfFv b]vfO{
;DkftL labf eO{ p8]/ uP ..!#^..
cÍb cflb jL/x¿ ca ;Ltf e]l6g'x'g] eof] eg]/
v';L eP . t/ ha ;d'b|sf] ljifodf ;f]Rg nfu], s;} u/] klg ;d'b| udg ;lsg] b]lvPg
. cÍbhLsf dgdf km]l/ lrGtf kg{ uof] / pgL clt zf]s ug{ nfu] . cÍbhLnfO{
;Demfpgsf nflu >LhfDajfg\ cl3 ;/] ..!#&..
æx] ;fx]a ¤ zf]s slQ gug'{xf];\ . xg'dfg hfpmg\
.Æ olt eg]/ cÍbnfO{ a'emfO{ pgL t'?Gt xg'dfghL eP7fpF k'u] . pgn] xg'dfgnfO{
/fd|/L :t'lt u/]– æx] xg'dfg ¤ ltdL lsg oxfF k/k/} /x]/ r'krfk 5f} < ltdLn]
t >L/fdsf sfdsf lgldQ dfq of] hGd lnPsf xf} ..!#*..
ha ltd|f] ansf] j0f{g s;/L u¿F < ha ltdL
hGDof}, To;}a]nfsf] s'/f, ltdLn] ;"o{ b]Vof} / kfs]sf] kmn /x]5 eG7fg]/ ca
xftn] l6K5' eGb} ltdL cfsfzdf s'b\of} . ltdL Toltv]/ b'O{ xhf/ sf];;Dd k'u]/
dfq em¥of} . afns pd]/d} t ltdL o:tf lyof}, cfh oxfF lsg rf/ ;o sf];d} 8/fPsf
<Æ .!#(..
ha hfDajfg\n] u/]sf] :t'lt ;a} ;'g], xg'dfg
;fx|} v';L eP . pgn] v';Ln] Psbd 7"nf] uh{gf u/] . kj{tem}F 7"nf]
:j¿k wf/0f u/L pgn] eg]– æd ;fu/ t/]/ nËf e:d u/fO{ /fj0f;d]t ;a} ;}Go
r"0f{ u/]/ ==== ..!$)..
;LtfnfO{ lnP/ cfpF5' . x}g eg] l/;n] /fj0fnfO{
em'G8\ofpFb} lhpFb} >L/fdsf r/0fdf xh'/sf] v'gL oxL xf] eGb} bflvn u5'{ .
x}g eg] >L/3'gfysf r/0fdf tg–dg–jrg ;a}yf]s ck{Fb} >L;LtfhL oxfF x'g'x'G5
eg]/ pxfFsf] va/ dfq} lnO{ lkm5'{ .Æ ..!$!..
>L/fdsf r/0ff/ljGb dgdf wf/0f ubf{ / p7\tf
ha >Lxg'dfgn] olt s'/f eg], >LhfDajfg\n] eg]– æx] xg'dfg ¤ PSn} n8\g]
xf]Og, clxn]sf nflu e]6 dfq u/]/ ;LtfhLsf] va/ lnP/ kmsL{ cfpm ..!$@..
Vjfldtsf ;fy nfu]/ uP/ kl5 ;se/ n8f}nf .Æ
hfDajfg\sf o:tf s'/fn] xg'dfg v';L eP . pgn] t'?Gt} bf}l8g] dg;fo lnP/ labf
dfu] . /ftf] d'v clg kx]Fnf] z/L/ kf/]/ ha xg'dfg s'b\gsf nflu kxf8dfly r9],
;a} k|f0fLx¿ tL xg'dfghLnfO{ x]g{ nfu] ..!$#..
.. Olt >LlslisGwfsf08 ..
)))
%=
>L;'Gb/sf08
Iff/ ;d'b| cfh ;xh} t5'{ eÙ] O/fbf dgdf lnP/ /
dgn] >L/fdsf r/0ff/ljGbsf] cToGt lrGtg ub}{ xg'dfg jL/x¿nfO{ eGb5g\– æx] jL/
xf] ¤ d ;d'b| kf/ t/]/ ;LtfhLnfO{ e]6\t5' . d clxNo} 7"nf] j]usf ;fy ptf
hfG5' ..!..
kfkL dflg; klg /fdsf] :d/0f ugf{n] ;+;f/af6 kf/
kfpF5 eg] d t pgs} sfdsf lgldQ ;fydf cf}F7L;d]t lnO{ hfG5' . d b"t x'F,
Iff/ ;d'b| tg{df s]sf] 8/ < ;lhn} nËfdf k'Ub5' .Æ olt eg]/ rf/} kfp hldgdf w;]/
pgL /ldtf ;d]t x]b}{ cfsfzdf s'b] ..@..
xg'dfg blIf0ftkm{ df]xf]8f u/]/ s'b\g a;], dfly
cfsfzlt/ gh/ lbO{ cufl8sf b'O{ kfp w;] clg 3fF6L ;f]emf] u/fO{sg ha pgL s'b],
ltgL jfo';/L x'g uP ..#..
xg'dfg cfsfzdfu{ u/L s'b]/ cfsfzd} p8\y] .
;LtfhLnfO{ e]6]/ kmsL{ >L/fdrGb|sf ;dIf k'Ug] logsf] cSsn / an 5 ls 5}g, of]
a'emf}F egL OGb|f cflb b]jtfx¿n] ;'/;fnfO{ v6fP/ l5§} k7fP ..$..
;'/;f t'?Gt uP/ xg'dfgsf ;fd' cl3lNt/ al;g\ .
ca xg'dfgn] s] eG5g\ eg]/ v';L x'Fb} vfg] ljifodf s'/f ul/g\– æd w]/} lbgb]lv
ef]s} 5' . s] cxf/f vfpmF egL vf]hL lxF8\y]F, aNn ltdL Pp6fnfO{ oxfF e]6]F . d ;fx|}
v';L ePsL 5' ..%..
nf} cfpm / d]/f] d'vdf k; .Æ ;'/;fn] elgg\ .
xg'dfgn] eg]– æx]/ ¤ cfh ;LtfnfO{ ge]6Lsg t d'vdf s;} u/] klg kl:tgF . ;LtfnfO{
e]6]/ d kms"{Fnf / /3'gfyHo"sf xh'/df uO{ lj:tf/ laGtL u/]/ cfO{
ltd|f] cxf/f x'gsf nflu k;"Fnf .Æ ..^..
xg'dfgsf o:tf s'/f ;'g]kl5 tL ;'/;fn] elgg\–
æd]/f] d'vdf k;]/ lg:sL hfpm . x}g eg] d ltdLnfO{ ann] kj|m]/ bfx|f w;L df5'{
.Æ pgn] olt s'/f eg]kl5 xg'dfgn] eg]– ænf}, To;f]eP rfF8f] d'v afpm .Æ pgn]
cfkm\gf] z/L/ km'nfP/ rf/ sf];sf] agfP/ a;] ..&..
xg'dfgnfO{ rf/ sf];sf b]v]kl5 ;'/;fn] aL;
sf];sf] d'v agfOg\ . xg'dfg rfnL; sf];sf eP, ltgn] c;L sf];sf] d'v kfl/g\ .
xg'dfgn] km]l/ t'?Gt} Ps ;o aL; sf];sf] ¿k agfP . clg ltgn] b'O{ ;o sf];sf] d'v
agfOg\, xg'dfg cf}Fnf]hq} eP/ k;] ..*..
xg'dfg km'Q} lg:s] . pgn] eg]– æx] b]jL ¤ d
ltd|f] d'vdf k;L lg:s]F . ca d cjZo hfG5' . oxfF cNdlnP/ sfd aGb}g . ha ltgn]
xg'dfgsf cSsn / anl;tsf jrg ;'lgg\, pgn] vfg] ljifo 5f8]/ cfkm\gf] ;To s'/f ;a}
elgg\ ..(..
æx] xg'dfg\ ¤ ltdL cfkm"n] ug{'kg{] sfd
ug{ ;S5f} . sfd ;fWo u/L cfpm . ltd|f] olt an 5 eÙ] yfxf kfPF . d OGb|sf ;dIf
uP/ ltd|f] k/fj|md eÙ]5' . ltd|f] an slt 5 egL a'em\gsf nflu OGb|sf x's'dn] d cfPsL
dfq x'F .Æ olt eg]/ ;'/;f v';L x'Fb} :ju{tkm{ uOg\ . xg'dfg klg s'b] ..!)..
æh;n] dnfO{ ;fu/ gfd lbP, tL /fhf ;u/ lyP . pgL
uP klg pgs} j+zdf lje"if0fem}F >L/fd /fhf ePsf 5g\ . cfh ltgs} sfdsf
lgldQ xg'dfg nËftkm{ uO/x]sf 5g\ . x] d}gfs kj{t ¤ ltdL lg:s]/ uO{ pgnfO{
lj>fd u/fpm ..!!..
xg'dfg yfs]sf xf]nfg\, ltgn] lj>fd u/L
kmnkm"n vfpmg\ / hfpmg\ .Æ ;fu/n] eg] . ;fu/sf oL jrg ;'g]/ tL d}gfs kj{t
klg lg:s]/ uP . ltgn] csf{] Ps dg'iosf] :j¿k wf/0f u/L xft hf]8L laGtL u/] .
pgn] cufl8 ;/]/ eg]– æx] xg'dfg ¤ oxfF cfpm / kmnkm"n vfO{ hfpm .Æ ..!@..
;fu/sf] o:tf] cf1f ePsf] x'gfn] clxn] d
tkfO{F;dIf cfPsf] x'F egL d}gfsn] ha olt laGtLsf s'/f u/], xg'dfgn] klg v';L
eP/ eg]– æ>L/fdsf] sfd gu/L a;]/ s;/L vfG5' / < d o;} hfG5' . cg'/f]w gsfg{'eGbf
a? xftn] 5'G5' .Æ o;kl5 tL kmnkm"n 5f]P clg pgL s'lbxfn] ..!#..
xg'dfg s]xL k/ k'u]sf lyP, ToxfF Ps l;+lxsf gfd
u/]sL /fIf;L lyO{ . pm hndf a;]/ hGt'sf 5fof kj|mL ann] tfg]/ vfGyL . To;n]
xg'dfgsf] klg 5fof kj|m]/ tfÙ nfuL . xg'dfgHo"sf] ult aGb eof] . s;n]
cfkm\gf] ult aGb ul/lbof] eg]/ t'?Gt b;} lbzfdf b[li6 uof] ..!$..
tnlt/ b[li6 lbP/ x]bf{ ToxfF xg'dfgn] To;nfO{
b]v] . To;nfO{ b]Vg]lalQs} pgn] Ps} rf]6df b'O{ nft xfg] . Tof] ToxLF ;xh}
3';|'Ss d/L . ToxfFaf6 tL xg'dfg s'b]/ uP . ha lt/df k'u], lqs'6 lul/sf 6'Kkfdf
pgn] nËfk'/L b]v] ..!%..
lsgf/df jl/kl/ htf klg ¿vx¿ kmn / km"nn]
n6/Dd 5g\ . h'g jgdf klg kIfL u'g'u'g' u5{g\ . e|d/x¿ ntfsf km"ndf
xlNnO{–xlNnO{ 3'g'g'–3'g'g' ub}{ nx/f–nx/fdf lxF8\b5g\ ..!^..
jl/kl/sf] hf] zf]ef lyof] Tof] ;a} x]l/of] .
lqs'6lul/dflysf] gu/df km]l/ gh/ uof] . jl/kl/ kvf{n 5g\ / aLraLrdf ;'/Iff–vf8L
5g\ . c¿ s;n] ;lhn};Fu bfjf ug{ ;S5 / < ..!&..
/fhl;+xf;g em}F clt ;'Gb/ / Psbd} cuDo b]v]/
oxL ;dodf k;]/ hfpmF ls /flt hfpmF eÙ] eof] . olt zËf u/Lsg pgn] 7x/fP– oxLF a:5'
/ /flt ;lhn}l;t d hfpFnf, /flt g} hfg' hflt xf]nf ..!*..
xg'dfgn] olt ;f]r]/ ToxLF a;L afFsL lbg latfP .
ha lbg lat]/ /ft eof], pgn] hfgsf nflu kfp rnfP . :j¿k klg ;fgf] lnO{ ha pgL k;]sf
lyP, To;} a]nf nª\lsgL bu'/]/ glhs cfOg\ ...!(..
æcfh dnfO{ s]xL gugL leq hfg] of] sf] xf] <Æ
eGb} rf]/} xf] eg]/ nft p7fO{ pgn] l/;n] Ps rf]6 t xflgg\ klg . t'?Gt b]a|]
d'7L p7fO{ 7f]Qmf ltgL ;xh} hldgdf kl/g\ . ltgn] /ut e'OFel/ 5fb\b} em6k6 p7]/
laGtL ul/g\ ..@)..
x'g t tL nËfk'/L x'g\ t/ tL /fIf;L eO{ ;bf
åf/df al:yg\ . ha rf]6 kfOg\ pgn] >Lxg'dfg eg]/ hflgg\ / ljifosf] uDeL/tf
dx;'; ul/g\ . d nª\lsgL x'F, dnfO{ t lhTof} eg] ca /fj0fsf] /fHo ug{] ;do
;lsof] . /fj0fsf] d/0f x'g] ;do eof], d/0fsf] 38L g} cfOk'Uof] ..@!..
k|e'hLsf] /fd–cjtf/ x'g]5 eg]/ cl3 a|éfhLn]
eg]sf lyP– æ/fj0fn] ;Ltf xg{]5 / /3'gfyn] ;'u|Lj;Fu ldqtf ug{]5g\ . ;'u|Ljn]
klg b; lbzfdf ;LtfhLsf] vf]hva/ ug{sf nflu Ps;] Ps axfb'/ jL/x¿ 5fg]/ k7fpg]5g\
..@@..
tL jL/x¿dWo] Ps jL/ cfpnf / ltdLn] ha nft xfÙ]5f},
To;n] b]a|] d'8\sL p7fO{ xfÙ]5 . ltdL To;a]nf /ut 5fb\b} k5fl/g]5f} . /fj0fsf]
cfo' To;} ;do;Dd 5 eg]sf] s'/f ;'g]sL x'F . a|éfsf] jrgnfO{ k|df0f dfg]/ eG5',
ca Tof] /fj0f klg dg{]5 ..@#..
ltdL hfpm, ;LtfhLnfO{ To; cuDo leqL au}Frfdf
uP/ e]6 . czf]ssf jgdf l;;f}sf] Ps pQd j[If 5 . k|e'sL lk|of ToxLF 5g\ . jl/kl/
/fIf;L u0f klg 5g\ . e]6]/ uO{ /3'gfy;dIf o:tf ljkt\ 5g\ egL eg ..@$..
d clxn] wGo ePF, k|e'sf] :d/0f eof] . ;+;f/sf]
eo ;a} cfh x6]/ uof] . dnfO{ clxn] h:tf] ;fy / elQm ldNof], ;w}F o:t} /xf];\ .
d ;w}F o:t} ;Ít / elQm kfpmF, k/d]à/nfO{ slxNo} gla;"{F ..@%..
h'g a]nf >Lxg'dfg ;d'b| t/]/ ;lhn} nËf k'u],
Toltv]/ hfgsLsf] afofF gh/ xft};d]t ys{g] u/L k'm¥of] . /fj0fsf] klg afofF gh/
xft};d]t u/L km'¥of] . /3'gfysf] rflxF pQm ;dodf bfofF cÍ km'¥of] . o;af6
/3'gfysf] dg v';L eof] ..@^..
xg'dfgn] ;fgf] ¿k lnP/ k;L ;x/sf] ;a}lt/ /fd|/L
ljrf/ u/]/ x]/], clg /fj0fsf] b/af/sf rf]6f / sf]7f u/L PsPs 7fpFdf vf]hL u/] .
ha ;LtfnfO{ st} e]6]gg\, ta d stf hfpFm eg]/ pgn] dgdf ljrf/ u/] . aNn pgn]
nª\lsgLsf jrg ;Dem], clg To;kl5 pgL czf]s jgdf uP ..@&..
h'g–h'g j[Ifx¿ OGb|sf gu/Ldf lyP, tL ;a} ToxLF
/x]5g\ . st} /Tgsf l;F9L / ;kmf / c;n kfgL ePsf tnfp 5g\ . ¿vsf xfFufx¿
kmnkm"nn] clt ef/ eP/ nRs]sf 5g\ clg w]/} eFj/f / kG5Lx¿ ¿vdf a;]sf 5g\
..@*..
aLraLrdf ;'gsf cUnf xj]nL klg 5g\ . dl0fsf pRr
:tDex¿ 5g\ . j0f{g u/]/ ;fWo g} 5}g, hxfF x]¥of] ToxLFsf] sfd kSsL 5 . xg'dfg
o:tf] ;'Gb/ jg gh/ u/L ;a} 8'Nb} uP . pgn] Pp6f ;'Gb/ l;;f}sf] ¿v b]v], Tof]
b]v]kl5 pgL v';L eP/ ToxLF pkl:yt eP ..@(..
¿vsf] 5fof Psbd afSnf] 5 . ;"o{sf] tfk
k:t}g . dfly clt kx]Fnf ;'Gb/ r/f dfq a;]sf 5g\ . jl/kl/ ;a}lt/ cg]s
/fIf;Lx¿sf] 3]/f 5 . ;Ltf ToxLF ¿vd'lg km]b}df b]lvg'eof] ..#)..
ef]sL, d}nL, lgGofp/L / skfn gsf]/]sL
x'g'x'Fbf] /x]5 . ;a} s]z To;} n§fdfq k/]sf lyP, / pxfF vfln e"lddf ?Fb}
al;/xg'ePsf] /x]5 . ;LtfhLn] æ/fd ¤ /fd¤ /fd ¤Æ oltdfq af]ln/xg'ePsf] b]v]kl5
pgL ¿vdfly uP/ ;fgf eO{ kftsf cGt/df n's] ..#!..
>Lxg'dfgn] dgdg} eg]– æca d s[tfy{ ePF .
;LtfhLnfO{ b]Vg kfPF, cfh d v';Lsf ;fy ;LtfhLsf ;dLkdf /x]sf] 5' . >L/fdsf]
sfd d}n] ;DkÙ u/]F .Æ olt eg]/ pgL hltv]/ v';L eO/x]sf lyP, ptf cGtMk'/df vnan
eof] . pgn] Tof] vnan ;'g] ..#@..
s]sf] xf]xNnf cfof] eg]/ xg'dfg emg\ kftdf n's]
. To;}a]nf /fj0f ;fydf ;a} /fgLx¿nfO{ lnP/ ;LtfhLsf glhs} cfof] . d /fdsf
xftaf6 slxn] d5{' xf]nf, ;LtfnfO{ x/0f u/F], t/ klg cfh;Dd /3'gfy cfpg'ePg eg]/
pm ;f]lr/xGYof], ;kgf b]v]5– ..##..
/fdsf] b"t clt jL/ jfg/ czf]s jgleq k;]/
;LtfhLnfO{ b]lvg] u/L ToxfF kftleq n'sL a;]/ x]l//x]sf] lyof] . cfkm\gf] sfdsf]
w'gdf v';L eO/x]sf] ;kgf ha b]Vof], ;fFr} xf] ls eg]/ pm bf}8]/ em§} glhsdf
cfof] ..#$..
Tof] ;kgf ;fFRr} xf] /x]5 eg] /fd|f] eof], ha d
b'jf{Ro af]N5', ;LtfnfO{ o;f] eg]sf] To; b"tn] ;'g]/ hfnf / eGnf . d]/f
b'i6 jrg ;'g]/ l/;n] cfP/ dnfO{ dfnf{g\ egL ljrf/ u/]/ p;n] glhsdf uO{ b'jf{Ro
klg af]Nof] .#%..
;LtfhLn] b'i6nfO{ glhs} b]v]/ cwf]d'v ug'{eof]
. pxfFn] >L/fdsf r/0ff/ljGbnfO{ dgn] cGtMs/0fdf wf/0f ug'{eof] . ha hggL r'k
nfu]/ /xg'eof], Tof] b]v]/ /fj0f eÙ nfUof]– ædnfO{ b]v]kl5 lsg ltdLn] cwf]d'v
nufof} < ..#^..
ltdL kf] /fdnfO{ d]/f klt x'g\ eg]/ eG5\of} t,
pgL sxfF To;f] eG5g\ / < olb ltdLnfO{ cfkm\gL 7fGby] eg] pgn] oxfF
cfpg'kYof{] . ltgsf] ltd|f pk/ dfof 5}g . s'/} ga'emL a]sf/df lsg zf]sdfq
u5{\of} < of}jg Joy{ uof], ljrf/ u/ . of] of}jg Joy{df lsg kmfN5\of}
<..#&..
of}jg Joy{df gkmfn . dgdf Joy{df slt zf]s
ub{5\of} < ltdLn] cfh d}nfO{ klt dfg, d ltd|f] klt x'g]5' . d]/L kTgL eof}
eg] t ;a}sL dflnSgL x'g]5f} . d ltdLnfO{ ;fx|} k|]d u/L /fv'Fnf, of] /fd|/L
a'em . /fd t Hofb} a}u'gL 5g\ ..#*..
tL 3dG8L, d"v{ / s[t£g 5g\ . dflg;x¿dWo]
ltgL ;a}eGbf cwdL{ 5g\ . zlQmdf klg sdhf]/ tL /fd oxfF cfpg s] ;Sy] <
To;sf/0f ca /fdlt/ dg g/fv, ltgnfO{ dgn] Tofu .Æ ha /fj0fn] o:tf] eGof], ;LtfhL
/ftf–/ftf cfFvf kf/]/ Psbd l/;fP/ af]Ng'eof]– ..#(..
æx] kfhL /fj0f ¤ asas u/]/ slt w]/} b'jf{Ro
af]N5;\ < /f3jb]lv 8/fP/ 5Ng egL h;/L o1af6 s's'/n] xlj rf]5{g\ To;} u/L Ps ;+Gof;Lsf]
¿k wf/0f u/]/ /fd–nId0f gx'Fbf t}Fn] dnfO{ xl/;\ . tF a'em\, o;} sfnn] tF
dnf{;\ ..$)..
;fu/ ;f];]/ cyjf ;fF3' nufP/ /3'gfy cfpg'x'g]5
. clg 3]/f lbP/ t]/f] j+z ljgfz u/]/ clg To;kl5 t]/f] k|f0f lvFr]/ lnO{
/3'gfyn] dnfO{ n}hfg'x'g]5 .Æ pxfFn] em§ o:tf] hafkm lbg'ePkl5 /ftf/ft cfFvf
kf/]/ xftdf v8\u lnP/ sf6\gsf lglDt pm tof/ eof] ..$!..
dGbf]b/L laGtL ug{ cufl8 ;l/g\ . of] v8\u s;/L
6f¿F eÙ] dgdf lnP/ kfpdf k/]/ pgn] Psbd} w]/} laGtL ul/g\ . pgn] /fj0fsf ;a}
l/; zfGt u/fP/ v8\u 6fl/g\ ..$@..
To;kl5 /fj0fn] ToxfF olt x's'd lbof]– æx]
/fIf;L ¤ oL ;Ltf b'O{ dlxgf;Dd o;} a;"g\ . To;kl5 d]/f zogdf al:ng\,
al:tgF eg]/ km]l/ klg elgg\ eg] lognfO{ sf6]/ 6'j|mf6'j|mf u/L c;n dL7f d;nf
cflb nufP/ t/sf/L e'6'jf agfpg" ..$#..
d logsf] df;' vfP/ 5f8'Fnf . cem klg r]tfjgL
b]pm .Æ olt eg]/ /fj0f kmsL{ uof] . tL /fIf;Lx¿ km]l/ Psd'v eP . Pp6L eG5]– lsg
Joy{df of}jg ;S5f} < /fj0fnfO{ klt dfg . bf];|L o;f] eGb} p7\5]– sltkN6 o;f]
eG5];\ tF < tF Psbd} yfS5];\ ..$$..
sf6\g}k5{, gsf6L x'Fb}g eg]/ csL{rflxF s'/f
ul//x]sL lyO{ . Tof] d ;LtfnfO{ sf6\5' eGb} xftdf t/af/ lnP/ bf}l8P/ uO{ .
csL{n] eofgs d'v afP/ t;f{pg ha ;Ltfsf glhs cfO{, lqh6f gfdsL Ps a"9L /fIf;L
lyO{, p;n] To;nfO{ x6fO{ ..$%..
pm eÙ nfuL– æx] cefuL b'i6x¿ xf] ¤ ltdLx¿ lsg
b'i6sf em}F dlt u5f}{ < o:tf] dlt 5f]8, lj/f]w g/fv, a? ;LtfhLsf] /fd|/L
:t'lt u/ . ;a}sf dflns log} x'g\ egL kfpdf k/ / b08jt\ u/ . cfh d]/f jrg dfGof}
eg] ltdLx¿sf] w]/} enfO xf]nf ..$^..
d ;kgfsf] nIf0f eG5' . oxfF ;'g– ;Ltfsf klt
>L/fdhL P]/fjt xfQLdfly r9L ;fydf clt jL/ efOnfO{ lnP/ oxfF cfP . oxfF
cfPkl5 Psbd l/;fP/ of] ;a} nËf e:d u/fOlbP . pgL /fj0fnfO{ df/]/ ;LtfnfO{
;fy}df lnP/ uO{ kj{tsf dfly lyP ..$&..
/fj0f uf]do s'08df s'n};d]t 8'a]sf] lyof] .
cfkm\gf tL ;a} 6fpsfdf /fd|/L t]n dfln; u/L ltgsf] dfnf pg]/ ;f] dfnf wf/0f
u/]/ pm 8'la/x]sf] lyof] . ljeLif0frflxF >L/fdsf glhs}df k|e'sf] elQm u/]/
a;]sf lyP . pgL w]/} v';L eP/ tg–dg–jrgn] k|e'sf] cToGt ;]jf / 6xn ul//x]sf lyP
..$*..
/fdn] /fj0fnfO{ ca s'n};d]t ;dfKt kf/]/ ;xh}
df5{g\ . /fj0fsf] ca j[l4 5}g, o;sf] d/0fsf] 38L cfof] . /fdsf eQm ljeLif0f g}
;Ltfkltsf] x's'd h:tf] x'G5, ;f]xL lz/f]k/ u/]/ cab]lv ptf oxfF /fh u/]/
a:g]5g\ ..$(..
h:tf] ;kgf b]v]F Tof] ;a} elg;s]F .Æ olt eg]/
ha lqh6f r'k nfu]sL lyO{, tL s'/f ;'g]/ ;a} /fIf;Lx¿ 8/fP . tL ;a} lgb|fsf jzdf
k/], ;LtfhLrflxF Psbd /f]O/xg'eof] . cfwf/ sf]xL lyPg, ljkmntfsf sf/0f w]/}
lrGtf dfg]/ /xg'eof] ..%)..
ef]sL / zf]stKt pxfFn] eÙ'eof]– æca oxfF clxn]
s;f] u/L d¿F < logsf xftdf k/]/ dg'{ t glgsf] 5, a? cfkm}F d5'{ .Æ lrGtfn]
Jofs'n ePkl5, c¿ yf]s s'g} pkfo ghfg]kl5, slxNo} dgdf cfgGb gkfP/ lj/xn] ;a}lt/
cFWof/f] b]v]kl5 === ..%!..
/fddf lrQ lbP/ dg'{ a? 7Ls dfg]kl5 ;LtfhL ToxfF
em'lG8g] dg;fo lnP/ xfFufdf kj|mL v8f x'g'eof] . æ/fIf;sf aLrdf a;L lhpg' t lwSsf/
5, a? dg'{ lgsf] 5, d d5'{ . d]/f] r'N7f] nfdf] 5, em'lG8gsf nflu oxfF o;}nfO{
8f]/L agfpF5' .Æ ..%@..
o:tf] lgáo u/]/ ;LtfhL ha em'lG8g nfUg'eof],
sfd laTnf eg]/ xg'dfgn] ;fgf] af]nL kf/]/ elgxfn]– æef/tjif{df dl0fd's'6em}F
cof]Wof eÙ] gfd ePsf] Ps 7"nf] ;x/ lyof] . Tof] ;x/ dl0fdoL ;'Gb/ lyof]
..%#..
OIjfs'sf s'ndf bz/y gfdsf clt aln jL/ dxf/fh
/x]sf 5g\ . ltgsf tLg /fgLaf6 clt jL/ u'0fL–u'0fL rf/ 5f]/f ePsf 5g\ . tL rf/df
h]7f /fdhL, pxfFkl5 e/thL, clg nId0fhL 5g\ . oL tLg} 5f]/feGbf sfG5f zq'£g
x'g\, t/ oL s'g} klg s'g} u'0fdf sf]xLeGbf sDtL 5}gg\ ..%$..
h]7f k'q /fd lktfhLsf x's'dn] ;a} /fHo 5f8]/
Psbd v';L x'Fb} ;Ltf / nId0fnfO{ ;fydf lnP/ jgdf a:g lxF8\g'eof] . k|e' Ps lbg
k~rj6L hfg'eof], k|e'sf] ToxLF jf; eof] . /fj0fn] clt 5n u/Lsg ToxfFaf6 ;LtfhLnfO{
x/0f u¥of] ..%%..
>L/fd / nId0f gePsf] df}sfdf ;LtfnfO{ p;n]
rf]/]/ x/0f u¥of] . o; s'/fn] >L/fdnfO{ 7"nf] v]b eof] . ;LtfhLnfO{
vf]Hg egL pxfFx¿ jgdf vf]Hg uO/xg'ePsf] lyof], jgdf h6fo' km]nf k/] . ltgdfly
k|e'hLsf] s?0ff eof] / tL h6fo'n] Toltv]/} d'lQm kfP ..%^..
k|e'hLsf] e]6 ;'u|Ljl;t eof] / kl5 ldt]/L klg
nufpg'eof] . cfkm\gf dLt x'g\ eg]/ ;'u|LjnfO{ k|e'n] afnL df/L /fHo aS;g'eof] .
;'u|LjhLn] jL/jL/ jfg/ 5fgL ;LtfhLsf] vf]hL ug{sf nflu x's'd aS;g'eof], jL/x¿
;LtfhLsf] vf]hLsf nflu lg:s] ..%&..
tL jL/x¿dWo]sf] Ps jL/ t d} klg x'F . d t ;d'b|
t/]/ oxLF cfPF . ;DkftLl;t e]6 eof] / pg}n] ;a} va/ eg]sfn] d /fdsf k|tfksf sf/0fn]
nËfdf t'?Gt} bflvn ePF . nª\lsgLb]lv km'Ts]F / lge{o eO{ czf]s jgdf cfOk'u]F
..%*..
oxfF ;'Gb/ jfl6sf b]v]F . jl/kl/sf ¿vx¿ Psbd
;'Gb/ nx/fn] a]/]sf, rf/}tkm{ /Tg;/L kmnkm"n 6Ù kmn]sf /x]5g\ . cfh oxfF
;LtfhLnfO{ b]v]F, / o;af6 cfgGb kfPF .Æ olt laGtL ul/;s]kl5 xg'dfg r'k nfu]/ /x]
..%(..
;LtfhLn] ha oL s'/f j|md};Fu ;'Ù'eof], cfáo{rlst
eP/ Ps l5g jl/kl/ x]g'{eof] . s;}nfO{ gb]v]kl5 ;LtfhLn] c¿nfO{ eÙ'eof]– æoL s'/f
eÙ] dflg; oxfF sf] 5 <Æ ..^)..
e|d xf] eg"F eg] d]/f ;a} r]tgf hfu|t 5g\
. :jKgf xf] eg]/ klg s;/L eg"F < d lgbfPs} 5}g . oL s'/f eÙ] hf] xf],
pm cufl8 cfO{ cfh oL ;a} cd[t jrg dnfO{ egf];\ ..^!..
ha xg'dfgn] ;LtfhLsf olt jrg ;'Ù kfP, ;fgf]
:j¿k lnO{ pgL cufl8 cfP . xg'dfgn] ;LtfhLnfO{ bz{g k|0ffd klg u/] . clg pgL clt
xlif{t eP/ ToxLF l7Í pleO/x] ..^@..
/ftf] d'v, kx]Fnf] z/L/, To} klg ;fgf]
eFu]/fsf] hqf] z/L/ wf/0f u/]sf xg'dfgnfO{ b]v]/ ;LtfhL dgn] cfkm}F zËfdf
kg'{eof] . of] /fj0fsf] kf] 5n xf] ls egL pxfFn] cwf]d'v nufpg'eof] . xg'dfgn]
dfO{nfO{ zËf eof] eÙ] 7fg]kl5 t'?Gt eg]– ..^#..
æx] dftf ¤ d t xh'/sf] bf; x'F . >L/fdsf
cf1fn] ubf{ d oxfF xh'/sf] va/ kQf nufpg Tof] ulx/f] ;d'b| t/]/ cfPsf] 5' . d
/fhf ;'u|Ljsf] dGqL klg x'F . d]/f lktf jfo' x'g\ .Æ olt laGtL u/]/ pgL ca s]
dhL{ x'G5 egL kv]{/ r'k nfu]/ /x] ..^$..
;LtfhLn] eÙ'eof]– æd dflg;n] jfg/;Fu ldt]/
nfpF5 eg]/ s;/L hfg"F < o:tf s'/fsf] /x:o s] xf] <Æ olt af]ln;s]kl5
;LtfhL ha xg'dfgsf s'/fnfO{ ;To gdfgL r'k nfUg'eof], xg'dfgn] km]l/ j[QfGt u/]/
;a} s'/f ;'gfP, / To;kl5 cf}F7L klg lbP ..^%..
cf}F7L lbO;s]kl5 k|0ffd klg u/]/ ha xg'dfg a;],
Tof] cf}F7L b]v]kl5 pxfFsf cfFvfaf6 xiff{>' wf/f v;] . aa{/ cfF;' v;fpFb}
pxfFn] k|e'hLsf] Tof] cf}F7L lz/f]k/ wf/0f ug'{eof] . pxfFn] xg'dfg;Fu ;fx|}
v';L eO{ k|f0fem}F Kof/f] ug'{eof] ..^^..
xg'dfghLnfO{ dftfn] k|]dk"j{s eÙ'eof]–
æltdL d]/f nflu cfh k|f0fsf bftf eof} . ltdLl;t /3'gfyn] Psbd ljàf; dfÙ'eP5,
To;sf/0f pxfFn] dlt/ k7fpg'eof] eÙ] o;} sfdn] hfg]F ..^&..
ca ltdL xg'dfg l5§} uP/ /fdnfO{ eg . d slQsf]
ljklQdf 5' eÙ] b]lvxfNof} . hlt laGtL ubf{ >L/fdsf] dpk/ dfof x'G5, Tolt
ltdLn] v'a a'l4 k'¥ofP/ laGtL ug"{ ..^*..
d h;f]t;f] u/]/ b'O{ dlxgf t z/L/ wfG5', ltdL
:ki6 a'em, To;kl5 d lgáo g} d5'{ . oxL b'i6n] dnfO{ t/sf/L agfO{ vfg]5 . oxfF
dnfO{ d2t ug{] c¿ sf]xL 5}gg\ ..^(..
To;sf/0f oL b'O{ dlxgf laTg'cufj} ;'u|Lj;d]t
;d:t ;}Go lnP/ cfO{ o; b'i6nfO{ To;sf] j+z;d]t df¿g\ / of] b'Mv;fu/df k/]sL
dnfO{ tf¿g\ ..&)..
;Lk k'¥ofP/ laGtL u/L ;s];Dd bofn' agfpm . d]/f
si6x¿ hlt 5g\ oL ;a}yf]s hgfpm . olt laGtL u/]df ltdLn] w]/} wd{ sdfpg]5f} . ;a}yf]s
elg;s]F, ca pxL s'/f k6sk6s s] elg/x"F .Æ ..&!..
>Lxg'dfgn] klg laGtL u/]– æx] dftf ¤ d ;]js
t x'F . d xh'/sf oL ;a} ljkt\ eg"Fnf . Hofbf s'/f oxfF s] eÙ'k5{ / d}n] .
/fd–nId0f b'O{ efOn] ;'u|Lj;d]t eO{ jfg/sf] ;]gf lnP/ ;x/df 3]/f lbO{ /fj0fsf]
j+z ljgfz ul/lbg]5g\ ..&@..
xh'/nfO{ lnP/ /3'gfy km]l/ cof]Wof hfg'x'g]5 .
/3'gfy oxfF cfpg'x'Ù ls eÙ] dgdf zËf gnfuf];\ .Æ of] laGtL ;'g]/ ;LtfhL eÙ'x'G5–
æ>L/fdrGb|hL s;/L ;]gf lnP/ Tolt ulx/f] ;d'b| t/]/ oxfF;Dd cfpg'xf]nf /
<Æ ..&#..
of] x's'd ;'g]kl5 xg'dfgn] hggLnfO{ :ki6 kf/]–
æd k|e'sf] bf; 5Fb} 5', kL7df af]s]/ NofOxfN5' . >L/fd / nId0f b'O{ efOnfO{
s] b'Mv x'G5 /, ;'u|Lj / c¿ ;d:t s'b]/ tL cfkm}F t5{g\ ..&$..
x] hggL ¤ d t'?Gt labf kfpmF . xh'/sf] dhL{
;'lgxfn]F . ca t pxLF uof] eg] kf] l56f] ug{ ldNg] sfd l56f] eOxfN5 . h'g rLh
lbof] eg] >L/fdnfO{ ljàf; x'G5, To:tf] rLh klg kfpmF . l9nf] u/]df lbg dfq
;lsFb} hfG5g\ ..&%..
olt ;'g]kl5 cl3b]lv skfndf l;p/]sf] dl0f lemsL
lbOxfNg'eof] . Tof] /fdnfO{ v'a dg kYof{] . dl0f lbO;s]kl5 pxfFn] lrqs"6df
ePsf] Pp6f 36gf eÙ'eof] . z/0fdf kbf{ Pp6f sfunfO{ gh/ lbg'ePsf] / sfu afFrL
uPsf] lyof] ..&^..
æx] xg'dfg ¤ lrqs"6df Ps lbg ePsf] s'/f
xf], d >L/fdsf glhsdf lyPF . /3'gfy d]/f xftdf ;'Tg'ePsf] lyof] / d}n]
pxfFnfO{ cfkm\gf] xftsf] tlsof lbPsL lyPF . d]/f b'j} /ftf uf]8fnfO{ b]v]/ sfu
cfof] / To;n] 7'FUof] . To;a]nf d]/f oL b'j} kfpaf6 Psbd} w]/} /ut aUof]
..&&..
>L/3'gfy p7\g'ePkl5 Tof] gh/ ug'{eof] . sfu
klg ToxLF lyof] . k|e'hLn] Pp6f TofGb|f] p7fP/ To; sfunfO{ df5'{ eGb}
km\ofFSg'eof] . Tof] sfu rf}w e'jg 8'Nof], tfklg To;n] ha sxLF cfwf/ kfPg, Tof]
km]l/ cfO{ z/0fdf k¥of] . k|e'n] gh/ lbg'ePkl5 Tof] sfu afFr]/ uof] ..&*..
cfkm"df z/0f kg{ cfPsf] To; sfuk|lt bof
cfof], eg] ddflysf] bof s;f] x'g uof] elGyg\ eg]/ ;'gfpg" .Æ xg'dfg jL/
>L;LtfhL;dIf xft hf]/Lsg laGtL ug{ nfu]– æxh'/ sxfF x'g'x'G5 eÙ] va/ gkfP/
dfq oxfF;Dd cfpg l9nf] ePsf] xf] ..&(..
/fj0fn] x/0f u/]/ lnP/ uof] eÙ] va/ kfOPsf] eP
Tof] sxfF afFRYof] / < cfh;Dddf k|e'hLn] /fj0fsf] ;Dk"0f{ s'nnfO{ e:d
ul/;Sg'x'g] lyof] .Æ ;LtfhLn] eÙ'eof]– æltdLnfO{ oqf] ;fgf] eFu]/fhqf] dfq
b]V5', ltdLn] s;/L n8]/ /fIf;x¿sf] gfz ub{5f} < ls ltdL a9]/ 7"nf
:j¿ksf x'G5f} < ..*)..
ltd|f] t olt ;fgf] ¿k b]V5', c¿ t emg\ sqf
xf]nfg\ eg]/ dgdf ;DemG5' / dgdf cfáo{ klg dfG5' .Æ ;LtfhLsf] o:tf] dhL{ ;'g]/
xg'dfg ToxLF kj{th:t} eP . xg'dfg d]? kj{tem}F :j¿k wf/0f u/]/ ;fd'Ù]df l7Í v8f
eO/x] ..*!..
ha tL xg'dfgsf] 7"nf] ¿k b]Vg'eof], dfO{n]
pgnfO{ v';L eP/ t'?Gt labf lbg'eof]– æx] xg'dfg ¤ ca ltdLn] of] p208 ¿k l5kfpm,
logLx¿n] ;a}n] b]Vg ;S5g\ . ltdL s'b]/ uOxfn .Æ ..*@..
olt s'/f ;'g]kl5 xg'dfgn] km]l/ laGtL u/]– æolt
kmnkm"n vfg kfPb]lv ;xh}l;t d hfg] lyPF, jl/kl/ kmnkm"n 5g\, dnfO{
cf1f dfq eP x'g] lyof] . x's'da]u/ s;/L d cfkm}Fn] vfg] / <Æ ..*#..
pgn] olt laGtL u/]sf lyP, vfg] cg'dlt kfP .
v';L eP/ kmn vfPkl5 pgL dfO{;dIf t'?Gt cfP . r/0fdf k/]/ 9f]u]kl5 pgL labf eO{
ha s]xL 6f9f k'u], clnslt s]xL sfd km]l/ ug{ rfx] ..*$..
xg'dfgn] dgdg} eg]– æh'g jL/ b"t eO{ uPkl5
hlt Vjfldtsf] x's'd 5 pltdf dfq} rgfvf] eO{ Toltdfq sfd u/L lkm5{, Tof]
b"t cwd xf] eg]/ ;a} b'lgofFn] eG5g\ . To;sf/0f /fj0f s:tf] /x]5, e]6]/}
dfq hfg'knf{ .Æ ..*%..
olt ljrf/ u/]/ ltgn] au}Frf km\ofFSg] s'/f
;f]r] . v';L eP/ tL dxfjL/ t'?Gt kmsL{ cfP . pgn] ;d:t jg pv]Nb} ToxfFsf
;'/IffsdL{ ;a}nfO{ dfl/lbP . hggL a:g] ug'{ePsf] Tof] l;;f}sf] ¿vdfq afFsL /flvlbP
..*^..
ha pgn] jg ljgfz u/], /fIf;L t'?Gt cfO{ .
;LtfhLsf glhs} k'u]/ p;n] ;LtfhLnfO{ g} ;f]wL– æltdL eg g ;LtfhL ¤ of] jL/ sf]
xf] < lsg cfof] < of] clt c;n au}Frf df;]/ d}bfg agfOlbof] .Æ ..*&..
olt ;'g]/ ;LtfhLn] eÙ'eof]– æd s] hfg"F
< d tf ljkt\df k/L r'krfk /x]sL 5' . ltdL cfkm}F ;a} s'/f a'em g, sf] xf],
lsg cfof], olt c;n au}Frf lsg d}bfg agfof] ..**..
of] ;a} 5n dfq xf], /fIf;n] g} o:tf dfofjL sfd
u5{ . ha ;LtfhLn] olt eÙ'eof], ;a} /fIf;Lx¿ 8/fP . pgLx¿ /fj0fsf xh'/df ;a} eÙsf
nflu uP . h'g jg a]sf/df uof], ToxfF k'u]/ tL To;sf] af/]df eÙ nfu] ..*(..
æx] dxf/fh ¤ ev{/} oxfF Pp6f cToGt} anzfnL jfg/
cfof] . To;n] ;LtfhL;Fu s]xL aftlrt u¥of] clg au}Frfdf s'b\of] . To;n] tL ;a} ¿v
;lhn} pv]n]/ ;kmf d}bfg agfOlbof] . ?Fufnf rf}sL w'nf]kL7f] kf/L xj]nLx¿ klg
;a} Wj:t kf/L a;]sf] lyof] ..()..
ToxL eP/ xfdL laGtL ug{ cfPsf xf}F .Æ ltgn] ha
olt laGtL u/], pm of] s'/f ;'g]/ p7\of] . clg kj|mg egL ;}Gobn k7fof] . x's'd
kfP/ nfv hgfsf] ;d"x kj|m]/ NofpF egL uof] . Ps nfv ;}lgsx¿nfO{ b]v]/ xg'dfg
cToGt uh{] ..(!..
xg'dfgsf] Tof] zAb ;'g]/ n:s/ df]xdf k¥of] .
ltgn] xltof/ klg Tofu] . xg'dfgn] Ps}l5gdf oL e';'gfa/fa/ x'g\ eg]/ tL ;a}nfO{
df/] . nf}x:tDe p7fO{ tL ;a}nfO{ ha ;dfKt kf/], Tof] ;dfrf/ /fj0f eP7fpF k'Uof]
. /fj0f v'a l/;fP/ tTsfn emg\ 7"nf] ;]gf k7fof] ..(@..
/fj0fsf] x's'dcg';f/ kfFrhgf ;]gfklt uP . Tof]
;]gf 7"n} lyof] tfklg pgn] To;nfO{ klg p;} u/L e';'gfa/fa/ ugL ;dfKt
kfl/lbP . clg km]l/ x's'dcg';f/ ;fthgf dGqLk'qx¿ cem 7"nf] ;]gf lnP/ uP . xg'dfgn]
tL ;a}nfO{ nf}x:tDe p7fO{ lxsf{P/ 3'dL3'dL ;vfk kfl/lbP ..(#..
ha ;fthgf dGqLk'qx¿nfO{ ;}Go;lxt dfl/;s]sf lyP,
sfG5f] /fj0fk'q cIfos'df/ kf] n8\gsf nflu cfof] . ljzfn kmf}h lnP/ Tof] cfO{ aQLdf
k'tnL k/]em}F eof] . xg'dfgn] cfsfzdf s'bL To;sf] lz/df nf}xb08 7f]s], Tof] klg
;xh} d¥of] ..($..
klxn] cIfos'df/nfO{ df/]kl5 c¿ ;a} ;]gf;d]t gfz
u/] . cg]s jL/x¿ cfpFb} aQLsf k'tnLem}F x'Fb} d/] . ;a /fIf;x¿nfO{ dfl/;s]kl5 km]l/
s'g jL/ cfpF5 egL xg'dfg nf}x:tDe lnP/ v8f eO/x] .(%..
ha kmf}h;d]t gfz u/]sf] / clt Kof/f] sfG5f] k'q
d/]sf] va/ cfof], /fj0fn] clt ;Gtfk dfg]/ l/;fO{ eGof]– æca t d cfkm}F uP/
To;nfO{ dfb{5' ..(^..
ls df5'{ ls t afFw]/ oxfF t]/f ;fd' NofpF5' .Æ
/fj0fn] OGb|hLtl;t olt eGof] . To; OGb|hLtn] klg xft hf]/Lsg laGtL u¥of]– æd
5Fb} d guO{ xh'/n] cfkm}F ToxfF hfg'k5{ / < d uP/ To;nfO{ ;lhn} afFw]/ oxfF NofpF5'
.Æ ..(&..
olt laGtL u/L s]xL kmf}h klg ;fydf lnO{ pm /ydf
r9\of] . pm xg'dfg ePsf] 7fpFlt/ cfof] / pgsf cufl8 ;fd' k¥of] . >Lxg'dfgn]
p;nfO{ b]v], / ;Lwf cufl8 eP/ Psbdl;t uh{] . pgL nf}x:tDe lnP/ s'b]/ dfly
cfsfzsf] aLrdf uP ..(*..
cfsfzsf] aLrdf u?8em}F pgL ha nf}x:tDe prfnL
3'Dg nfu], kfFr af0f 5f8\of], clg cf7 af0f c¿ yk]/ km]l/ xfGof] . af0f nfUof]
eg]/ OGb|hLt v';L eP/ ha uHof{], 3f]8f, 8f]/L / /y ;a} r"0f{ kf/]/ tL
xg'dfg cfsfzdf s'b] ..((..
pm km]l/ csf{] /ydf r9\of] / ca t o;nfO{ t'?Gt
gafFwL ePg eg]/ em§ a|ékfz km\ofFSof] . p;n] xg'dfghLnfO{ afFWof] klg .
>Lxg'dfgnfO{ afFw]/ cfkm}F;Fu lnP/ kmSof{] / b/af/tkm{ uof] . afFlwPsf
xg'dfgnfO{ b]v]/ ;Dk"0f{ ;x/ g} v';L eof] ..!))..
h'g /fdsf] r/0f :d/0f u/L ;lhn} c1fg–kfz gfz
u/L ;a} j}s'07 g} k'Ug ;S5g\ eg]kl5 To; a|ékfzdf k/L xg'dfg sxfF afFlwGy] /
< t/ klg pgL aGwg k/]em}F eP . /fj0fnfO{ e]6]/} hfg'knf{ eg]/ xg'dfg r'krfk nfu]/
uP ..!)!..
ha OGb|hLt xg'dfghLnfO{ afFw]/ kms{Fb} lyof],
;a} k'/jf;Ln] af6fdf cfP/ l/; km]/] . pgLx¿n] d'7L p7fO xfg] . e';'gfx¿ l/;
km5{g\, km]¿g\ eg]/ xg'dfg r'krfk nfuL uP ..!)@..
klxn] t a|ékfzdf k/]/ If0fe/ afFlwg' sfd g}
lyof] . a|éfsf] jfSo ;fFrf] ug'{ lyof] . To;kl5 pgnfO{ kfzn] 5fl8lbof] .
aGwgaf6 t d'Qm eP t/ klg xg'dfgn] /fj0fnfO{ e]6\g v'a} dg u/]sf lyP . pgL v';L eP/
/fj0f hxfF lyof] ToxfF k'u] t/ c¿rflxF s/df k/]sf x'g\ eg]/ dflg/x]sf lyP
..!)#..
jL/ /fj0f To;a]nf dGqLju{nfO{ ;fydf lnP/ ljzfn
;efdf lyof] . OGb|hLt ToxLF k'Uof] / tL xg'dfghLnfO{ pm;dIf ;'lDklbof] . p;n]
xft hf]/L laGtL u¥of]– æof] jfg/ clt c6]/ 5, o;n] ;]gf klg w]/} gfz u/]5, cfh
d}n] ck/fwL xf] eg]/ NofPsf] x'F ..!)$..
æca h] ug{k' 5{ xh'/n] dgdf /fd|/L ljrf/ u/L
dGqL;Fu ;Nnfx / aftlrt u/]/ o;sf] cfh 7]ufg nufpg'xf];\ .Æ /fj0fn] OGb|hLtsf]
olt laGtL ;'Gof] / gh/n] klg x]¥of] . p;n] k|x:tnfO{ ;f]Wof]– æof] lsg cfPsf] /x]5,
nf} ;f]w\ ..!)%..
s] eg"F, d]/f] c;ndWo] klg clt c;n au}Frf
gf:of], dnfO{ e';'gf] em}F 7fg]/ jL/x¿sf] klg gfz u¥of] .Æ of] x's'd ;'g]/ Tof]
k|x:t xg'dfghLsf cufl8 uO{ cf8e/f];f lbG5' eg]em}F u/L ;a} ;f]Wg nfUof] .!)^..
o;}aLrdf /fj0fsf pk/ ;fd' gh/ nufP/ g8/fO{sg
xg'dfgn] eg]– ætF a'lemxfn\, d sfdn] dfq oxfF cfPsf] x'F . h;sL efof{ xl/;\,
pg} huÙfy /fdsf] d 7"nf] bf; x'F . t]/f] dlt gi6 eof] / of] ctL{ lbgsf
nflu cfPF, ca of] dlt gnL ..!)&..
ha >L/fd dtÍ kj{tdf nId0f;lxt eP/ ha cfP,
;'u|Ljn] v';L eP/ >L/fdrGb|l;t ldt]/L nufP . pxfFn] afnL df/L ltgnfO{ /fHo aS;g'eof]
/ ;'u|Lj /fhf eP . ;LtfnfO{ vf]Hg x's'd x'Fbf jL/x¿ clg b;} lbzfdf uP ..!)*..
tL jL/dWo] Ps jL/ t d} klg x'F . lz/pk/ x's'd
lnP/ oxfF cfPsf] x'F . ;LtfhLnfO{ b]Vg kfPF . /fdsf] b"t x'F, lsg 5lnGy]F
/ < d jfg/ x'F / t]/f] au}Frf pv]nL ;kmfr6 kfl/lbPF . dnfO{ dfg{ egL hf] cl3
;/L cfP ltgnfO{ klg df/]F ..!)(..
of] OGb|hLt uP/ o;} aLrdf dnfO{ afFw]/ NofO{
cfh tFnfO{ lbof] . aGwgdf k/]sf] 5 eg]/ g7fg\, d of] hgfp lbG5' . v'nf 5' /
tFnfO{ d ctL{ klg lbG5', ;'g\ ..!!)..
nf]ssf] ult ;a} ljrf/ u/]/ cfh tF of] /fIf;L
dlt gnL . enfOsf] s'/f eG5' d . tF Clif k'n:TohLsf] gflt ePsfn] a|fé0f xf];\ .
tF s;/L /fIf; xf];\ /, /fd|/L efFtL k'¥ofP/ a'em\ ..!!!..
O{à/ cfTd–¿k 5, :j¿k x'Fb}g . olt t hflt / j0f{
lnO{ eÙ ;lsG5 . t;y{ To; cfTd¿ksf] lbgx'F ljrf/ ug"{ . cfgGbdf /xg] xf] eg]
oxL dlt wf/0f ug"{ ..!!@..
hf] nf]sdf ;a} k|k~r 5, To;nfO{ :jKgh:tf] xf]
egL hfg\ . ;'t'Gh]n ;kgf ;To 5, lapFembf ;fFrf] nfUb}g . To:t} u/L 1fg eof] eg]
lqe'jgd} kmut Ps cfTdfdfq b]lvG5 . c1fg¿kL lgb|fdf kl/of] eg] ;+;f/df cg]syf]s
b]lvG5 ..!!#..
d cfTdf ;To x'F eg]/ a'em\ . o; b]xnfO{ em'6f]
xf] eg]/ hfg\ . k[YjL / hnx¿ ldnL em'6f] ag]sf] eg]/ of] s'/f dgdf lnO;\ eg]
tg{]5;\ . tfg{] pg} lji0f' x'g'x'G5 . hf] lji0f' x'g'x'G5, >L/fd klg pxfF g}
x'g'x'G5 . z/0f k/\, tFb]lv t pxfFnfO{ emg\ l/; p7\5 ..!!$..
tF o:tf] d"v{kgf 5f]8\ . ;LtfnfO{ lnP/ hf
clg z/0fdf k/\ . z/0f kg{ uPdf /3'gfy v';L x'g'xf]nf . of] b'i6 rfnf gu/\ .
/fdsf] elQm ub}{g eg] t o; ;+;f/af6 s;/L tnf{ < o;} emd]nfdf kg{sf nflu
km]l/km]l/ hGdg' / dg'{ kl//xnf, of] ;Gtfk slxNo} 5'6\t}g ..!!%..
of] a'em]/ >L/fdsf xh'/df uO{ elQm u/\ /
z/0fdf k/\ . olt hfÙ] eP/ cfkm\gf] cfTdfnfO{ g/sdf gn}hf . x]/\, ;Ltf–/fdl;tsf]
lj/f]w u/]/ tF g/sdf k/L v:nf;\ . km]l/ pQL0f{ x'g sl7g 5 eÙ] a'em\ . of] klg
ctL{ lbG5' .Æ ..!!^..
ha xg'dfgsf o:tf s'/f ;'Gof], /fj0f l/;fof] .
/ftf–/ftf g]q u/fO{ p;n] ;efdf eGof]– æd]/f] 8/ /lte/ gdfgL tF oxfF s] af]Nb}
5;\ < /fd–nId0f b'j} efOnfO{ ;xh} dfl/lbG5', d sxfF 5f8\5' / <
..!!&..
;'u|LjnfO{, tFnfO{ df5'{ / kl5 km]l/ ;LtfhLnfO{
klg df5'{ . dnfO{ dfnf{g\ ls eg]/ /fd–nId0fl;t d lsg 8/fpF5' < ltgsf jfg/
;}Gosf] klg ljgfz ug{]5' .Æ /fj0fn] ha olt af]Nof], oL s'/f ;'g]/ xg'dfgn] eg]
.!!*..
æo;/L lsg Psbd w]/} ;]vL u5{;\ < k|e'nfO{ t
k/} 5f8\, tF d]/} klg hf]8L 5}g;\ . olb d cl3 ;g{] xf] eg] tFh:tf Ps s/f]8
/fj0f dfg{] lyPF, t/ cfb]z gePsf] s'/f, dfg{ t cfh s;/L ;S5' / < ..!!(..
xg'dfgsf o:tf s'/f ;'g]/ /fj0f clt l/;fof] . oL
s'/f ;fFrf lyP, tyflk To; b'd{ltn] sxfF lnGYof] / < æo; jfg/nfO{ sf6]/
6'j|mf kf/ ¤Æ o:tf] kf] x's'd lbof] . h'g jL/ glhsdf lyof], To;n] xftdf ultnf] xltof/
lnP/ cl3 ;¥of] ..!@)..
o;aLrdf ljeLif0f cl3 ;/L xft hf]/]/ laGtL u/]–
ædxf/fh ¤ of] b"t xf] . of] d¥of] eg] pxfF s;n] s'/f n}hfG5 < o;nfO{
s]xL lrgf] nufO{ 5fl8lbg'xf];\ . of] hfcf];\ / lj:tf/ u/f];\ . o;} jfg/sf s'/f
;'gL ltgL oxfF cfpmg\ / ;ª\u|fd k/f];\ ..!@!..
;fFrf] eGof] egL a'emL p;n] sk8f dufof] . clg
t]n / l3p d'5]/ k'R5/el/ Tof] a]g{ nufof] . clg x's'd lbof]– æca o;nfO{ afFwL
k'R5/ hnfOb]cf] . clg ;f/f ;x/el/ 3'dfP/ 5fl8b]cf] ..!@@..
7"6f] k'R5/ lnP/ Tof] kmsL{ pxLF hfcf];\ .
k'R5/ 89]/ g;lspGh]n g5f8\g" .Æ ha /fj0fn] o:tf] x's'd lbof], ltgLx¿n]
k'R5/df Tof] sk8f afFw] clg k'R5/df cfuf] klg nufOlbP ..!@#..
afFw]sf xg'dfgnfO{ lnP/ v';L x'Fb} cufl8 e]/L
afhf km'Qm} tL /fIf;x¿ of] rf]/ xf] eGb} v'a;Fu e'Qm} ;x/ 3'Dg nfu] . xg'dfg
klg r'k nfuL dgdg} s'/f uDb} lxF8\b} uP . ha ;x/sf] kládsf] 9f]sfdf k'u], tL Psbd
;fgf eP ..!@$..
;"Id ¿k wf/0f u/L aGwgaf6 v':s]/ tL k'gM
kj{t;/Lsf eP . 7"nf] :tDe p7fO{ cg]s /fIf; df/]/ s'b\b} uP . aNbf] nfdf]
k'R5/ lnP/ pgL 3/–3/ s'b\b} ;x/df 8'n] . pgn] ;a} ;x/ kf]n] . afFsL st} Ps klg e'n]gg\,
s'g} 3/ 5'6]g ..!@%..
;x/ aNg nfUof] . ;a} 3/ hn] / ;a} af6f aGb eP .
efu]/ hfg gkfpFbfv]l/ cg]s /fIf; a/G8fdf uO{ kmfn xfn]/ clUgdf k/L d/] . ;x/df
o:tf] cj:yf eof] . pgn] Pp6} dfq 3/ kf]n]gg\, ljeLif0fhLsf] Tof] Pp6f 3/ dfq
afFsL /x\of] ..!@^..
olt sfd ul/;s]kl5 k'R5/sf] cfuf] lgefpmF egL
bf}8]/ ;d'b|df k'u] . pgn] ;d'b|df k'R5/ rf]a]/ Tof] cfuf] lgefP . clUgn] klg
ldq–k'q eg]/ pgnfO{ kf]n]gg\ . ;Ltfsf] klg k|fy{gf x'g uof], xg'dfg sxfF 89\y] /
..!@&..
/fdsf :d/0fdfqn] klg b'Mv 5'6\5g\ . cfWoflTds
cflb ;a} tfk klg t'?Gt 5'6\5g\ . pg} ;fIfft\ k|e'hLsf] b"t eO{ uPsf tL clt
u'0fsf/L xg'dfg sxfF 89\y] ¤ ..!@*..
xg'dfg lkmg{] dg;fo lnP/ labf x'gsf nflu
;LtfhL;dIf uP . pgn] laGtL ub}{ eg]– æx] dfO{ ¤ dnfO{ v';L eP/ labf aS;g'xf];\,
ca d hfG5' . /3'gfy cjZo cfpg'x'g]5 .Æ o;f] eGbf >L;Ltfn] dgdf cToGt w]/}
zf]s lnP/ s]xL eÙ nfUg'eof] .!@(..
æltdLnfO{ glhs}df b]Vtf v'a} v';L x'Gy]F . d
3/L3/L >L/3'gfysf dL7f s'/fsfgL ;'Gy]F . ca d s;/L o:tf b'Mvn] k|f0f wf/0f
u5'{ < ltdL klg lkm/L hfg] ePkl5 d k'gM lrGtfdf k5'{ .Æ ..!#)..
;LtfhLsf oL jrg ;'g]/ xg'dfgn] xft hf]/L laGtL
u/]– æo:tf] zf]s ca 5fl8aS;g'xf];\ . c;è cfklQ k/]sf 5g\ eg] nf} x's'd xf];\, xh'/nfO{
af]s]/ clxNo} >L/fdsf r/0fdf bflvn u5{' . x}g eg] dgdf w]/} zf]s lsg
ug'{x'G5 < of] zf]s k/} /xf];\ .Æ ..!#!..
;LtfhLn] eÙ'eof]– æd clxn] t ghfg] . ltdLdfq
hfpm . ltdL uP/ lj:tf/ laGtL u/]/ t'?Gt /3'gfynfO{ ;Fu} lnP/ cfpm . >L/fd
cfO{sg b'i6nfO{ ;xh} df/L dnfO{ ;Fu} n}hfnfg\ . o;f] ePdf aNn sLlt{ /xnf, o;} d
uP/ s] x'G5 / <Æ ..!#@..
ha >L;Ltfsf] of] x's'd x'g uof], xg'dfg labf
eP . tLgkN6 km6fkm6 kl/j|mdf u/L k|0ffd u/]/ ltgL lxF8] . kj{tdfly r9]/
kj{t;/Lsf] 7"nf] ¿k klg wf/0f u/] . cfsfzdfu{ lnP/ v';L x'Fb} s'b]/ Psbd
7"nf] zAb u/] .!##..
ha cÍb cflbn] xg'dfgsf] zAb ;'g], k/:k/df af]Ng
nfu]– æzAbn] g} a'lemof], logn] kSs} ;lhn} e]6]/ cfP .Æ lt/df a;L v';L eP/ ;a} jL/
o:tf s'/fsfgL ub}{ lyP, ;f]xL lt/df cfgGb v';Ldf /xFb} xg'dfg cfOk'u] ..!#$..
cÍb cflb jL/x¿;Fu ToxfF e]6 eof] . xg'dfgn] ;a}
s'/fsf] lj:tf/ u/] . cÍb cflb jL/x¿n] v';L eO{ k'R5/df kj|m]/ r'Dag u/] . sf]xL
v';L eP/ gfr] . o:t} tl/sfn] tL ;a} >L/fd ePlt/ nfu] . af6fdf glhs}
;'u|Ljsf] dw'jg e]l6of] . tL ;fx|} v';L eP ..!#%..
ltgn] cÍb;dIf oL kmnkm"n vfgsf nflu laGtL
u/] . cÍbn] eg]– ævfcf] / xg'dfghLsf k|;fb dfg]/ vfcf] .Æ pgn] ha dhL{ lbP, kmnkm"n
vfgsf nflu jfg/ dw'jgdf uP, ?Fufnf cfP / /f]s] ..!#^..
/f]Sg] jfg/x¿nfO{ nft lbO{ ltgn] dL7f] dw'/;
lkP . of] r'SnL lnP/ blwjSq ;'u|LjhL eP7fpF uP . ha blwd'vn] dw'jg n'6]sf] ;a}
s'/f lj:tf/k"j{s ;'u|LjhL ;'gfP, n'6lk6sf] of] ;dfrf/ ;'Gbf pgnfO{ slQ klg
l/; p7]g ..!#&..
;LtfnfO{ e]6]5g\ eÙ] a'lemof], gq dw'jg lsg
n'6\y] / . ;'u|Ljn] of] s'/f u/]sf] ;'g]/ k|e'hLn] ;f]lwaS;g'eof]– æltdL
;Ltfsf] klg gfd lnP/ s] af]Nb} 5f} <Æ ;'u|LjhLn] k|e'sf] ;f]wgL ePkl5
cfkm\gf s'/f laGtL u/] ..!#*..
æx] gfy ¤ d]/f] Pp6f dw'jg gfdsf] clt c;n
au}Frf lyof] . clxn] xg'dfgx¿n] cfP/ anhkm\tL ub}{ ToxfFsf cg]s lsl;dsf dw'/;
Ps}If0fdf n'6]5g\ . ltgn] ?Fufnf rf}sLx¿ klg s'6]5g\ . dw'jg n'6] /
;'/IffsdL{nfO{ s'6] eg]/ oxfF lkm/fb ug{ cfPsf 5g\ ..!#(..
x] /3'kt] ¤ d ;f]xL s'/f ul//x]sf] 5' . logn]
;LtfhLnfO{ e]6]sf 5g\, ToxL eP/ n'6]sf, / /f]Qmfv]l/ s'6]sf x'g'k5{ .Æ o;f]
eg]/ laGtL u/]/ t'?Gt} ;'u|LjhLn] tL ;'/IffsdL{nfO{ x's'd lbP– æltdLx¿ t'?Gt
kmsL{ hfcf] / ltgLx¿nfO{ rfF8} oxfF k7fcf] ..!$)..
>Lxg'dfgx¿ ca oxfF rfF8f] cfpmg\ .Æ o;f]
eg]/ ha tL ?Fufnfx¿nfO{ lge{o lbP/ x's'd lbP, tL t'?Gt kms{]/ bf}8] . ;'u|Ljsf
dfdf blwd'vn] uP/ x's'd ;'gfOlbP . xg'dfgx¿ klg v';L eP/ /3'gfy x'g'ePsf]
7fpFdf k'u] ..!$!..
>L/fd / ;'u|Ljsf ;fd' hldgdf k/]/ b'j}nfO{
b08jt\ u/] clg xg'dfgn] ;a} ljj/0f PsPs u/L lj:tf/k"j{s eg]– æx] /3'gfy ¤
d}n] ;LtfhLnfO{ nËfk'/Ldf k'u]/ e]6]F . ha pxfFnfO{ b]v]F ;fgf] :j¿ksf] eO{
===..!$@..
kftsf cGt/df n'sL hggLsf ;fd'Ù] glhsdf /x]F .
xh'/sf] hf] j[QfGt lyof] ;a} s'/f To;} ;"Id¿kdf /x]/ eg]F . ;LtfhL Psbd
ef]sL, b'AnL, xh'/ 6f9f x'g'ePsfn] ;Dem]/ ;fx|} /f]O/x]sL x'g'x'GYof] . hltv]/}
/fd–/fddfq af]Ng], cgfy ePsfn] lg/Gt/ Psbd ljên eO/xg'ePsf] lyof] ..!$#..
czf]ssf jgdf Ps l;;f}sf] ¿v 5 . To;} j[Ifsf
aLrdf em'lG8g] dg;fon] v8f x'g'eof] . To;}a]nf pxfFn] d}n] eg]sf] j[QfGt ;'Ù'eof]
. of] j[QfGt ;'g]kl5 pxfFn] x's'd ug'{eof]– æoxfF af]Ng] tF sf] xf];\ < sxfF
af]Nb} 5;\ < lsg n's]/ af]Nb5;\ < ca gn's\ . d]/f ;fd' cfOh .Æ ..!$$..
ha hggLsf] of] x's'd kfPF, jfg/ :j¿kn] d glhs}
uPF . ætF sf] xf];\ < eg\ .Æ eg]/ ;f]lwaS;g'eof] . clg km]l/ laGtL u/]F .
;a} j[QfGt ul/;s]F clg ha xh'/sf] cf}F7L lbPsf] lyPF, aa{/ cfF;' v;fNg'eof] .
cf}F7Ln] aNn ddf ljàf; eP5 ..!$%..
o:tf–o:tf ljkt\ 5g\ eg]/ cfkm\gf] b'Mvsf] xfnt
;a} eÙ'eof] . /3'gfy cfpg'x'G5 eg]/ d}n] w]/} ;DemfPF . clg hggLaf6 cf1f eof]–
æltdLn] uO{ >L/3'gfysf xh'/df d]/f] ;a} b'Mv eg]/ nËfdf k|e'sf] ;jf/L rfF8f]
u/fpm .Æ ..!$^..
ha aftlrt u/]/ otflt/ lkmg{ nfu]sf] lyPF, ljàf;
kfg{ eg]/ hggLl;t s]xL rLh dfu]F . pxfFn] lz/df /x]sf] r"8fdl0f lbg'eof] .
cl3 hf] ePsf] sfusf] s'/f klg eÙ'eof] ..!$&..
æd}n] nId0fnfO{ cjfRo s'/f eg]/ w]/} af]n]sL
5', tfklg o;f] eg]sL lyO{ eg]/ Tof] l/; nId0fn] sbflk glnpmg\ eg]/ xft hf]/Lsg
v'a};Fu laGtL ul/lbP;\ .Æ ha olt x's'd ef], ;a} j[QfGt ;'gL d labf ePF, /
kms{]/ cfPF ..!$*..
dfO{;Fu labf eP/ ha lkm/]F dgdf Pp6f nx8 cfof]
. /fj0fnfO{ ge]6Lsg d s;/L hfpmF eÙ] ljrf/ eof] . /fj0fnfO{ e]6L ctL{ klg lbP/
lkmg'{ c;n x'G5 eÙ] nfUof] . d}n] kms{]/ czf]s jg Wj:t kf/]F, ToxfF cg]s jL/
klg df/]F ..!$(..
sfG5f] /fj0fk'q cIfos'df/nfO{ df/]F clg /fj0f
hxfF lyof] ToxLF uPF . p;nfO{ enfOsf jrg eg]F . t/ p;n] s]xL 6]/]g . Tof] cg]s
t/xsf s'/f asas uYof{] t/ d}n] To;nfO{ e';'g}a/fa/ ug]/ /fj0fs} cl3 nËf kf]n]/
v/fgL kf/]/ ;lslbPF ...!%)..
olt sfd u/L oxfF xh'/df d clxn] cfPsf] x'F .Æ
olt laGtL u/L tL ;]js v8f eO/x] . >L/fdn] ltgnfO{ sfvdf lng'eof] / ;j{:j
lbG5' eÙ'eof] . egfOn] lrQ a'emfOaS;g'eof]– æ;j{:j oxL xf] ..!%!..
d}n] v';L eP/ sfv lbPF . ca lbg'kg{] s]xL rLh
afFsL /xFb}g . ;a}yf]s ldlnxfNof] . of] s'/f slt atfpmF <Æ ha sfvdf /fvL olt
x's'd eof], xg'dfg v';L eP . xg'dfg cfgGbf>' lu/fO{ elQm/;n] >L/fdsf
;]jfdf xflh/ /x] ..!%@..
oL xg'dfg wGo x'g\ . logsf a/fa/ sf]xL klg xl/sf]
eQm 5}g . xg'dfgn] 7"nf] elQm u/]/ sfv klg kfP, ;+;f/df cem a9L wGo sxnfP
..!%#..
t'n;L dfq r9fP/ h;n] k"hf u5{g\, To:tf klg
t ej;fu/ kf/ t5{g\ . oL t emg\ pg} t'n;L–k"lht k|e'hLsf b"t :jod\
x'g\, logsf] j0f{g u/]/ oxfF sxfF ;lsG5 / < ..!%$..
.. Olt >L;'Gb/sf08 ..
^=
>Lo'4sf08
xg'dfgn] ;Dk"0f{ nËfk'/L
v/fgL agfP/ cg]s ;}Go df/] . km]l/ ;xh} ;d'b| t/L jfl/ cfP/ ;LtfhLsf] ha ;a}
;dfrf/ atfP, >L/fdn] ltgsf] v'a} ;/fxgf ug'{eof] ..!..
>L/3'gfyn] eÙ'eof]– æcxf] ¤ oL
xg'dfgn] v'a 7"nf] sfd u/] . PSn} uP/ logn] /fj0f cflb jL/sf] ;]vL emf/] .
oqf] Iff/–;d'b| pk|mg clg km]l/ nËf v/fgL agfpg s;n] ;Snf, OGb|flb b]jtf;d]t
8/fpF5g\ ...@..
;'u|Ljsf ;a} dGqLx¿df oLhlQsf c¿
sf]xL 5}gg\, g t sf]xL klxn] g} lyP . /fj0fsf] 5f]/f] lgefO{sg klg logL p;sf]
;fd' pkl:yt eP . ;]jsn] h]–hlt ug'{k5{ Tolt ;a} ;]jf logn] u/] . ;Ltfsf] ;dfrf/
atfP/ xfd|f] 7"nf] lrGtf eufOlbP .#..
oL xg'dfg jL/ x'g\ . oL s'b]/ uO{
s'b]/} oxfF cfP . of] ;fu/ t/]/ d clxn] s;/L nËfdf k'Ug] xf]nf < o; aLrdf
ulx/f] Iff/;d'b| 5 / hndf cg]s hGt' 5g\ . Tof] ;fu/ s;/L tl/G5 eg]/ d]/f] dg
v'a cflQO/x]sf] 5 ..$..
/fj0fnfO{ s;f] u/L df¿F, s;/L d
of] kmf}h tf¿F eGg] dgdf lrGtf x'G5 . cxf] ¤ d}n] s;f] u/L d]/L Kof/LnfO{
kfpFnf <Æ /f3jsf oL jrg ;'g]/ ;'u|Ljn] cufl8 ;/L >L/fdsf xh'/df laGtL
u/]– æx] /3'kt] ¤ lrGtf u/]/ s] x'G5 < ..%..
jfg/sf] of] kmf}h 7"nf] 5,
alnof] 5, / 3'F8f w;]/ n8\g]5 . clUgdf k:g'kg{] cj:yf cfPdf klg sDd/ s;]/ k:g]5
. ;fu/ tg{] pkfo dfq t xf];\, clg of] kmf}h t/]/ hfcf];\ dfq, /fj0f dfg{df s]
sl7g 5 / < To;nfO{ ;xh} t'?Gt} dfl/g]5 ..^..
x] /3'gfy ¤ d]/f] dgdf s] 5 eg]
xh'/sf ;fd' k/L n8\g] jL/ clxn] ;f/f tLg} nf]sel/df sxLF sf]xL 5}g . laGtL
ub{5', xfd|f] hLt lgáo g} x'g]5, nIf0f klg al9of b]lvG5 . ca xfdLn] /fIf;x¿nfO{
;fgf e';'gfnfO{ df/]h:t} u/L ;xh} dfg{]5f}F ..&..
;'u|Ljsf oL jrg ;'gL >L/fdhLaf6
x's'd eof]– æh'g tl/sfn] ;d'b| tl/G5, Tof] ul/Pnf, t/ nËf s:tf] 5, klxn] nËfsf]
rsrsL ;'gf}F, To;sf] /fhl;+xf;g s:tf] 5, ;a} a'em]/ uP kf] lhltPnf, ;f]rljrf/
ug{] ;do oxL xf] .Æ ..*..
7fs'/sf oL jrg ;'g]/ xg'dfg cufl8
;/] . pgn] elQmk"j{s Psbd lgx'/]/ lz/df c~hnL lnP/ laGtL u/]– æx] hut\–klt
/3'klt ¤ nËfk'/L cToGt ;'Gb/L b]lvG5] . h;–h;n] b]Vt5g\, tL ;a}sf] dg x/]/ lnG5]
..(..
Tof] ;x/ lqs'6 kj{tsf pk/df 5 .
;x/sf] rf/}tkm{ ;'gsf] kvf{n 5 . h'g 3/df klg PsPs vDaf dl0fsf 5g\ . j}/L gcfpmg\
eÙsf nflu ;'/Iff vf8L Psflt/ t ;d'b| eOuof], csf{] vg]sf] ultnf] vf8L klg
kvf{nsf glhs} 5 ..!)..
3/ klg ;'gsf 5g\, hlt uNnL 5g\ tL
klg ;'g}sf 5g\ . dl0fhl8t x'gfn] s'g}sf 3/ t emg\ c;n 5g\ . au}Frf, tnfp cflb
;a}lt/ 3'dL3'dLsg x]/]F . ;xhl;t s;}sf] s]xL bfp nfUb}g ..!!..
;x/sf 9f]sf rf/j6f 5g\ . ToxfF
jL/x¿sf] 7"nf] kmf}h a;]sf] 5 . hf] ToxfF k:g hfnf, tL ;}lgs To;l;t ToxLF
n8L dg{ sDd/ s;]sf 5g\ . k"jL{ 9f]sflt/ Ps ca{ clt anjfg\ hÍL kfn] a;]sf
5g\ . xfQL, 3f]8f / /yx¿ vhfgf lnP/ v8f eO{ tDtof/ /x]sf /fIf;x¿ 5g\ .!@..
ToxfF lgTo¿kn] 9f]s}lkR5] o;}
tl/sfn] kx/f v8f 5g\ . hDdf ;a} kmf}h u/L olt g} 5g\ eÙ] hfgsf/L sxfF kfO;Sg' 5
/ < o:tf] dha't kmf}h 5 t/ klg Ps rf}yfO Wj:t kf/]F . nËf 89fP/ ;a} v/fgL
kf/]/ j}/Lsf] ;]vL ;xh} emf/]F ..!#..
x] Vjfldt ¤ oxLF lsg l9nfO ug{]
< ;fu/ eP7fpF hfcf}F . ToxLF s]xL l9nfO xf]nf, tg'{kg{] 5 .Æ xg'dfgn] ha olt
laGtL u/], >L/fdaf6 ;'u|LjnfO{ x's'd klg eof] ..!$..
æx] ;'u|Lj ;v] ¤ clxn] ljhosf
nflu c;n d'x"t{ /x]5 . h;n] o;} ;fOtdf gr'sL d'x"t{ u¥of],
p;n] cjZo lhT5 . o;sf/0f o;} ;dodf oL kmf}hn] ;fOt u¿g\ . d]/f] bflxg] cfFvf]
km'b{}{ 5, nIf0f al9of 5, kmf}hn] dgdf w}o{wf/0f u¿g\ ..!%..
/fj0fnfO{ s'n};d]t Ifo u/L
;LtfnfO{ NofOG5 . jfg/sf] hlt kmf}h 5, ca nËftkm{ tfs]/ rnf];\ . nId0f cÍbdf
r9"g\, xfdL b'O{ xg'dfgdf r9\g]5fF} . ;'u|LjnfO{ olt x's'd lbP/ k|e'n]
k|:yfg ug'{eof] .!^..
/fd / ;'u|Lj xg'dfgdf r9]/ lxF8],
nId0fhL cÍbdf r9] . jfg/sf] ;a} kmf}h ;Dk"0f{ k[YjL 9fs]/ lxF8\of] . /;b
rflxPg, ;a} jL/x¿n] kmnkm"n dfq vfP . ;a} jL/x¿ uh{], / To; ;dodf
;Dk"0f{ hut\ g} sfDg nfUof] ..!&..
Tof] kmf}h /ftf]lbg lxFl8/x\of],
aLrdf sf]xL st} Ps} 38L klg cl8Pg . ljGWofrnnfO{ gf3]/ km]l/ dnofrn klg gf£of]
. o:t} u/L Iff/ ;d'b|sf lsgf/df k'Uof] . ToxLF lt/df k|e'sf] 8]/f eof] .
jfg/sf] kmf}hn] vrfvr eO{ ;f/f lsgf/f el/of] ..!*..
x's'dcg';f/ ha jfg/sf] ;a} kmf}h
lt/df a:of], ;fu/ tg{ s]xL pkfo gx'Fbf dgdf 7"nf] lrGtf k:of] . jL/x¿n]
eg]– æof] ;d'b| s;f] u/L t/f}F < oxfF kf] ;fx|} sl7g eof] . of] ;fu/ gt/L t
nËf;Dd hfg lxF8]/ t ;Dej 5}g ..!(..
oxL ;dodf ;fu/ t/]/ kf/ x'g ;Sg]
xf] eg] t ;a} /fIf;nfO{ dfg{] lyof}F . cfk;df oxL s'/f u/L ;a} jfg/x¿ k|e'
eP7fpF hDdf eP . 1fg:j¿kL eP/ klg ;LtfhLnfO{ ;DemL;DemL >L/3'gfy cg]s t/xn] ljnfk
ug{ nfUg'eof]– æx] ;Lt] ¤ ltdL sxfF 5f} <Æ ..@)..
>L/fdsf] gfd dfq lng]sf nflu
klg ;a} b'Mv–tfk 6b{5g\ . cfkm}F >L/3'gfynfO{ klg st} ;Gtfk k5{g\ <
;lRrt\¿k kl/k"0f{ clåtLo Ps cfTdf:j¿kL klg dg'io eO{ ;'vL / b'MvL ag]/
cg]s nLnf ub{5g\ ..@!..
bf}8L–bf}8L ;a} nËf kf]n]/ km]l/
5f]/f] df/]sf], clg w]/} jL/x¿sf] ;}Go Wj:t kf/L ;a} e]63f6 ul/;s]/ xg'dfg
;kmntfk"j{s lkm/]sf] s'/f ;'g]kl5 /fj0f g'/ lu/]h:tf] eof] ..@@..
To;}a]nf p;n] ;/;Nnfx ug{sf nflu
;a} jL/x¿nfO{ 8fSg t'?Gt k7fof] . jl/kl/ ;a}nfO{ /fv]/ p;n] dGqLx¿nfO{ eGof]–
æTof] xg'dfg s;/L ;xh} pDs]/ efUof] < ..@#..
ca t h;/L d]/f] lxt x'G5 ;f]
lrtfpm . /fd|/L ;f]rL–;DemL ;a}n] Ps k/fdz{ b]cf] . ltdLx¿ ;a}nfO{ gf3]/ To;n]
sfd l;WofO{ efUof] . dnfO{ t xg'dfgsf sfdn] nfh nfUof] ..@$..
/fj0fsf] olt x's'd ;'g]kl5 tL
3f]lrP h:t} u/L hfu] . tL cl3 ;/L–;/L ;]vLsf laGtL ug{ nfu]– æToxL /fdb]lv
xh'/nfO{ olt w]/} zËf lsg ePsf] xf] < /fdn] s;/L ;xh} nËf lhTnf / <
..@%..
slt laGtL u/f}F, xh'/sf k'q
OGb|hLth:tf jL/ 5g\, ltgn] s;/L lhT5g\ < s;sf] hf]/ k'U5 / < xh'/sf Ps
k'q PSn}n] OGb|nfO{ lht] . of] a'em]/ c¿ lbSkfnsf ;d]t ;]vL em/] ..@^..
b}Tosf clwklt do x'g\ . ltgn]
xh'/sf 8/n] v'?v'? oxLF cfP/ afWotfjz 5f]/L ;'Dk] . xh'/sf a/fa/ jL/ c¿ sxLFst}
5g\ / < oL tLg} nf]ssf ;a jL/ xh'/sf] jzd} 5g\ ..@&..
xg'dfgn] oxfF cfP/ s]xL jL/
df¥of], bf}8L–bf}8L of] ;a} nËf kf]n]/ Wj:t kf¥of] . of] t o;n] s] ug{ ;S5 / eÙ]
xfd|} c;fjwfgLn] o:tf] ul/xfNof] . casf] af/]df lkmj|mL lng'kb{}g ..@*..
nf} ca xh'/n] x's'd lbg'xf];\ .
xfdL jL/x¿ b; lbzfdf hfg]5f}F . hlthlt cl3 ;5{g\, ltgnfO{ df/]/ cfpg]5f}F .
;+;f/el/sf ;a} jfg/hflt gi6 u5f{}F . olt u/]/ xh'/sf] ;a} ;Gtfk Ps}l5gdf ;dfKt
kfl/lbG5f}F .Æ ..@(..
olt uj{ u/]/ tL ;a} jL/n] laGtL
u/]sf] ;'g]kl5 cfkm\gf] dgdf u'g]/ d]/f] klg dt laGtL ub{5' egL tL s'Des0f{
jL/n] laGtL u/]– æx] gfy ¤ xh'/n] s:tf] dlt lng'eof] < lsg tkfO{Fn] ;LtfnfO{
xg'{ePsf] xf] < tkfO{F r'Sg'ePsf] 5 . ca tkfO{Fsf] ult s:tf] xf]nf
<..#)..
olb cl3 g} >L/fdrGb|hLn]
b]v]sf eP Ps af0f lnP/ ToxLF tkfO{Fsf] k|f0f lng] lyP . tkfO{F Ps} 38L klg
aRg'x'g] lyPg . tkfO{Fn] ;LtfnfO{ rf]/]/ x/0f ug'{eof], To;}n] kf] aRg'eof],
;fd'Ù] k/]/ sf] l6S5 / < ca tkfO{Fn] To;sf] kmn kfpg'x'g]5, ca eg] /fdn]
xfd|f] s'n} ;dfKt kf/]/ df5{g\ ..#!..
/fd hf] x'g\ k|e' x'g\ . pgL
rf}w} e'jgsf wgL cgGt clwgfy x'g\ . logsL kTgL ;LtfhLrflxF nIdL x'g\, hublDasf
x'g\ . tkfO{Fn] ;a} /fIf;x¿sf] gfz u/fpgsf nflu ;Ltfsf] x/0f u/]/ Nofpg'eof] .
oL s'/f ;fFrf x'g\ ls tkfO{Fn] ca kSs} cfkm\gf] w]/} gfz ug'{x'g] eof] .#@..
h'g sfd ug'{ plrt lyPg, ToxL sfd
ug'{ef], tfklg cfkm\gf efO–5f]/f cToGt jL/ 5g\ eg]/ ;a} xfd|f e/n] ug'{ePsf]
xf] . xfdL efOju{ h]hlt 5f}F lgáo g} tkfO{Fs} kIfaf6 n8\g]5f}F . xh'/n] :j:y
eP/ b/af/d} /xg'xf];\, zf]s ug'{kb{}g ..##..
To; s'Des0f{ jL/n] of] ;a} eg]sf]
/ >L/fdnfO{ k/d]à/df ug]sf] OGb|hLtn] ;'Gof] . OGb|hLtn] eGof]– æd x's'd
kfpmF . ;a} ;]gf;lxt /fdnfO{ ;lhn} df/]/ cfpg]5' .Æ..#$..
o:t} u/L ToxfF ;a} jL/x¿ laGtL
uy{] . tL s]jn ukmsf] e/df d'vn] t/af/ xfGy] . To;}a]nf >L/fd–eQm ljeLif0fn]
dgaf6 Psbd enf] lrtfP/ ToxfF cfP/ laGtL u/] ..#%..
æ>L/fdhLl;t lj/f]w lsg u/]sf]
xf]nf < ;LtfhLnfO{ tkfO{Fn] lsg xg'{ePsf] xf]nf < >L/fdrGb|nfO{ lhTg
s;n] ;S5 h;n] v/, lqlz/ / b"if0fh:tf jL/nfO{ df/] ..#^..
7"nf eÙ' oL s'Des0f{ jL/
x'g\, t/ logsf] klg s] rN5 / < OGb|hLt s'/} ga'emL /fdnfO{ df5'{ eGb} ;]vL
u5{ . ;]vL ug'{ hlt 5 ;a}n] oxLF u¿g\, ;fd'Ù] k/]kl5 s'g l6S5 / < ha ;a}
/fIf;x¿ gfz xf]nfg\ ta r's]kl5 logLx¿n] r]Tg]5g\ ..#&..
;LtfhLn] u|xt'No eP/ oxfF ;a} v/fgL
kfg{ nflug\ . of] k|f0ffGtsf] ;do eof], t/ cem klg r]t cfPsf] 5}g, r]t sxfF
uof] < afFRg] dg 5 eg] x] dxf/fh ¤ o;} ;dodf ;f]emf] / ;fDg] eO{
>L/fd;dIf uO{ ;LtfnfO{ ;'lDklbg'xf];\ ..#*..
>L/fdrGb|hL kmf}h lnO{sg oxfF
cfP/ n8\g'cufj} hfg'ePdf ‘cfof] / cfh z/0f k¥of]’ eg]/ k|e'n] w]/} bof
ug'{x'g]5 . ca rfF8} ;LtfhLnfO{ ;'Dkg'xf];\ . ;LtfhL nËfdf /lx/x] cGoq st}
z/0fdf uP klg s'g} xfntdf afFRg ;lsFb}g .Æ ..#(..
/fj0fn] ljeLif0fhLsf cd[t;/L
enfOsf oL jrg ;'Gof], t/ To;n] o:tf s'/f s] lnGYof], Tof] t emg\ kf] l/;fof] .
Tof] l/;fP/ eÙ nfUof]– æ;'g ¤ of] zq';/Lsf] eof] . d]/f zq' tL /fdrGb|l;t o;sf]
v'a k|]d a:g uPsf] /x]5 ...$)..
cfkm\gf aGw'afGwj a9] eg] c¿ ;a}
aGw'x¿n] o;sf] ktg xf];\ eG5g\ eÙ] egfO 5 . ToxL nIf0f o;n] klg hgfof] . c¿
ePsf] eP clxNo} dfl/lbg] lyPF, t/ of] efO xf], s] u¿F . /fIf;sf s'ndf oxL cwd
eof], a? lwSsf/ lbG5' ..$!..
tF d]/f glhsdf /xgsf nflu nfos
5}g;\ . tFnfO{ lwSsf/ 5 . tF cwd eO;\ .Æ o;f] eg]/ /fj0fn] ljeLif0fnfO{ w]/}
lwSsf/ lbof] . lwSsf/sf olt s'/f ;'g]kl5 pgL >L/fddf dg lbP/ rf/hgf dGqL
;fydf lnO{ cfsfztkm{ s'b] ..$@..
pgL /fj0fnfO{ eÙ nfu]– æx] dxf/fh
¤ d}n] enf] s'/f g} u/]sf] x'F t/ klg tkfO{Fn] pN6} s'/} ga'emL zq' xf] eGb}
lwSsf/ lbg'eof] . tkfO{F bfh' x'g'eof], lkt[t'No x'g'x'G5 . olt ;xL d ca clxn]
km/s ePF . xh'/n] v';L eO{ /fHo ug'{xf]nf, d t pg} >L/fdsf z/0fdf hfg] ePF
..$#..
;LtfhL sfnL x'g'x'G5, hublDasf
eujtL x'g'x'G5 . >L/fd sfn x'g'x'G5 . e"ef/ xg{sf lgldQ of] cjtf/
lng'ePsf] xf] . s'g kfkL afFRnf / < >L/fdsf] dg;fo dfg'{df 5, ToxL eP/
tkfO{Fsf] dlt lkmb{} 5}g . sfn–¿k >L/3'gfysf] ult c¿ s;n] a'em\g ;S5g\ /
< ..$$..
ca ;a /fIf; s'nsf] gfz x'g]5 .
k|e'n] sxfF 5f8\g'x'G5 / < tkfO{Fsf gfz ePsf] d s;/L b]v"F, nf} d t
k|e' hxfF x'g'x'G5 ToxLF hfG5' . oxfF lr/sfn;Dd v';L;fy /fh ug'{xf];\ . lr/fo'
/xg'xf];\ .Æ olt laGtL u/L ;a} 5f8]/ ljeLif0frflxF >L/fd eP7fpF uP ..$%..
ljeLif0f cfkm";Fu rf/ dGqL
lnP/ >L/fdsf glhs uP . pxLF hfg 8/fP/ clns 6f9} cfsfzdf /x]/ tL ;Dd'v eP .
æx] gfy ¤ cfh z/0fdf k/]F . d ;]js xh'/sf] r/0fdf cfPF .Æ olt zAb pRr :j/ u/]/ Psbd
laGtL u/] . pgn] cfkm\gf] j[QfGt klg atfP ..$^..
æx] /fd ¤ d jL/x¿ /fj0f /
s'Des0f{sf] efO ljeLif0f x'F . cfh /fj0f cwd eof] eÙ] s'/f xh'/df sxfF;Dd
lj:tf/ u¿F < ltdLn] ;Ltf lsg x¥of}, lkm/fpm egL Psbd enf] s'/f u/]F . tfklg
p;n] emg\ lwSsf/ u/L v8\u lnP/ tFnfO{ sf6\5' eg]/ p7\of] ..$&..
/fj0fn] o:tf] u¥of], clg x]
/3'gfy ¤ d t xh'/sf] z/0fdf cfPF . h;n] o; ;+;f/af6 ;lhn} kf/ u/fpF5, ;f] 5f8L
stf hfg' / <Æ ljeLif0fhLsf] o:tf] laGtL ;'u|LjhLn] ha ;'g], pgn] of] /fj0fs}
5n xf] eg]em}F a'em] / t'?Gt o:tf] laGtL u/] ..$*..
æx] /3'gfy ¤ logsf] ljàf; gdfÙ'xf];\,
oL t b'i6 kf] x'g\ . cj;/ kfpgf;fy hLpdf 3ft ug{ ;S5g\ . xh'/af6 dhL{ xf];\,
logLx¿ ;a}nfO{ kj|mL lgefOxfnf}F . yfxf eOxfNof], p;}n] efO xF' eg]/ elgxfNof]
..$(..
logsf] ljàf; slQ klg
gdflgaS;g'xf];\ . oL ;a} b'i6 x'g\ . /fj0fs} efO xf] eg] t lsg l9nf] ug{' /, d
t eG5' . logn] hlxn] l5b| kb{5, bfuf w/]/ To;} ;dodf dfg{]5g\ . dfgf{nfO{ x's'd
xf];\, o;} 38Ldf ;xh} dfl/G5 ..%)..
d]/f] dt laGtL u/F] . Vjfldt ¤
xh'/ sf] dt s] 5 <Æ ;'u|Ljsf] of] laGtL ;'g]/ /3'gfyn] xfF;]/ eÙ'eof]– æx] ;'u|Lj
;v] ¤ d}n] rfxF] eg] ;a} nf]s clxNo} Wj:t kf/]/ km]l/ If0fd} ;xh} ;[li6 ug{
;S5', slQ klg ;do nfUb}g ..%!..
To;sf/0f eQm x'g\ eg]/ lge{o lbPF
. tL cfpmg\, oxfF Nofpm . oL zq'bnsf ePsf eP d dfg]{ lyPF, sxfF 5f8\y]F / <
zq'sf t oL cfkmGt x'g\ t/ klg oL z/0fdf oxfF cfPsf 5g\ . cfh d]/f] z/0fdf kg{
eg]/ cfPsfnfO{ d c:jLsf/ ulb{gF ..%@..
Ps}kN6 klg s;}n] d z/0f k/]F eg]/
dnfO{ ;Dem]/ d]/f z/0fdf kb{5, zq' xf] eg] klg bofn] d z/0fdf lnG5' . d]/f] j|t
g} oxL 5, To;nfO{ clxn] s;/L 5f]8\g ;S5' / < ..%#..
>L/fdrGb|hLsf] olt x's'd
ePsfn] ljeLif0fnfO{ NofP/ /3'gfysf xh'/df pkl:yt u/fP/ eg]– æx] gfy ¤ log} x'g\
.Æ ljeLif0fn] >L/fdrGb|hLsf] bz{g kfP . pgn] e"lddf k;|]/ /fd|/L ;fi6fÍ
b08jt\ k|0ffd klg u/] ..%$..
ha >L/3'gfysf] bz{g ldNof],
ljeLif0f v';L eP . pgsf h]–hlt b'Mv lyP, tL ;a} tTsfn x6]/ uP . pgn] ;jf{Tdf /3'gfynfO{ O{à/
log} x'g\ eÙ] lrg]/ :t'lt u/] . ;jf{Tdf /3'gfy pgsf] :t'lt ;'g]/ w]/} v';L klg x'g'eof]
..%%..
æs] dfU5f} < j/ dfu, d lbG5'
.Æ ha o:tf] x's'd eof], pgsf] dgdf elQmdfq lyof], pgn] ToxL elQm dfu]– æx] gfy
¤ ;bf xh'/df elQm /xf];\ . dlt slxNo} glalu|of];\ . o; ;[li6df hlt rLhj:t' 5g\
tL ;a}nfO{ d elQmeGbf ;fgf dfGb5' ..%^..
To;sf/0f sd{ ljgfz ug{sf nflu
Psdfq Wofg xh'/df /xf];\ . oltn] d s[tfy{ 5', ;Dk"0f{ ljifo;'vx¿ 6f9}
/x"g\ . s]jn elQm ldn]df k|;Ù /xG5' .Æ ha o;f] eg]/ ljeLif0fn]
>L/fd;dIf laGtL u/], k|e'n] j/ lbg'eof]– ænf} ltdLnfO{ ;wF} elQm k|fKt
xf]cf];\ ..%&..
h;n] ltdLn] clxn]
of] hlt :t'lt u¥of} Tolt kf7 u5{, To;nfO{ d j/ lbG5'– Tof] ;xh} ;+;f/;fu/
t/f];\ .Æ k|e'af6 eQm ljeLif0fl;t olt x's'd eof] . o;kl5 k|e'sf] dgdf clxNo}
lognfO{ nËfdf /fHo lbG5' eÙ] nx8 cfof] ..%*..
k|e'af6 efO nId0fhLnfO{ x's'd klg
eof]– æx] efO ¤ logn] kl5 nËfdf /fHo ug]{5g\, tfklg lognfO{ clxNo} cleif]s lbg'
5, lbG5' . ltdL ;fu/;Dd hfpm / hn Nofpm .Æ ha of] x's'd eof], nId0fn] bf}8]/
uO{ ;fu/af6 t'?Gt hn NofOlbP ..%(..
æcab]lv ptf ltdL nËfk'/Lsf] /fhf
eO{ /xg" .Æ olt eg]/ >L/fdrGb|hLn] ljeLif0fnfO{ cleif]s lbg'eof] .
ljeLif0f nËfsf clw/fh x'Fbf ;'u|Ljx¿ v';L eP . ;'u|LjhL To;kl5 ljeLif0fhLsf
glhsdf uP ..^)..
v';L eP/ cËdfn;d]t u/]kl5
;'u|Ljn] eg]– æxfdL ;a} /fdsf ;]js xf}F, t/ ;a} ;]jsdf ltdL d'Vo 5f} . x]
dxf/fh ¤ o; /fj0fnfO{ dfg{sf nflu ;xfotf b]pm .Æ ha ;'u|Ljn] olt s'/f u/],
ljeLif0f klg af]n] ..^!..
æx] dxf/fh ;'u|Lj ¤ tLg} nf]ssf
clwgfy k/fTd /3'gfy cfkm}F hxfF pkl:yt x'g'x'G5, ToxfF ;xfotf lbgsf nflu d]/f]
zlQmsf] s] lx;fa x'G5 / ¤ d >L/3'gfysf] bf; x'F, hlt ;Qmf] d ;]jf t u¿Fnf g}
.Æ o:t} aftlrt u/]/ oL b'O{ a;]sf] a]nf b"t ToxLF cfOk'Uof] ..^@..
Tof] /fj0fsf] b"t z's cl3
;/]/ ;'u|Ljsf ;fd' pkl:yt eof] . t/ 5]pdf hfg To;nfO{ 8/ nfUof], clg cfsfzsf]
aLrdf c8]/ pm eÙ nfUof]– æx] dxf/fh ;'u|Lj ¤ v/faL eof] . ‘/fd–nId0fl;t ldnfk /
dl;t j}/L x'gdf dg uof] ..^#..
dLtsf] efO xf], hfgsf/L lbg' c;n
xf] . nf}, tF hf / ;Demf’ egL /fj0fsf] x's'd eof] / clxn] d oxfF cfPsf] xF' .
To;sf/0f ltdL /fj0fsf] x's'd ;'g– ‘s] sfdn] ltdL oxfF cfPsf < ;a} n:s/ lnP/
ltdL km]l/ cfkm\gf] /fhwfgLtkm{ kmsL{ hfpm ..^$..
of] nËf t OGb| cflb b]jtfx¿n] klg
lhTg ;Qm}gg\ . ltdL t jfg/ xf}, t}klg of] :yfg lhtf}nf egL s] s'/f ug'{ <
h'g ;LtfnfO{ d}n] clxn] x/0f u/]sf] 5', >L/fdsL kf] x/]sf] 5', ltdL d]/f
dLtsf efO xf}, of] lj/f]w gu/ . d}n] ltd|f] s] gf]S;fgL k'¥ofPsf] 5' / <
.^%..
d]/} efO;dfg xf} eg]/ d}n] Psbd
lxt 7fg]/ of] ctL{ lbPsf] x'F . hf] u5f{} u/, t/ kmsL{ hfpm . d t ltd|f] enfO
g} ul//x]sf] 5', klxn] klg ub{} lyPF .’ /fj0fsf] x's'd o:tf] 5 dxf/fh ¤Æ ha
z'sn] olt eGof], jfg/x¿n] To;nfO{ kj|m] / tfg]/ Psbdl;t d'8\sLn] xfg] ..^^..
jfg/n] ha Psbd} b'Mv lbP, Tof]
z's >L/fdrGb|n] ;'g'g\ eg]/ s/fof]– æx] /fd ¤ nf} d d/]F ¤ d b"t x'F,
x] k|ef] ¤ dfg'{ plrt xf]Og .Æ p;n] o;/L laGtL u/]kl5 >L/fdaf6 x's'd x'g
uof]– æs'6\g' x'Fb}g .Æ of] x's'd ;'g]kl5 jfg/x¿n] z'snfO{ 5fl8lbP ..^&..
ha Tof] jfg/af6 d'Qm eof], pm
cfsfztkm{ p8]/ uof] . p;n] eGof]– æs] pQ/ lbg'x'G5 < hafkm kfpFm, d hfG5' .Æ
o;sf] pQ/df ;'u|Ljn] tTsfn eg]– ædLt bfh' xf];\, tfklg afnLem}F u/L df¿Fnf . tF
cwd xf];\, bfh' klg elGbgF ..^*..
>L/fdrGb|hLsL ;Ltf x/]/ tF sxfF pDs]/ TolQs}
hfnf;\ <Æ /fj0f;dIf o:t} eg];\ eg]/ ;'u|LjhLn] To; z'snfO{ eg] . ha ;'u|Ljn]
o:tf] hafkm lbP, >L/fdsf] klg x's'd eof]– æo; z'snfO{ jfg/x¿n] kj|m"g\
. clxn]sf nflu s]xL lbg of] oxLF /xf];\ .Æ ..^(..
>L/fdrGb|hLsf] olt x's'd x'Fbf Tof] z's
aGwgdf k¥of] . o;eGbf cl3 zfb"{n cfP/ lkm¥of] . To;}n] ;a} lj:tf/ u¥of] .
/fj0fn] zfb"{naf6 /fd–ansf] lj:tf/ ;'Gof] / clt 7"nf] n:s/ cfP5 eg]/
pm lrGtfdf kg{ yfNof] ..&)..
o;} aLrdf /3'gfy ;fu/ cfPg eg]/ l/;fpg'eof] .
/ftf/ftf cfFvf kf/]/ pxfFaf6 nId0fhLsf ;fd' x's'd klg eof]– æx] efO ¤
ltdL–xfdLnfO{ o;n] ;fdfGo dflg; ug]/ cfh e]6;Dd u/]g . ca o;sf] tdf;f x]/ .Æ o;f]
eg]/ === ..&!..
;fu/ zf]if0f ug{sf nflu ha w'g lnP/ af0f
lvFRg'eof], >L/fdsf] eoË/ :j¿k b]v]/ e"ld klg sfFlkg\ . ;d'b|sf] hn rf/
sf]; k/;Dd k'Uof] . b;} lbzf cFWof/f eP . hndf hlt hGt' lyP tL klg ;a} vNanfP
..&@..
>L/fdsf] o:tf] ¿k b]v]/ ;fu/ Psbd 8/fP . pgL
Ps ;'Gb/ :j¿k wf/0f u/]/ e]6L–pkxf/sf nflu cg]s /Tgx¿ lnP/ em6k6 ub{} >L/fdrGb|hLsf
z/0fdf uP . pgn] ;Dk"0f{ e]6Lx¿ cufl8 /fv]/ kfpdf kb{} b08jt\ u/],
cfkm\gf] 3dG8 / ;fg klg ;a} k/} x6fP ..&#..
;fu/n] w}o{ u/L xft hf]8]/ :t'lt / laGtL ub{}
eg]– æx] gfy d o;} klg h8 x'F . x] ;Ltfgfy ¤ k|e'nfO{ d}n] s]xL r]tgf gkfO{ p;}
s;/L hfg"F < clxn] k|e'n] r]tgf lbFbf cfP/ xh'/sf] z/0fdf k/]F . d
af6f] lbg]5', ddfly bof /xf];\ / d cgfy 5' eg]/ xft hf]8L laGtL u/]sf] x'F
..&$..
;fu/sf oL jrg ;'gL k|e'af6 x's'd eof]– æ;fFrf]
eGof}, tfklg af0fsf] :yfg t nf} o;nfO{ xfg\ eg]/ ltdLn] v6fpg}kg{] eof] . d]/f]
af0f t slxNo} sfd gu/L olQs} lkmb}{g . Hofg arfpg] dg 5 eg] To;sf] abnfdf s]xL
b]pm, of] af0f TolQs} t 6b{}–6b{}g ..&%..
>L/fdrGb|hLsf] olt x's'd ;'g]kl5 pgn] xft
hf]/L laGtL u/]– æb'|ds'Nodf kfkL 5g\ . ltgLx¿ clx/ x'g\ . tL pQ/ lbzfdf 5g\ .
7fs'/sf o;} af0fn] hlt kfkL 5g\ tL ;a}sf] gfz u/f];\ . o; sfdn] xh'/sf] bf; d cgfy
ul/asf ;a} lrGtfx¿ x/f];\ ..&^..
olt laGtL u/]sf] ;'g]kl5 Psbd xif{ dfg]/ Tof]
af0f t'?Gt xfg]/ ;d:t kfkLnfO{ lhltlbg'eof] . Tof] af0f l/;fP/ uO{ ;a} kfkLsf]
gfz u/fO;sLsg kms{]/ 7f]j|m}df cfO{ k:of] ..&&..
o;}aLr tL ;d'b|n] r/0fdf k;|]/ laGtL u/] . Psbd
alnof] ;]t' xfn]/ ;}lgsu0f t¥of] eg] sLlt{ v'a /xg]5 . gn ;]t' afFWg] sfddf
;dy{ 5g\ . logn] t j/bfg klg kfPsf 5g\ . oL ljàsdf{sf 5f]/f x'g\, log}n] ;]t' afFw"g\
..&*..
olt laGtL u/]/ ;fu/ kfpdf k/] clg ltgL cb[Zo eP
. ;fu/sf] laGtL ;'g]/ gn klg /fdsf xh'/df uP . gnnfO{ k|e'af6 x's'd eof]–
æltdLn] rfF8} ;]t' agfpm .Æ 7"nf] ;}Gou0f ;fydf lnP/ gnn] t'?Gt} ;]t' klg agfP
..&(..
gnn] v';L eP/ ;a} jL/sf] t]h hufP . pgn] jl/kl/
ePsf ;a} j[If / kj{t dufP . clg cl3 ;/]/ ha ;]t' afFWg nfu], ptf /3'gfyn]
lzjhLsf] d"lt{ :yfkgf ug'{eof] ..*)..
cab]lv /fd]à/ egL o; dlGb/sf] gfd rnf];\ eg]/ ;ËNk
ug'{eof] . uÍfhn lng sfzL uO{sg pQm hn NofP/ To;n] g'xfOlbg'eof] . /3'gfyaf6
x's'd eof]– æh;n] o; ;d'b|hndf au]/ hfcf];\ egL oxfF sfd? -cyf{t\ lzjhLnfO{
hnfk{0f ug{ hfFbf k|of]u ul/g] ef/, hnkfq cflb_ km\ofFSnf, Tof] JolQm d'Qm
xf]cf];\ .Æ ..*!..
klxnf] lbgdf gnn] ;d'b|df 5kÙ sf]; ;]t' afFw] .
bf];|f] lbgdf c;L sf]; afFw] . ;a}n] sDd/ s;]/ t];|f] lbgdf rf}/f;L sf]; ;]t'
afFlw;s] . rt'y{ lbgdf c7f;L sf]; afFw], afFsL aofgAa] sf]; kfFrf}F lbgdf
afFlw;s] . k|e'n] gh/ ubf{ To;df sxLF Ps} klg bf]if lg:s]g ..*@..
ToxL dfu{ u/]/ ;a} kmf}h t¥of] . To;n] lqs'6
kj{t g} 9flslbof] . 6fk' 9flslbof] . aLrdf st} vfnL hldg afFsL /x]g . /3'gfyn]
efOnfO{ cÍbdf r9fO{ cfkm"rflxF xg'dfgdf r9\g'eof] / hxfF pRr hldg lyof], ToxfF
hfg'eof] ..*#..
ToxfF k'u]/ Tof] ljlrq gu/L nËfnfO{ hltv]/ gh/
lbg'eof], Toltv]/ To; /fj0fnfO{ klg sf};Ldf uO{ tdf;f x]l//x]sf] b]Vg'eof] .
o;} aLrdf k|e'n] z'snfO{ 5fl8lbg'eof] . Tof] z's bf}8]/ uof] / To;n] t'?Gt uP/ /fj0fl;t
;a} lj:tf/ u¥of] ..*$..
æx] dxf/fh xh'/sf] x's'd x'gfn] ToxfF uPF .
jfg/n] dnfO{ afFw], / ;s;df k/]F . cfpg} ;lsgF . clxn] kf] /3'gfysf x's'dn] hf
eg]/ 5fl8lbP . aNn afFr]F eg]/ xif{sf ;fy bf}8]/ cfPsf] x'F ..*%..
/3'gfysf] clt 7"nf] kmf}h oxfF ;d'b|;d]t
t/]/ cfof] . ann] n8fOF u/L lhTg Psbd sl7g 5 . ls t ;LtfhLnfO{ nu]/ cfh /fdsf z/0fdf
uO{ kg'{xf];\, ls n8\g} dg 5 eg] nf} ca t'?Gt ;ª\u|fd ug'{xf];\ ..*^..
/fdsf] Ps ;dfrf/ 5, d Tof] eGb5'– æ;Ltf s'g dlt
lnP/ xl/;\ < ;do eof], ;fd'Ù] x]/]/ ;ª\u|fd ug{ cufl8 ;/\ . plrt x'G5 eg]/
cufl8 g} va/ lbO/x]sf] 5', ef]ln ;a Wj:t u/fpF5' . xfsfxfsL eG5', tFnfO{
gdf/Lsg d o;} 5f]8\lbgF ..*&..
olt /fj0fnfO{ ;'gfpg' lyof] . x] z's ¤
;'gfOlbP;\ . t}F hfG5;\, c¿ ToxfF s;nfO{ k7fpmF, t}Fn] dgdf lnP;\ . ;dfrf/ eÙ"
.Æ o;f] egL >L/3'gfysf] x's'd eof] . d}n] xh'/;dIf Tof] ;dfrf/ h:tfsf] t:t} laGtL
ul/;s]F ..**..
ca d d]/f] a'l4n] b]v]sf] s'/f laGtL ub{5'– /fd
hut\sf klt x'g\ . c¿n] pxfFnfO{ lhTg ;Qm}gg\ . xh'/sf] dlt s] ePsf] xf] <
cfh ;LtfnfO{ nu]/ /fdsf r/0fdf k/L ;'Dkg'xf];\ . afFRg] pkfo oxLdfq b]V5' d, gq
t d/0fsf] 38L cfof] ..*(..
z'sn] of] laGtL u¥of] . of] ;'g]/ /fj0f Psbdl;t
l/;fof] . pm eÙ nfUof]– æof] kfhL z's oxfF dnfO{ ctL{ lbg] eof] . c¿ sf]xL
ePsf] eP t lgáo g} dfl/lbg] lyPF, t]/f cl3sf u'0f lyP / tL u'0fn] ubf{ afFlr;\
. ca hf, tFnfO{ labf lbPF ..()..
ha /fj0fn] z'snfO{ hf eg]/ ToxfFaf6 labf lbof],
Tof] z's cl3 a|fé0f lyof] . ;/fk kbf{ Tof] ToxfF lyof] . /fIf; x'g'kg{] ;/fk
klg ToxLF 5'6\of] / Tof] t'?Gt} labf eOxfNof] . /fj0fb]lv labf ePkl5 Tof] z's
k'gM a|fé0f g} eOxfNof] ..(!..
z's Clif a|fé0f x'g\ . Ps lbg pgL 3/d} ePsf]
a]nfdf cul:t Clif k'u] . ef]hg lbG5' eg]/ ltgn] cul:tnfO{ lgDtf u/] . d
:gfgtk{0f u/L cfpF5' eg]/ ha cul:t lxF8], jh|b+i6« gfdsf] /fIf; oxL df}sfdf l/;
km]g{ eg]/ cfof] ..(@..
To;n] cul:tsf] ¿k h:tf] 5 p:t} ¿k wf/0f u¥of] .
p;n] eGof]– ædf;' b]pm, dnfO{ df;' vfg OR5f 5 .Æ klxn] o:tf] 5n u¥of] / kl5
km]l/ vfg] a]nfdf klg 7Ls z'ssL kTgL ag]/ dflg;sf] df;' nu]/ ldl;lbof] ..(#..
efu b]Vtf tL cul:tnfO{ l/; p7\of] . pgn] ;/fk
lbP– ædflg;sf] df;' lbO;\, tF /fIf; eP;\ .Æ ha of] 5n k/]sf] yfxf x'g cfof]
z'sn] laGtL u/] . cul:t Clifn] rfF8} d'lQm x'g] a]nf atfP ..($..
æx] z's ¤ /fdsf] cjtf/ x'g]5 . ltdL /fj0fsxfF
uO{ ToxLF a; . /fdsf] bz{g kfpnf / ;/fk klg Toltv]/} 5'6\nf . cGt st} ghfpm .Æ
cul:tsf] o:tf] ctL{ ;'g]kl5 z'sn] ;f]xLcg';f/ u/]sf lyP . /fdsf] bz{gn] ;/fk 5'l6uof]
/ k'gM pgn] cfkm\g} j[lQ lnP ..(%..
dfNojfg\n] klg /fj0fsf glhs} uP/ lxtsf] s'/f
eg]– æd tkfO{FsL dxtf/Lsf] klg lktf x'F . /fd gf/fo0f x'g\ / ;Ltf klg pg} nIdL
x'g\ eÙ] 1fgn] ;Ltf ;'lDklbOxfNg'xf];\ . dgdf of] s'/f Wofgn] k"hf u/L
/fVg'xf];\ ..(^..
;x/df cg]s lsl;dsf pNsf eO/x]sf 5g\ . pT;j eÙ]
sxLFst} slQ klg 5}g . x] dxf/fh ¤ d of] s'/f xh'/df slt atfpFm < To;sf/0f xh'/;dIf
d]/f] 7"nf] laGtL 5, enfOsf] s'/f xf] eÙ] hfg]/ lng'xf];\ . ;LtfgfynfO{ O{à/
x'g'x'G5 eÙ] a'em]/ ;Ltf ;'lDklbg'xf];\ .Æ ..(&..
of] laGtL ;'g]/ /fj0f dfNojfg\;Fu ax't l/;fof]
. pm eÙ nfUof]– æltdL a"9f eP/ klg cfh s] af]Nb} 5f} < s] cfwf/df
ltdLn] /fdnfO{ k/d]à/ eg]/ eGof} < tL dflg; g} t x'g\ . ltgL jfg/sf] ;xfotf
lnG5g\, s;/L O{à/ eg]/ hfÙ] < ..(*..
ltd|f s'/f ;'Gbf lrQ kf]N5 . ltdL 3/}df hfpm .Æ
/fj0fn] dfNojfg\nfO{ dGqLju{ ;fydf nufO{ t'?Gt} 3/ k7fOxfNof] . pRr c6fnLdf
a;]/ pm slt jL/ cfP5g\ eg]/ xb{} v6fP/ jL/x¿ n8"g\ eg]/ x's'd lbGYof]
..((..
/3'gfyn] p;nfO{ b]Vg'eof] / ha tTsfn Ps af0f
5fl8lbg'eof], To; af0fn] t'?Gt} b; 5q b; d's'6 v;flnlbof] . ha cfkm\gf 5q / b; d's'6
em/], /fj0f c§flnsfaf6 cf]ln{P/ km]l/ xfÙ] kf] x'g\ ls eGb} nfh dfg]/ uof]
..!))..
b/af/leq k;]/ p;n] x's'd lbof]– ænf} n8\g hfcf]
.Æ k|x:tx¿ n8\g egL ;f/f e"ld 5f]k]/ lg:s] . /fFuf, pF6, uwf / l;+xx¿df
jL/jL/ of]4fx¿ ;jf/L eP . gfgf z:q / c:q lnP/ cg]s jL/x¿ n8\gsf lglDt t'?Gt} uP
..!)!..
rf/ 9f]sflt/af6 lg:s]/ ha kmf}hx¿ ;fd'Ù] eP,
jfg/x¿n] glhs} uP/ ;f/f 7fpF 3]l/xfn] . /fj0fsf] kmf}hn] lg:sgsf nflu 7fpF;Dd kfPg
. ;f/f jfg/x¿ /fdrGb|n] lhTg'x'G5 egL uh{g yfn] ..!)@..
o; tl/sfn] 3]/]/ tL ;a} jfg/x¿n] cfj|md0f ug{
nfu] . /fIf;sf] kmf}h klg 8/n] kl5 x6]g, a? k|f0f 5f8\g nfUof] . ha o; lsl;dn]
;ª\u|fd x'g yfNof], tL jfg/x¿ >L/fdsf] s?0ff–b[li6 kfO{ cToGt of]4f ag]
..!)#..
/fIf;tkm{ eg] an 36\g yfNof], ;a}
7"nf7"nf jL/ d/] . tL /fIf;x¿nfO{ jfg/n] df/], / rf}yfO dfq afFsL
kfl/lbP . cfkm\gf ;a kmf}hnfO{ gi6 eO/x]sf] b]v]/ OGb|hLt ca d} n8\5' eGb}
cufl8 cfof] . OGb|hLt t ;jf{:qdf lgk'0f, ;fx|} jL/, n8fs' / ;'/f] lyof] ..!)$..
jfg/sf ;a} kmf}hnfO{ xltof/ 5f8]/ dfg{ yfNof] .
>L/fdn] klg pm;Fu ePsf] a|ékfznfO{ clt 7"nf] hfg]/ ;Ddfg ug{}k¥of] .
/3'gfy Psl5g r'k /xg'eof] / km]l/ tof/ eO{ d]3gfbnfO{ dfl/xfNg eg]/ p;}sf ;fd' hfg'eof]
..!)%..
æx] nId0f ¤ wg' b]pm .Æ >L/fdhLn] ha
nId0f;Fu wg' dfUg'eof], d]3gfb ca >L/fdn] dfg'{ kf] x'G5 ls eÙ] 8/n] kms{]/
efUof] . To;n] efu]sf] b]v]/ k|e'hLn] d';'Ss xfF;]/ dgdg} eÙ'eof]– æof] aRrf]
klg d;Fu sRrf eG7fg]/ hf]/L vf]Hg rfxG5 .Æ ..!)^..
3fOt] eO{ e"lddf n8]sf jL/x¿ arfpgsf nflu
k|e'hLaf6 jL/ xg'dfgnfO{ x's'd eof]– æx] xg'dfg ¤ l9nf] gu/ . ltdL IfL/;fu/df hfpm
. ToxLFsf] cud b|f]0f kj{t lnP/ cfpm ..!)&..
cf]vtL ToxLF 5, ToxL v'jfP/ of] arfpm . olt
u/]/ b; lbzfdf z'esLlt{ rnfpm . of] x's'd ;'g]/ xg'dfgn] t'?Gt} b|f]0ffrn kj{t
lnP/ cfP clg e"lddf 9n]sf jL/x¿nfO{ arfP ..!)*..
olt u/]/ xg'dfgn] sLlt{n] ;+;f/ 5fP clg kms{]/
Tof] b|f]0f kj{t klxn]s} 7fpFdf /fv]/ cfP . ha cf]vtL vfP/ jfg/x¿sf] xf];
cfof], tL ;a} v';L eP/ gfRg yfn] ..!)(..
o;} aLrdf ha jfg/ ;}Go uh{g nfUof], /fj0f eÙ
nfUof]– æof] anjfg\ zq' dnfO{ dfg{sf nflu cfof] . nf} cltsfo cflb jL/x¿ hfcf] .
;a} n8\gsf nflu tDtof/ xf]cf] . ltdLx¿ n8\g guO{ oxLF 3/}df al;/x\of} eg] d} ltdLx¿nfO{
dfg{]5' .Æ ..!!)..
cltsfo cflb jL/x¿n] of] x's'd ;'g]/ sDd/ s;L
jfg/–;}Go dfg{sf nflu o'4e"lddf k'u] . pgLx¿n] cufl8 k;]/ xltof/ 5f8] .
jfg/n] klg cufl8 a9]/ j[If, kj{t, d'7L, bfx|f, gª cflbn] /fj0fsf bnsf] ljgfz ul/lbP
..!!!..
sltnfO{ /3'gfyn] dfg'{eof], sltnfO{ ;'u|Ljn]
df/] . cÍb, >Lxg'dfg, nId0f cflb oL jL/n] sltnfO{ lu/fP . >L/fdsf]
s?0ff–s6fIf x'g uPsfn] jfg/ alnof eP t/ /fIf;df s?0ff ePg, / /fIf;x¿ d/]/ uP
..!!@..
;j]{à/ ;j{¿k k|e'n] o;/L lsg kf] nl8/xg'kYof]{
/ ¤ Ps jfUaf0f 5fl8lbFbf klg To;n] l/k'x¿sf] gfz ug{] lyof] . dfofsf sf/0f
;lRrbfTdfn] klg g/ eO{ g/sf z'4 nLnf cflb u5{g\ . oL nLnfn] kfkL, cwd / klttsf klg
kfk / ;Gtfk xb{5g\ ..!!#..
/fj0fn] cltsfo cflb jL/x¿sf] kmf}h dfl/Psf] va/
ha ;'Gof], p;n] b'Mv dfGof] . pm Psbd l/;fof] / cfkm}F n8\g eg]/ cfF6 u¥of] .
pm t'?Gt Ps /ydf r9\of] / em6k6 z:q–c:q ;a}yf]s af]Sof] . p;n] x's'd lbof]– æOGb|hLtn]
nËfsf] /Iff ug"{ .Æ ..!!$..
/fj0f To;kl5 >L/fdhL hxfF x'g'x'GYof] ToxfF
s]xL kmf}h klg ;fydf lnP/ uof] . jfg/ ;}Gon] p;nfO{ /f]s] . p;n] l/;n] cg]s
jL/x¿nfO{ df¥of] . ;'u|Lj cflb a8fa8f jL/jL/n] klg lhTÙ ;Sg] l:ylt ePg . ;a}nfO{
/fj0fn] lhTof] / hldgdf 9flnlbof] ..!!%..
p;n] ljeLif0fnfO{ ubf lnO/x]sf / >L/fdsf]
r/0fdf dg b[9 ¿kn] nufPsf b]Vof] . p;n] emg\ d'Vo zq' t oxL /x]5 eg]/ 7fGof] .
/fj0fn] ;fx|} l/;fP/ zlQm p7fP/ ljeLif0fnfO{ xfGof] ..!!^..
ljeLif0fsf] k|f0f lng] ;'/ u/]/ zlQm cfof] .
nId0fn] Toltv]/} cfkm" cufl8 ;/]/ ljeLif0fnfO{ arfP . Tof] zlQm nId0fhLnfO{
ah|g uof] . nId0f d'5f{ k/] . d'5f{ k/]s} t xf]Ogg\, k|e'hLn] dflg;sf] r]i6f ug'{ePsf]
lyof] ..!!&..
nId0fnfO{ p7fpgsf nflu /fj0f bf}8]/ uof] . t/
p;n] nId0fnfO{ p7fpg sxfF ;SYof] /, pm cfáo{rlst eof] . p7fpg] sf]l;;df nfu]sf]
a]nf nId0fn] /fj0fnfO{ b]v], / Psbd l/;fP . oxL aLrdf xg'dfg /fj0fnfO{ 9fNg egL
glhs} uP ..!!*..
xg'dfgn] /fj0fnfO{ jh|;dfgsf] d'7Ln] xfg] . ha
d'7L alh|of], x'g t Tof] anjfg\ lyof], t/ pm /ut 5fb\b} e'OFdf 9Nof] . nId0f
>Lxg'dfgb]lv v';L eP/ Psbd} xn'sf eP, clg xg'dfgn] nId0fnfO{ p7fP/ t'?Gt} /fdrGb|hL
eP7fpF k'¥ofP ..!!(..
nId0f gf/fo0f g} x'g\ eÙ] a'em]/ 8/n] zlQmn]
5f]l8lbP . d'5f{ k/]sf] /fj0fn] klg p7]/ ToxL a]nf km]l/ wg'af{0f lnof] .
;Ltfgfy >LhuÙfy k|e' klg xg'dfg jL/sf kL7df r9\g'eof] / n8\g dg;fo lnO{
km]l/ wg'af{0f lng'eof] ..!@)..
wg'sf] 6Ëf/ v'a;Fu u/]kl5 x's'd ug'{eof]– ætF
pDs]/ sxfF hfnf;\ < t]/f efOaGw' lgefO{ o;} /0fdf tFnfO{ df5'{ .Æ /fj0fn] oL
jrg ;'Gof] / hafkmxLg eP/ dgdf Psbd l/; lnof] . p;n] tL/n] tfs]/ >Lxg'dfgnfO{
xfGof] / 3fp nufOlbof] ..!@!..
>Lxg'dfgsf z/L/df k|e'n] ha 3fp b]Vg'eof],
;fx|} /L; p7L 7fs'/ sfn–?b|;/Lsf x'g'eof] . of] klg d'5f{ k/f];\ eg]/ /fj0fsf
3f]8f, /y, Wjh, ;"t, z:q, wg', 5q, ktfsf cflb ;a} sf6L /fj0fnfO{ xfÙ'eof]
..!@@..
/3'gfysf] af0f nfUof] / Tof] ToxLF t'?Gt} d'5f{
k¥of] . xftdf ePsf] wg' yfDg zlQm g/x]kl5 Tof] xftb]lv e'OFdf em¥of] . o;}
aLrdf k|e'hLn] p;sf] lz/sf] ls/L6 af0fn] sf6L v;flnlbg'eof] . /fj0fsf] ;a}
3dG8–;fg k|e'hLn] lvFr]/ Toltv]/} lnOlbg'eof] ..!@#..
/fj0fnfO{ Psbd} afwf kg{ uof] clg k|e'n] ef]ln
n8f}Fnf, clxn] 3/df hf egL labf lbg'eof] . 3dG8–;fg slQ klg afFsL g/x]kl5 /fj0f
d/]em}F eof] . pm n8\g] zlQm gx'Fbf nfh dfg]/ kmsL{ nËf uof] ..!@$..
nId0f d"l5{tem}F eP . /3'gfy eujfg\n] klg
h:tf] tl/sfn] dflg;n] zf]s u5{ p;}u/L cg]s r]i6f u/L zf]s ug{ nfUg'eof] .
k|e'sf] x's'd eof]– æxg'dfg ¤ nId0fnfO{ km]l/ arfpm . hfpm / cf}iflw lnP/ cfpm
.Æ >L/3'gfysf] x's'd x'Fbf xg'dfg klg bf}l8Oxfn] ..!@%..
xg'dfg cf}iflw lng uP eÙ] ha rfn kfof], /fj0f
klg /flqdf p7L sfng]ldl;t s] lj£g kf¿F egL ;Nnfx ug{ uof] . /fhf /fj0fnfO{ sfng]ldn]
/flqaLrdf ha cs:dft\ b]Vof], pm v'a;Fu ;Ddfg u/L ToxLF xflh/ /x\of] ..!@^..
æd}n] s] ug'{k5{ < lsg olt /ftdf oxfF clxn]
cfpg'eof] <Æ sfng]ldsf] of] laGtL ;'gL p;n] ;a} lj:tf/df atfof]– æx] sfng]ld
¤ ;'g, clxn] o:tf] eof] M nId0f lu/]sf lyP, ltgnfO{ km]l/ arfpg egL /fdrGb|n] 7"nf]
;'/ lnPsf 5g\ ..!@&..
cf}iflw lng eg]/ cfh xg'dfg b|f]0ffrntkm{
lxF8\of] . ltdLn] s;/L x'G5, cf}iflw Nofpg] sfddf lj£g kf/ . nf} hfpm, a]nf
eof] . dfofn] d'lg–j]z wf/0f u/]/ uO{ xg'dfgnfO{ e'nfpm . ltdLn] 7"nf]
of]uLh:tf] eP/ ltgnfO{ e'nfpg ;Sg]5f} .Æ ..!@*..
ænf} ¤ lj£g u/ . hfpm ¤Æ eg]/ /fj0fn] ha o:tf]
x's'd lbof], /fd O{à/ x'g\ eÙ] a'emL sfng]ld jL/n] s]xL laGtL u¥of]– æx] clw/fh
¤ olt lxt a'e\mg'xf];\, enf] lrtfP/} eGof] eg]/ d]/f] laGtL nfu"
ug'{xf];\, 7"nf] lxt xf]nf ..!@(..
x] clw/fh ¤ dnfO{ Hofgsf] cf; klg slQ 5}g .
xh'/sf nflu of] Hofg klg lbg]5' . t/ o'4 lhltg]jfnf 5}g . oL rf}w} e'jgsf wgL
x'g\ eg]/ hfÙ'xf];\ . efOaGw' d/fO{ afFr]/ /fhf x'Fbf kf] s] ;'v x'G5 / ¤ /fd
O{à/ x'g\ . clxn] t'?Gt} uP/ /fdsf z/0fdf kg'{xf];\ ..!#)..
;LtfnfO{ ;'lDklbOxfNg'xf];\ . of] /fHo klg
lbg'xf];\, ljeLif0fn] /fHo u¿g\ . v';L eP/ cfhb]lv /3'gfyn] tkfO{Fsf ljklQ x¿g\
. nf} jgdf hfg'xf];\ / dgdf cfTdljrf/sf] dlt lng'xf];\ . dfofn] t hut\df e'nfpFl5g\,
logsf] ult o:t} 5 ..!#!..
x] dxf/fh ¤ Psfu| eO{ Wofg u/]/ cfTdfnfO{ cjZo
lrÙ'k5{ . cfTdf lrÙ ;dy{ gx'g]n] Ps dg u/L /fdgfd eHg'k5{ . sf}:t'e, xf/,
ls/L6, s]o'/ cflb cg]s uxgf wf/0f u/]sf ;Ltf/fdnfO{ cfkm\gf o} x[bof/ljGbaLr
/fv]/ v'a Wofg u/L ===..!#@..
eHg'k5{ . x] clw/fh ¤ /fd hut\sf klt x'g\ . O{à/
x'g\ eÙ] hfg]/ tkfO{Fn] o:tf] lj/f]wsf] dlt 5f8\g'xf];\ .Æ olt laGtL u/]/ Tof]
sfng]ld r'k eO{ a:of] . /fj0fn] tL cd[tt'No jrg ;'Gof] t/ klg To:tf] cwdn] Tof]
sxfF lnGYof] / < ..!##..
/fj0fn] t pN6} l/;fP/ To;nfO{ dfg{] dg;fo lnof]
. dfg{] eP eÙ] a'em]kl5 sfng]ld jL/n] km]l/ laGtL u¥of]– æxh'/af6 lsg o:tf]
l/;fgL x'G5 clw/fh ¤ olb clxn] d}n] ToxfF uPdf ;/sf/sf] ;a} sfd aGb5 eg] d tof/
eP/ hfG5' .Æ ..!#$..
olt laGtL u/]/ To;}a]nf p7]/ pm bf}l8of] klg .
p;n] xg'dfgn] lkmg{ gkfpmg\ eg]/ pkfo ug{ nfUof] . p;n] af6fdf uO{ Ps c;n
tkf]jg tof/ u¥of] . dfofåf/f Tof] jg km"nsf / kmn;lxtsf j[Ifflbn] e¥of]
..!#%..
p;n] ToxfF Ps cf>dsf] sNkgf u¥of] /
cfkm" d'gLà/ ag]/ To;} cf>ddf a:of] . xg'dfgnfO{ 5Ngsf lgldQ To;df cg]s
lzio /fVof] . xg'dfg ToxLF k'u] . pgn] dgdg} eg]– æs] b]Vt} 5' < cl3 oxfF t cf>d
klg lyPg .Æ ..!#^..
s;sf] cf>d xf] a'em]/ hn lkO{ d l5§} hfpFnf
egL a'em\gsf vflt/ xg'dfg To; cf>ddf k;] . of]uLem}F eP/ sfng]ld s'g tl/sfn]
xg'dfgnfO{ 7u'Fnf eÙ] O/fbf lnP/ ljlwk"j{s lzjsf] k"hf ul//x]sf] lyof]
...!#&..
of]u]à/ x'g\ eG7fg]/ elQm /fvL cf>dleq bz{g
u¿F eÙ] O/fbf lnP/ xg'dfgn] gd:sf/ u/] . æd >L/3'gfysf] b"t x'F . dnfO{
xg'dfg eG5g\ . k|e'hLaf6 cf}iflw Nofpg] x's'd ePsfn] d cfPsf] x'F .Æ..!#*..
o;f] eg]/ xg'dfgn] ;a} j[QfGt u/] . pgn] kfgL
lkpg] OR5f ePsfn] hn vf]h] . p;n] v';L eP/ hn lbof] . æcfpm kmnkm"n vfpm .
x] xg'dfg\ ¤ of] hn 7G8f 5, n]pm . ltdLn] slxn] d hfpFm eg]/ xtkt ug'{x'Fb}g
..!#(..
d of]uL x'F . ;a} hfGb5' . clxn] /fdn] Psbd gh/
lbP/ ;Dk"0f{ afwf x/]/ nId0fnfO{ arfOaS;g'eof] . jfg/sf] klg kmf}h ;a} v8f
eof] .Æ ha sfng]ldn] olt eGof], ltvf{ d]6\g gk'Ug] hn b]v]/ xg'dfgn] eg]–
..!$)..
æltvf{ Hofbf 5, hn sd 5, oltn] d]/f] ltvf{
d]l6Fb}g . w]/} hn sxfF 5, atfpg'xf];\ . d ToxfF uP/ vfpFnf .Æ p;n]
>Lxg'dfgsf oL jrg ;'Gof] . s'g} Ps tnfp lyof] / Tof] b]vfpgsf nflu Ps cu'jf
lzio k7fOlbof] ..!$!..
æx] xg'dfg ¤ clxn] hfpm / hn lkP/ kms{]/ oxfF
cfpm . d s]xL dGq lbG5', Tof] klg ;'g]/ uof} eg] ltdLn] cf}iflw kfpg]5f} .Æ of]
s'/f ;'g]/ xg'dfgn] ;f]r], a]; xf] . pgL ‘x'G5’ eg]/ tnfpdf k'u] . xg'dfgn]
ToxfFsf] hn klg lkP ..!$@..
To; tnfpleq Pp6L uf]xL a;]sL lyO{ . To;n]
>Lxg'dfgnfO{ tfg]/ lgNg'knf{ eÙ] 7"nf] ;'/ lnO{ . xg'dfgn] To;sf Rofk'
Roft]/ ToxLF ha lgefOlbP, To;af6 :qLsf] ;'Gb/ ¿k aGof] . Tof] laGtL ug{ nfuL
..!$#..
cl3 d :ju{df cK;/f lyPF . d]/f] gfd wfGodfnL
lyof] . a|fé0fsf] ;/fkn] uf]xLsf] of] ¿k agfOlbof] . xh'/n] To; ¿knfO{
dfl/aS;g'x'Fbf d]/f cfklQ uP . x] xg'dfg ¤ ca d km]l/ h:tfsf] t:t} eP/ :ju{tkm{
hfG5' ..!$$..
x] xg'dfg ¤ csf{] klg ctL{;/Lsf] d laGtL u5'{,
tkfO{F h;nfO{ d'lg eG7fGb} x'g'x'G5, Tof] sxfFsf] d'lg x'g', Tof] t xh'/sf] v'gL
xf] . of] anjfg\ sfng]ld xf], /fj0fn] o;nfO{ cfb]z lbof] / cfh tkfO{F
xg'dfgnfO{ cf}iflw lng hfgsf nflu === ..!$%..
lj£g ug{ eg]/ cfPsfn] clxn] To;n] Tof] rfn
u/]sf] xf] . To;nfO{ ToxLF df/L cf}iflw klg lnP/ hfg'xf];\ . a]nf eof] . Tof]
wfGodfnL olt laGtL u/]/ OGb|sf xh'/df uO{ . xg'dfg s]xL ghfÙ] h:tf eP/ t'?Gt
cf>ddf lkm/] ..!$^..
>Lxg'dfgnfO{ glhs cfOk'u]sf] ha b]Vof],
d]/f] sfd ca l;4 ub{5' eg]/ Tof] af]Ng nfUof]– æx] xg'dfg ¤ d ltdLnfO{ clxNo}
l;4dGq lbG5' . of] dGq n]pm . d]/f u'? x'g'ef] eg]/ ltdLn] ca dnfO{ 7"nf] u'?blIf0ff
b]pm .Æ ..!$&..
5n5fdsf oL jrg ;'g]/ jL/ xg'dfgnfO{ Psbd l/;
p7\of] . pgn] To;nfO{ ænf} blIf0ff nL ¤Æ eGb} d'8\sL p7fP/ xfg] . d'8\sLsf]
rf]6 kfPkl5 p;sf] d'lgj]z t'?Gt} uof] . cl3 h:tf] /fIf;sf] ¿k lyof], pm ;f]xL
:j¿ksf] eof] ..!$*..
ha To;n] /fIf;sf cg]s lsl;dsf dfof ug{ nfUof],
km]l/ To;sf] lz/df csf{] d'8\sL xfg] . Tof] ToxLF tTsfn dl/xfNof] . olt sd{
u/]/ xg'dfg t'?Gt} b|f]0ffrnd} uP . pgL ;xh} kj{t af]s]/ t'?Gt kmsL{ k|e';dIf bflvn
eP ..!$(..
/3'gfy Psbd} v';L x'g'eof] . ;'if]0fn] cf}iflw
u/] . To;} cf}iflwn] nId0fsf h]hlt afwf lyP ;a} gfz eP . /fj0fdfly bfuf w/]/ ha
nId0f ;xh} p7], k|e'af6 x's'd eof]– æefO afFr], x] xg'dfg ¤ ltdLn] bof u¥of} .Æ
..!%)..
;ª\u|fdsf] clek|fo u/]/ >L/3'gfy tof/
x'g'eof] . jfg/sf] kmf}h klg cl3 ;¥of], Tof] To;} sxfF a:Yof] / < h;/L u?8n]
;k{nfO{ 9fN5g\, To:t} tdf;f u/]/ /fj0fnfO{ lu/fOaS;g'eof] . /fj0f 9n]/ d'5f{ k/L
====..!%!..
p7\of] . Psbd b'Mv kfP/ To;sf] dgn] xfl/;s]sf]
lyof] . >L/fdrGb|hLsf] k|r08 an ;a} a'em]kl5 p;n] o:tf] nx8 lnof] . Psbd pQd
l;+xf;gdf a;]/ p;n] ;Dk"0f{ jL/x¿nfO{ /fvL 7"nf] ;ef u/]/ eÙ nfUof]–
æx] jL/x¿ xf] ¤ x]/, d /fdsf cufl8 k/]/ d5'{ ..!%@..
/fd kSs} gf/fo0f g} x'g\ eÙ] a'lemof] . logL
rf}w} e'jgsf wgL /x]5g\ . dflg;sf] cjtf/ lnPsf k|e'hLn] dnfO{ klg df5{g\ .
dflg;b]lv g} xf] d}n] dg'{kg{], o:tf] a|éfhLsf] j/ 5 . /3'gfy :jod\ dflg; eP/
cufl8 ;/] eg] sfn s;n] 6fg{ ;S5 / ..!%#..
;"o{s'ndf cg/0o gfdsf Ps jL/ /fhf lyP,
ltgL dxfTdf lyP . d}n] Joy{df ltgsf] lj/f]w u/]F . / ltgn] Toltv]/} o:tf] ;/fk
lbPsf lyP– æd]/f] j+zdf gf/fo0fn] cjtf/ lng]5g\ / t]/f] /fIf; j+z df/L tFnfO{
klg ;xh} dfl/lbg]5g\ .Æ ..!%$..
olt ;/fk lbP / /fhf To;} ;dodf laltxfn] . ;f]xL
;/fk k"0f{ u/fpgsf lgldQ cfh oxfF >L/fd tof/ ePsf x'g\ . clxn] >L/3'gfy
dnfO{ dfg{] O/fbf af]s]/ cfPsf 5g\ . logn] lgáo g} df5{g\ . d cfh /fdsf cufl8
k/]/ ;xh} dg{]5' ..!%%..
o:tf] k¥of] tfklg s'Des0f{ cem;Dd ;'t]s} 5 .
of] efO d"v{ 5 . hfcf], To;nfO{ clxNo} p7fP/ Nofcf] .Æ x's'd eof] eg]/
p7fO{ Nofpgsf nflu a8fa8f jL/x¿ uP . ToxfF k'u]/ p;nfO{ t'?Gt} p7fP/ /fj0f;dIf NofOk'¥ofP
..!%^..
anjfg\ s'Des0f{ /fj0fsf kfpdf k/L ;fd'Ù]df
a;]sf] lyof] . /fj0fn] bLg :j/df ;a} lj:tf/–ljj0f ;'gfof]– æx] efO s'Des0f{ ¤
;'g, clxn] dnfO{ cfkt\ k/]sf] 5 . 5f]/f–gflt;d]t a8f jL/x¿ w]/} d/] ..!%&..
k|f0fsf] cGTo x'g] avt eO;Sof] . ca afFRg] pkfo
eg . /fd anjfg\ zq' xf] eÙ] a'lemG5 . ltdLn] ca Psbd rgfvf] /xg" . oqf]
ulx/f] ;d'b|df klg ;xh} ;fF3' nufO{ t/] . jfg/sf] ;a} kmf}h;d]t t/]/ oxfF cfO{ w]/}
jL/sf] ljgfz u/] ..!%*..
d jfg/x¿nfO{ cg]s lsl;dsf z"/f, n8fsL /
a8f jL/ b]V5' . xfd|f n:s/df cg]s jL/ d/] t/ jfg/x¿ ;a} v8f 5g\ . ltgsf] gfz
ug{ ;lsG5 eÙ] d b]lVtgF . ca ltdLn] tTsfn cufl8 ;/L s'g} pkfo u/]/ ltgsf] gfz
u/fpm .Æ ..!%(..
/fj0fn] nueu ljnfksf] z}nLdf ha oL s'/f
af]Nof], s'Des0f{ a]hf]8;Fu xfF:of] . p;n] :ki6 efiffdf laGtL u¥of]– æd clxn]
s] laGtL u¿F clw/fh ¤ /fd gf/fo0f x'g\ / ;Ltf k|e'hLsL of]udfof x'g\ eg]/ d}n] klxNo}
eg]s} x'F ..!^)..
p;a]nf xh'/nfO{ d]/f] laGtL ;xL nfu]g, pN6}
Psbd l/;fgL eof] . x] clw/fh ¤ hlt dGqLsf] Hofg uof] kSs} To;}sf] kmn xf] . Ps
lbg /flqdf kj{tsf dfly lzv/df lyPF, cs:dft\ dWo/flqaLr d}n] gf/bhLnfO{ b]v]F
..!^!..
d}n] ;f]w]F– æxh'/ lsg oxfF cfpg'ePsf] <
sxfF hfg' 5 <Æ d]/f] laGtL ;'g]/ tL Clifn] ;a} lj:tf/k"j{s eg]– æx]
s'Des0f{ ¤ ;a} s'/f ;'g, clxn] ltdLx¿n] lht]/ ;a} nf]s lnof} . OGb|flb
b]jx¿nfO{ klg ltdLx¿n] ;fx|} b'Mv lbof} ..!^@..
OGb|flb tL ;a} lji0f'sf xh'/df k'u]/ z/0fdf k/]
. pgLx¿n] k'sf/f u/]– æx] eujfg\ ¤ o; /fj0fnfO{ dfl/lbg'xf];\ . t}Fn] dflg;b]lv
dg"{ eg]/ a|éfsf] j/bfg 5 . xh'/n] dflg; eO{sg dfl/aS;g'xf];\, clg dfq /fj0f
dg{]5 .Æ ..!^#..
olt laGtL u/]/ ;a} b]ju0f ha kfpdf k/],
>Llji0f'sf] x's'd eof]– æx'G5, d ;f]xL /Ltn] To;nfO{ df¿Fnf .Æ ;f]xL jfSo
kl/k"0f{ ug{ /3'gfy clxn] tof/ x'g'ePsf] xf] . ltdLnfO{ lgáo g} dfg{]5g\
.Æ olt elg;s]kl5 gf/b p7]/ uP ..!^$..
To;sf/0f /3'gfynfO{ b]j g} x'g\ eÙ] hfg]/ oL
j}/L x'g\ eÙ] oxfF /lQe/ klg gdfg . of] j}/efj ltdLn] ca 5f]l8b]pm . pgsf] elQm
u/]/ cfh ehg u/ ..!^%..
;a} ;fwgx¿dWo] elQm d'Vo 5 . elQmn] g} ;a} 1fg
lbG5 . elQmn] ;a} b'lgofF d'Qm x'G5 eÙ] of] 1fg lgTo hfg]/ lng" . elQmxLg
eO sd{ ul/of] eg] Tof] lgikmn xf] eÙ] hfg]/ >L/3'gfysf] z/0fdf elQm nufpm
..!^^..
k|e'hLsf xhf/f}F cjtf/ 5g\ t/ /fd–cjtf/sf a/fa/
csf{] 5}g . olb ehg u¥of} eg] pgsf] ehgsf k|efjn] st} b'Mv gkfO{ ;xh}
;+;f/–;fu/ t/]/ hfG5f} . hxfF xl/ lgTo /xG5g\, ;f]xL :yfgdf hfpm ..!^&..
h;n] /ftf]lbg /fdrGb|lt/ lrQ nufpF5g\, /fds}
rl/q k9L v'al;t dUg x'G5g\, ltgsf tL sd{jzsf ;a} kfk 5'6\t5g\ . ltg}n] j}s'07sf
;d:t ;f}Vo n'6\t5g\ .Æ ..!^*..
/fj0fn] s'Des0f{ jL/sf] of] laGtL ;'Gof] . pm Psbd
l/;fof] / eÙ nfUof]– ætFnfO{ oxfF 1fg ;'Ù b]nf;\ eg]/ 8fs]sf] xf]Og . h:tf]
eG5' d, ;f]xL dfÙ' 5 eg] cufl8 ;/]/ o'4 u/\ . olb ;'Tg' dfq t]/f] dg;fo xf] eg]
hf, knªdf 9Ns]/ ;'t\ .Æ ..!^(..
/fj0fsf oL jrg ;'g]/ clxn] cfkm\gf bfh' ;f/}
l/;fPsf 5g\ eg]/ s]xL pQ/ glbO{sg p7]/ uof] . pm n8\gsf nflu tof/ eOxfNof] . pm
kvf{n gf3]/ uof] / n8\g] ;'/ afFw]/ s/fof] . To;a]nf p;nfO{ sfn}t'No dfg]/ jfg/x¿
cToGt 8/fP ..!&)..
p;n] jL/jL/ jfg/nfO{ kj|mL d'vdf xfNb} / lgNb}
uof] . KjfFv nfu]/ kj{t} p8]/ ToxfF cfOnfu]em}F eof] . To; ;dodf To;sf cufl8
;/]/ s'g jL/ l6Sg ;SYof] / < jfg/sf] kmf}hnfO{ clt si6 eof] / ToxfFaf6 x6]/ uof]
..!&!..
bfh' eg]/ ToxfF ljeLif0f e]6\g cfP . pgn] kfp
k/]/ Psbd laGtL nufP . æd tkfO{Fsf] efO sfG5f] ljeLif0f x'F / d}n] tkfO{Fsf] s?0ff
kfpmF . t/ dnfO{ nËfdf a:g] 7fpF ldn]g ..!&@..
ltdLn] ;LtfnfO{ 3/df g/fv, ;'lDkb]pm,
/fdrGb|nfO{ k/d]à/ x'g\ eg]/ hfg eg]/ olt laGtL u/]F, t/ pgn] dnfO{ nftn] xfg]
. clg lgSn]/ hf egL dnfO{ lgsflnlbP ..!&#..
rf/ dGqL ;fydf lnP/ d lg:sL oxLF cfPF . >L/fdsf
z/0fdf k/]/ laGtL nufPF . 7"nf] bof u/]/ k|e'n] dnfO{ lng'eof] . cfhsfn >L/3'gfyl;t
a:g kfO{ v';L 5' .Æ ..!&$..
ha s'Des0f{n] ljeLif0fsf] laGtL ;'Gof], p;n]
cfkm\gf] efOnfO{ lrg]/ v';L eO{ sfvdf lnof] . p;n] eGof]– æefO ¤ ltdL lr/~hLjL
/xg" . b}j eÙ] hfg]/ clt xif{ dfgL /fdrGb|sf] ehg u/ ..!&%..
d}n] a'em]F, ltdL v'a} eQm x'g]5f} eÙ] s'/f
ltdLnfO{ lrg]/ cl3 gf/bn] dnfO{ eg]sf lyP . tL Clifn] h]hlt eg]sf lyP Tof] ;a
;fFrf] eof] . d ltdLnfO{ 7"nf eQm ag]sf] k|ToIf b]V5' ..!&^..
x] efO ljeLif0f ¤ ltdL k/} /xg", l56f] x6
. ;ª\u|fdsf avtdf d]/f] glhsdf gcfpm .Æ o:tf jrg ;'gL ljeLif0f labf eP/ kmsL{
cfP . yfdLg;Sg' cfF;' cfof] . pgn] w]/} cfF;' emf/] ..!&&..
ha ljeLif0f labf eO{ lkm/], of] /fIf;L kmf}h jfg/
kmf]hn] lu/fof] egL s'Des0f{ 3'Dg nfUof] . To; jL/n] w]/} kmf}h 9fNof] klg .
p;n] jfg/sf ;a} kmf}hnfO{ ann] lyRt} / ldRt} uof] . To; avtdf p;sf cufl8 l6Sg
sf] ;SYof] /, p;n w]/} Wj:t u¥of] ..!&*..
ubf xftdf lnP/ o;} tl/sfn] Tof] ha 3'Dg nfUof],
To;n] kmf}hsf] w]/} gf]S;fg u¥of] . o;af6 >L/3'gfy cToGt l/;fpg'eof] .
pxfFn] jfoJof:q p7fP/ d'b\u/;lxtsf] To;sf] xft} v;fN5' egL xfÙ'eof] . To;sf xft
;lhn} sf6L v;fln klg lbg'eof] ..!&(..
ha s'Des0f{ jL/sf] d'b\u/;lxtsf] xft v:of],
7"nf] zAb u/]/ Tof] km]l/ l/;fpFb} k|e' eP7fpF cfof] . ha To;n] ;fnsf]
j[If pv]nL To;n] xfÙ eg]/ glhsdf cfof], ;f]xL xft klg sfl6aS;g'eof] . ;a} jfg/
v';L eP ..!*)..
ha b'j} xft em/], Tof] v'a} s/fof] . ;fx|}
l/;fP/ pm /3'gfylt/ bf}8]/ cfof] . /3'gfyn] cw{rGb|;/Lsf b'O{ af0f lng'eof] /
To;sf uf]8f klg ;xh} sf6L v;flnlbg'eof] ..!*!..
xftkfp s]xL gx'Fbf p;n] clt b'Mv kfof] clg d'v
afP/ /fdnfO{ lgn"F eg]/ 3;|Fb} cfof] . /fdrGb|n] To;sf] d'v}el/ af0f xfÙ'eof]
. Tof] b]v]/ ;a} kmf}hx¿n] clt xif{ dfg] ..!*@..
o:t} tl/sfn] To;nfO{ cl3af6 ynf a;fpg'eof] /
km]l/ Pp6f P]Gb| z/ xfg]/ To;sf] lz/ v;fNg'eof] . To;sf] lz/n] ;x/sf] 9f]sf
y'Gof] / luF8 pk|mL uO{sg ;d'b|df v:of] ..!*#..
uf]xL cflb hGt' ldr]/ To;n] w]/} gfz u/fof] t/
o;sf] cGTon] OGb|flb b]ju0fsf] klg 7"nf] lrGtfsf] cGTo eof] . b]jtfx¿n]
>L/3'gfysf pk/df 7"nf] k'ikj[li6 u/] . >L/fdnfO{ e]6\g eg]/ gf/b
ToxLF cfP ..!*$..
gf/bn] k|e'hLnfO{ gf/fo0f g} x'g'x'G5 eg]/ w]/}
:t'lt u/] . ef]lnkN6b]lv s]s] s'/f x'g] xf] ;f] ;a} atfP klg– æx] gfy ¤ jL/x¿df
oxL s'Des0f{ d'Vo jL/ xf] . of] jL/ ;xhdf uof] . ca cToGt jL/ OGb|hLt 5, p;sf] klg
ef]ln a]nf eof] ..!*%..
OGb|hLt klg ef]ln nId0fhLsf xftdf k/]/ db{5 .
kl;{ n8fOF u/L /fj0fnfO{ k|e' cfkm}Fn] dfg'{x'g]5 . To;sf] d/0fsf] tdf;f d'lg,
b]j, l;4u0f ;a}n] b]Vg]5g\ .Æ olt eg]/ gf/b ToxfFaf6 labf eO{ a|énf]stkm{ uP
..!*^..
ha /fj0fn] s'Des0f{ klg d¥of] eÙ] ;'Gof], ;fx|}
b'Mvdf k/]/ pm ljnfk ub{} d'5f{;d]t k¥of] . /fj0fnfO{ ;Demfpg eg]/ Tof] OGb|hLt
jL/ cl3 ;¥of] . p;n] xtf/xtf/ laGtL u¥of]– æd v8f 5Fb} 5', d 5Fbf5Fb} xh'/nfO{ s'g
lrGtf k¥of] < ..!*&..
xh'/nfO{ zq'sf] eo slQ g/xf];\ . oL zq'nfO{ d}
df¿Fnf . ;a} zq'x¿ df/]/ xh'/sf] lrGtf d ;lhn} / rfF8} 6f¿Fnf . d clxn] t'?Gt}
uO{ lgs'lDenf :yndf xf]d u5'{ . xf]d ;Dk"0f{ u/]df dnfO{ clUg k|;Ù eO{
====..!**..
xltof/ lbg]5g\ . ltg} xltof/ lnO{ uP/ ha d
;ª\u|fd u5'{, To; avtdf s'g ;fd'Ù] eO{ l6S5 / < ;a TolQs} Wj:t x'g]5g\ .Æ
olt laGtL u/]/ xf]d u¿F eGb} p7]/ pm t'?Gt} lxF8\of] . elQm /fv]/ pm lgs'lDenf
:yndf xf]d ug{ nfUof] ..!*(..
ha ljeLif0fn] OGb|hLtn] xf]d ug{ nfUof] eÙf]
;dfrf/ ;'g], ;f] ;dfrf/ /3'gfysf xh'/df uP/ laGtL u/]– æx] /3'gfy ¤ OGb|hLtn]
xf]d ug{ nfUof] egL ;'g]F . ToxL eP/ d xh'/;dIf laGtL ug{ cfPsf] xF' ..!()..
x] clw/fh ¤ To;sf] xf]ddf lj£g k'¥ofpg'k5{ .
olb To;n] xf]d l;4 kf¥of] eg] /fIf;u0f slxNo} lhlt;Sg' /xFb}g, oL ;a} ch]o
aGb5g\ . nId0fnfO{ / dnfO{ x's'd lbg'xf];\ . d ToxfF hfG5' . nId0fn] To;nfO{ dfg{]5g\,
Tof] sxfF afFRg ;Snf / <Æ ..!(!..
olt laGtL ;'g]/ x's'd eof]– æd cfkm}F hfG5', d}
To;nfO{ df5'{ .Æ km]l/ ljeLif0fn] cufl8 ;/]/ of] jL/ o:tf] 5 egL laGtL u/]–
æh'g k'?ifn] afx| jif{;Dd slQ klg gvfO{, slQ klg g;'tL, /ftlbg v'a;Fu lgoddf a;L
j|t a;]sf] 5, To; k'?ifn] t]/f cufl8 ;/]/ ===..!(@..
t]/f] k|f0f lng]5 eÙ] j/bfg 5 . o:tf] x'gfn]
s;}n] cufl8 ;/]/ dfg{ ;lsFb}g . /ftlbg slQ gvfO{ slQ g;'tL To; lsl;dn] /x]sf
oxfF nId0f 5g\ . nf}, ca x's'd lbg'xf];\, To;nfO{ logn] uP/ df¿g\ ..!(#..
x] /3'gfy ¤ xh'/ O{à/ x'g'x'G5 . oL efO nId0f
z]if x'g\ . s?0ff hgfP/ e"ef/ xg{sf nflu hGd lng'ePsf] xf] . of] ¿krflxF
ehg ug{sf nflu agfOlbg'ePsf] xf] .Æ ..!($..
æltdLn] ;fFrf] laGtL u¥of}, Tof] jL/ o:tf] 5 eÙ]
s'/f d ;a} hfGb5' . lxF8\b}b]lv gvfO{, slQ g;'tL nId0f /xFbf klg d hfgLhfgL r'k
/x]F, lsgeg] of] sfd nfUg]5 eÙ] yfxf lyof] .Æ ljeLif0fsf ;fd'Ù] olt pQ/ x's'd
eof] ..!(%..
nId0fnfO{ klg x's'd eof]– æefO ¤ tof/ xf]pm .
s]xL kmf}h klg ;fydf lnO{ ltdL ToxfF clxNo} hfpm . To; OGb|hLtsf] k|f0f rfF8}
lnOxfn . ljeLif0f klg ;fy} hfg]5g\ . pgn] pko'Qm ;dodf oxfF o:tf] 5 eg]/ ;a}sf]
l5b| atfpg]5g\ .Æ ..!(^..
/3'gfysf] of] x's'd ;'gL wg' lnP/ nId0f tof/ eP
. >L/fdsf] kfp ;dfO{ pgL eÙ nfu]– æd]/f af0f ca jL/ OGb|hLtsf] k|f0fnfO{
t'?Gt vf];]/ kftfn ef]ujtLdf k'uL ToxfF :gfg u/L lgd{n x'g]5g\ ..!(&..
olt laGtL u/]/ nId0f jl/kl/ 3'dL >L/fdsf
r/0fdf k/] . >L/3'gfysf x's'dn] labf eO{ pgn] t'?Gt} ;fOt u/] . s]xL kmf}h
lnO{ hfDajfg\, cÍb, xg'dfg cflbx¿ klg t'?Gt} ;fydf uOxfn] . pgLx¿ k'Ubf ToxfF
jL/ OGb|hLtsf kmf}h b]lvP ..!(*..
x's'd lz/f]k/ u/Lsg t'?Gt k'u]/ nId0fn] wg'
v}Fr]/ ha cl3 ;/], n:s/x¿ klg cufl8 ;/]/ bf}8] . ljeLif0fn] Toltv]/ laGtL u/]
..!((..
cufl8 h'g sfnf] d08n b]lvFb} 5 Tof] jL/x¿sf]
kmf}h xf] . oL ;a} jL/sf lz/ 6'j|mf6'j|mf kf/]/ lu/fOaS;g'xf];\ . clxn] t'?Gt}
xflgaS;g'ePg eg] To;n] xf]d l;4 ug{]5, olb xf]d l;4 u¥of] eg] t To;nfO{ s;}u/L lhTg
;lsg] 5}g ..@))..
To; kmf}hnfO{ 9flnaS;g'eof] eg] Tof] OGb|hLt
jL/ klg cfkm\gf] kmf}h Wj:t kf¥of] egL xf]d 5f8]/ n8\gsf nflu cfpg]5 . ha
ljeLif0fn] of] o'lQm laGtL u/], nId0fn] klg ;}Godfly tL/sf] j[li6 u/fOlbP
..@)!..
jfg/n] klg ha kmf}hdfly j[If, kj{t, lznf
km\ofFs] /fIf;sf] klg kmf}h cl3 ;/L–;/L v'a;Fu n8\g nfUof] . nId0fn] tL/n] cg]s
t/xaf6 df/]/ ;a} ;}lgsnfO{ l;Wofpg] eP eÙ] a'em]kl5 ;fx|} j|mf]w u/]/ jL/
OGb|hLt xf]d 5f8L cfof] ..@)@..
kSsf pQd /ydf r9]/ wg'jf{0f lnO{ pm cl3 ;¥of] .
pm nId0fnfO{ eÙ nfUof]– æca x]/\ ¤ d]/f cufl8 k/]/ dg{ cfFl6;\ .Æ ljeLif0f klg
ToxLF glhs} lyP . ltgnfO{ klg v'a eGof]– ætF s'nsf] zq' / cwd xf];\ .Æ ..@)#..
olt eGof] / pm /ydf a:of] . ;a}nfO{ lhTg egL
v'a;Fu sDd/ s;]sf] lyof] . c¿ jfg/nfO{ slQ klg uGtL gu/L a? w]/} x]nfF ub{}
p;n] eGof]– æca oL km]nf kg{] eP .Æ ..@)$..
af0f xfg]/ d oL ;a}sf] k|f0f lnG5' . d ltd|f]
z/L/nfO{ k[YjLdf lu/fOlbG5' .Æ o:tf jrg ;'gL nId0fhL l/;fP . To;nfO{ af0f xfg]/
tTsfn ynf a;fP ..@)%..
Tof] b'O{ 38L d'5f{ k¥of] / km]l/ h'?Ss p7\of]
. l/;fP/ /ftf/ftf cfFvf nufpFb} cufl8 bf}l8of] . æt}Fn] klxn] d]/f] k/fj|md slQ
klg ga'em]/ xflg;\ . nf}, d]/f] k/fj|md ca tF a'em\ .Æ ..@)^..
olt eGof] / dgn] clt jL/ hfg]/ nId0fhLnfO{
t'?Gt ;ft af0f xflgxfNof] . b; af0fn] jL/ xg'dfgnfO{ xfGof] . p;n] ljeLif0fnfO{
t emg\ d'Vo zq' dfGof] ..@)&..
ljeLif0fsf pk/ p;n] ;o af0f xfGof] . ha olt
u/]Yof], nId0fn] klg p;nfO{ xfg]/ To;sf] z/L/sf] sjr sfl6lbP . d]/f] sjr
lu/fof] eg]/ Ps xhf/ af0f xfg]/ nId0fhLsf ufysf] sjr klg 6'j|mf6'j|mf kf/L lu/fOlbof]
..@)*..
nId0fn] klg km]l/ kfFr af0fn] 3f]8f, /y, ;'t /
wg' sf6] . Toltv]/} p;n] csf{] wg' p7fof] . pgn] To; wg'nfO{ klg tLg af0fn]
sfl6lbP . km]l/ csf{] wg' lnO{ nId0fnfO{ cguGtL af0f a;f{of] ..@)(..
OGb|hLtn] af0fn] ;a} b; lbzf el/lbof] / jfg/x¿
;s;df k/] . nId0fn] klg OGb|hLtsf] k|f0f lng] dg;fo lnP . h'g OGb|f:q lyof] ToxL
wg'df lnP/ pgL cufl8 ;/] . >L/3'gfysf] lrGtg u/L pgn] t'?Gt k|lt1f u/]
..@!)..
æolb bfz/yL wdf{Tdf 5g\ / >L/fd ;fFRr} g} hut\sf
wgL x'g\ /x]5g\ eg] ca of] OGb|hLt oxLF o;} af0fn] d/f];\ .Æ olt eg]/ pgn] af0f
5f8] . Tof] af0f ha pgn] jL/ OGb|hLtsf] lz/df v;fP, OGb|flb b]jtfx¿ Psbd v';L eP/
k'ikj[li6 ug{ nfu] ..@!!..
xif{n] gu/f ah], k[YjLsf] h'g ef/L xf], Tof]
uof] . ToxfF xif{n] ho–zAbsf] Wjlg klg w]/} eof] . nId0fn] klg zª\vsf] Wjlg /
wg'sf] 7"nf] 6Ëf/ u/] . jfg/x¿n] pgsf] w]/} :t'lt u/] . ;a} cfgGbdf k/]
..@!@..
nId0fhL ;a} kmf}h lnP/ /3'gfyHo"sf xh'/df
uP . pgn] kfpdf k/L b08jt\ ul/;s]kl5 ;a} ljj/0f laGtL u/] . of] ;'g]/ /3'gfy
Psbd v';L x'g'eof] . pxfFn] x's'd ug'{eof]– æa]; u¥of} . cfh ltdLn] df/]/ ;a} zq'sf]
d"n gi6 ul/lbof} ..@!#..
ca d]/f] zq' jL/ 5}g . h'g jL/ xf] Tof]
uOxfNof] . of] jL/ uPkl5 o; /fj0fnfO{ dfg{sf nflu ;lhnf] eof] . ca clxn] o'4
x'Fbf d /fj0fnfO{ ;xh} df5'{ .Æ /fj0f jL/ klg ;a} ;dfrf/ ;'g]/ d'5f{ kg{ uof]
..@!$..
d"5f{b]lv p7]/ clt ljnfk ub{} p;n] km]l/
kmf}hnfO{ n8\g afWo kf¥of] . l/;sf] emf]Fsdf xftdf Ps t/af/ lnP/ pm ca ;LtfnfO{
sf6\5' egL bf}l8of] . dGqL ;'kfà{ glhs} lyof], p;n] cufl8 ;/]/ t'?Gt laGtL u¥of]–
æx] dxf/fh ¤ :qLnfO{ 3ft ug'{x'Fb}g .Æ ..@!%..
;'kfà{sf] laGtL ;'g]/ pm b/af/lt/ km/Ss}
kmls{of] . pm 7"nf] zf]sn] ubf{ d"v{;dfg eof] / km]l/ ;ef u5'{ eg]/
uOxfNof] ..@!^..
;a} dGqLx¿sf ;fydf a;]/ ljrf/ ubf{ ca o'4df
cufl8 ;bf{ g} enfO x'g] 7xl/of] . hf] afFsL /fIf; lyP tL ;a}sf] ;fy lnof] /
cfkm}F n8\gsf lgldQ /3'gfylt/ dg lbof] ..@!&..
ha Tof] clUgdf ;nxem}F kg{ cfof], Tof] sxfF
l6Sg ;SYof], km]l/ 7"nf] 7Ss/ kfof] . w]/} jL/ d/] clg x[bodf klg af0f
nfUof] . ToxfF l6Sg g;s]/ pm km]l/ t'?Gt} efUof] ..@!*..
ha clt ljklQ kg{ uof], p;n] u'?nfO{ ;Dem\of] .
pm t'?Gt} u'? eP7fpF k'Uof] / cfkm\gf] lz/ u'?sf kfpdf /fvL laGtL u¥of]– æx]
u'? ¤ d}n] w]/} b'Mv kfPF . d]/f b'Mvsf] laGtL ug{ cfh d cfPsf] x'F ..@!(..
x] gfy ¤ xh'/h:tf u'? eP/ klg d}n] b'Mv
kg'{kg{] lsg eof], ca d}n] s;/L dg c8\ofpg] < o; /fdn] ;d:t aGw' / k'q
df¥of] . cg]s z"/jL/x¿nfO{ klg ;dfKt kf¥of] ..@@)..
/fj0fsf] laGtL ;'g]/ o;nfO{ cfklQ cfOnfu]5g\ eÙ]
u'?n] a'em] . ca ug{ ldn];Dd u/f];\ eÙ] lx;fan] pgn] pkb]z lbP– æx] /fj0f ¤ ;'g,
d dGq lbG5' , ca uO{ xf]d ug"{ . k"0f{ Wofgsf ;fy ;Dk"0f{ xf]d
u¥of} eg] To;}sf k|efjn] xltof/ k|fKt x'g]5g\ ..@@!..
olt u¥of} eg] ;a} jL/nfO{ lhTg]5f} .Æ olt
u'?sf] cf1f ha kfof], pm v';L eP/ p7L 3/ cfOk'u]/ xf]d ug{ cfF6\of] . kftfnt'No
u'kmf vg]/ pm xf]d ug{sf nflu ToxLF a:of] . sf]xL cfpg gkfpmg\ eÙsf nflu p;n] ;x/sf
;a} 9f]sf aGb u¥of] ..@@@..
/fj0f o; tl/sfn] n'Sof] / ToxfF v'a;Fu xf]d ug{
nfUof] . /fj0f t n'Sof] t/ w'jfF sxfF n'SYof] / ¤ Tof] w'jfF b]v]kl5
ljeLif0fhLn] xf]d ug{ nfUof] egL yfxf kfP . pgn] >L/fdsf xh'/df uO{ /x:o
yfxf kfPF eg]/ laGtL ul/xfn] .@@#..
æx] dxf/fh ¤ /fj0f xf]d ug{ nfUof] . p;n] xf]d
l;4 kf¥of] eg] oL ;a ch]o aÙ]5g\ eÙ] ;fFrf] laGtL xh'/;dIf ub{5' . jfg/x¿nfO{
x's'd aS;g'xf];\, jL/jL/ cufl8 ;/]/ x's'd lz/f]k/ wf/0f u/L t'?Gt} uP/ To;sf]
o1 gfz ul/lbpmg\ .Æ ..@@$..
ljeLif0fn] olt laGtL u/] . k|e'af6 x's'd eof] /
jL/ cÍb / xg'dfg oL b'j} v6fOP . pgLx¿sf ;fydf b; sf]6Lsf] kmf}h uof] . kvf{n
gf3]/ uO{ tL ;a} To; ;x/df k;] . ha b/af/df k'u], /fj0fsf ;'/IffsdL{x¿ hlt lyP
ltgnfO{ df/] .@@%..
ljeLif0fsL /fgL ;/df nËf ;x/d} lyOg\ . pgn]
/fj0f hxfF n'ls/x]sf] lyof] To; 7fpFsf] af/]df O;f/f lbOg\ . /fj0f u'kmfsf
d'vdf 7"nf] kTy/ nfP/ kSsf u/L ToxLF leq xf]d ub}{ lyof] . pgLx¿
7"nf] j]usf ;fy ToxLF leq k'u] ..@@^..
To; kTy/nfO{ cÍbhLn] nfQL xfg], Tof] w'nf] eO{
v:of] . xf]ddf lj£g u/fpgsf lgldQ s]xL kmf}h ToxfF leq} k:of] . /fj0f olt x'Fbf
klg b[9 eO{ Wofg ul//x]sf] lyof], t/ jL/–jL/ jfg/n] ToxfF cg]s t/xn] Tof] o1
gfz ul/lbP ..@@&..
/fj0fn] xf]d ug{ egL Ps ;'/f] lnPsf] klg
>Lxg'dfgn] vf];] . Tof] p7f];\ egL pgn] l/;fP/ lxsf{P klg . Tolt ubf{ klg
/fj0f Wofgd} b[9 dg u/L crn eO{ a:of] . cÍbn] dGbf]b/LnfO{ tfg]/ glhs} NofP
..@@*..
tL dGbf]b/LnfO{ /fj0fsf] glhs NofP/ x'd{t lnP .
rf]nL vf]n]/ km\ofn] clg km]l/ sDd/sf] ;f/L v;flnlbP . nfPsf uxgf;d]t vf]n]/ ha
z/L/sf j:q kmfn] pgL ?Fb} /fj0fsf glhs k'u]/ pgn] of] laGtL ul/g\– ..@@(..
æx] gfy ¤ cfh xh'/sf] nHhf stf uof] < d cgfy
s] u¿F < kTgLsf oL ljnfk ;'gL–;'gL lhpg' lwSsf/ 5, a? dg'{ lgsf] xf] .Æ olt
laGtL ul/g\ / k'qnfO{ ;Dem]/ ?g nflug\ . ToxfF ltgsf] ;xfo x'g] csf]{ sf]xL lyPg
..@#)..
ænf]Ug]n] klg afFr"Fnf eg]/ nHhf;d]t Tofu
u/] . x] 5f]/f, t]/f] Hofg cl3 uOuof], ca s;f] u¿F, clxn] ljklQ k¥of] .Æ ha
;fd'Ù] ePsL tL dGbf]b/L /fgLsf] o:tf clt ljnfk ;'Gof], pm v8\u lnP/ p7\of] / cÍbhLsf]
sDd/df xfGof] ..@#!..
xf]dsf] gfz u/fO{ cÍbx¿ ha bf}8]/ >L/fd;dIf
k'u], otf tL dGbf]b/L /fgL / /fj0fsf aLr w]/} s'/fsfgL eP . /fj0f dGbf]b/LnfO{
eÙ nfUof]– æx] /fgL ¤ olt x'Fbf;d]t clxn] afFRg' c;n xf] eg]/ afFRgsf lgldQ d
r'k eO/x]F ..@#@..
afFlrof] eg] t ;a}yf]s b]lvG5, 1fgn] o:tf] a'em]/
of] zf]s eufOxfn . ca o:tf] c;t\ Wofgn] s] x'G5 / < of] b]x g} d x'F eg]/
c1fgn] z/L/df e'nfpF5 . Tof] c1fg anjfg\ eof] eg] ;+;f/ klg km}lnG5 ..@##..
dgn] cfTd1fg:j¿k a'em]/ c1fgsf] gfz u/L zf]s
gdfgL :j:y eO/x" . zf]s u/]/ s] x'G5 < x] dGbf]b/L ¤ d 7"nf]
;ª\u|fd u/]/ /fdnfO{ ;xh} dfb{5' . olb /fdn] df/] eg] klg a];} x'G5, ;+;f/ t/]/
hfg]5' ..@#$..
;ª\u|fddf d dl/uPF eg] ;LtfnfO{ oxfF
dfl/lbg" / ltdLn] clUgdf k|j]z u/L d hxfF hfG5' ToxLF cfpg" . /fj0fsf
oL jrg ;'g]/ clt lrGtf dfGb} tL dGbf]b/L o;f] eGb} /fj0fsf cufl8 ;l/g\– æx]
dxf/fh ¤ d ;fFrf] laGtL ub{5' .Æ ..@#%..
pgn] /fj0f;dIf laGtL ul/g\– æ>L/fd huÙfy
x'g\, xl/ x'g\ . c¿n] s:t} n8fOF u/] klg slxNo} klg lhTg ;lsFb}g . j}j:jt
dg'nfO{ dT:o¿kn] h;n] /Iff u¥of], km]l/ s"d{ eP/ h;n] dGb/frn kxf8nfO{ kL7df
wf/0f u¥of] ..@#^..
h;n] j/fx–¿kn] lx/0ofIfsf] k|f0f lvFr]/ lnP,
pgL;Fu n8\b5' egL ;fd'Ù] hf] uof], afFrL sf]xL lkm/]g . lx/0oslzk' 7"nf]
b}To lyof], To;nfO{ g[l;+x eO{ df/] . jfdg :j¿k lnP/ uO{ 5nåf/f aln/fhsf] /fHo}
lvFr]/ lnOlbP ..@#&..
k[YjLdf Toltsf Iflqox¿ lyP, k/z'/fd eO{ ;a}sf]
gfz u/] . ltd|f] k|f0f lngsf nflu cfh klg pg} k/d]à/ /fd eO{ cufl8 ;/]sf 5g\ . pgnfO{
x]nfF u/L ;LtfhLnfO{ xg'{x'Fb}gYof], t/ xl/xfNg'eof], oxL sfdn] oL ljkt\ xh'/dfly
cfOnfu] . OGb|hLtsf] t Hofg} uof] ...@#*..
x] clw/fh ¤ cfh /fdrGb|hL;dIf uP/ ;LtfnfO{
;'Dkg'k5{ . /fdsf Kof/f eO{ ljeLif0fn] nËfdf /fHo u¿g\ . ;a}yf]s 5f8L jgdf hfcf}F
.Æ ha olt eg]sL lyOg\, /fj0fn] oL jrg ;'gL hafkm /fd|/L lbg nfUof] ..@#(..
æx] dGbf]b/L ¤ OGb|hLt klg d¥of], s'Des0f{;d]t
d¥of], clg c¿ 7"nf7"nf jL/ d/] .. c¿ cg]s jL/x¿ ;ª\u|fddf k/] .
olt;Dd ePkl5 s;/L km]l/ nq]/ kfp k¿F < zq'sf ;dIf uO{ nq]/ afFRg' ;fx|}
glgsf] xf], a? cfh} k|f0f hfcf];\ ..@$)..
/3'gfy lji0f' x'g\, ;LtfnfO{ nIdL x'g\ eg]/
hfGb5' . hfgLhfgL ;Ltf x/]F eg]kl5 cfh s] 8/ dfGb5' / . /fdsf xft k/L d¿F eg]/ g}
xf] ;LtfhLnfO{ x/]sf] . olb /fdsf xft k/L d/]F eg] o; ;+;f/af6 ;xh} tg{]5'
..@$!..
km]l/ t'?Gt d /3'gfyl;t n8\g hfG5' . dnfO{
/3'gfyn] dfnf{g\ clg d v';L dfG5' . ;+;f/sf ;d:t tfkx¿nfO{ tf]8L ltdLnfO{ jfl/
5f]8]/ d kfl/ hfg]5' ..@$@..
/fuå]ifsf e]n e'd/L;/L rln/xG5g\ / oL o'ux¿
aLrdf 3'Db5g\ . k'qflb dT:oem}F 5g\, l/; klg a8jfgn;/Lsf] 5 . sfdgfsf] hfnf]
7"nf] 5, t/ klg To; alnof] hfnnfO{ Roft]/ ;+;f/–;fu/ ;xh} t/]/ d kfl/ uO{
xl/sf 5]pdf a:g]5' ..@$#..
dGbf]b/Ll;t olt eg]/ n8\gsf nflu sDd/ s:of] clg
Ps alnof] /y dufO{ /ydf r9]/ /3'gfyl;t n8\g cfof] . p;nfO{ b]v]/ /fdrGb|sf] ;d:t
jfg/ kmf}h 8/fof] ..@$$..
Tof] /fj0f ha /0fe"lddf k'Uof], xg'dfg
;fd'Ù] k'u] . o;nfO{ d'5f{ kf/L 9fn"F eg]/ Ps d'8\sL xfg] . ha p;sf]
5ftLdf jh|t'No eO{ pgsf] d'8\sL ah|g k'Uof], 3'F8f 6]s]/ pm ToxLF 9Nof] . pm
b'O{ 38L;Dd d'5f{ k/]/ /x\of] ..@$%..
ha d'5f{af6 p7\of], /fj0fn] xg'dfgnfO{
7"nf] jL/ a'em]/ ;fx|} ;/fxgf ub{} eGof]– æ:ofaf; ¤ tF jL/ xf];\ .Æ ha
/fj0fn] xg'dfgsf] 7"nf] k|z+;f u¥of], /fj0fsf] ;a} 3dG8 tf]8\g eg]/ xg'dfg
af]Ng nfu] ..@$^..
æx] /fj0f ¤ tF d]/f] ;/fxgf lsg u5{;\ . d t
t]/f zAbnfO{ a? lwSsf/ g} dfG5' . d]/f] d'8\sL k/]kl5 klg alr;\ / oxfF af]Nb}
5;\, s] u¿F < tF klg dnfO{ Ps rf]6 xfg\, clg d km]l/ 5ftLdf Ps d'8\sL
xfg"Fnf . tF gd/Lsg pDs]/ sxfF hfnf;\ / ..@$&..
ha xg'dfgn] olt s'/f eg], o;n] of] a];} eGof]
eg]/ xg'dfgsf x[bodf tfs]/ Ps rf]6 xfGof] . km]l/ xg'dfg cl3 ;/]/ d'8\sL p7fO{
xfÙ vf]h], /fj0f Ps If0f klg l6Sg ;s]g / cGoq efluxfNof] ..@$*..
/fj0fsf ;fydf rf/hgf n8fsf jL/ dGqL lyP . oL
rf/ jL/nfO{ clxNo} lgefpmF egL cÍb, >Lxg'dfg, gLn / gn oL rf/ jL/ cl3 ;/] .
oL jL/ s'b]/ uP clg /fj0fsf ;fydf /x]sf tL rf/hgf jL/x¿nfO{ ;lhn} df/]/ lkmtf{
eP ..@$(..
tL rf/ hgf ha d/], ta /fj0f emg\ l/;fof] . p;n]
cl3 ;/]/ >L/fddfly af0f v;fof] . ha afSnf a'Fb;/L tL af0f v:g nfu], jfg/flb
jL/n] klg w]/} b'Mv kfP ..@%)..
jfg/sf] of] rfn a'emL /3'klt ;fd'Ù] cufl8
;g'{eof] clg q}nf]Sosf gfy xl/ cg]s t/xn] n8\g nfUg'eof] . Tof] /fj0f /ydf
lyof], >L/3'klt vfnL hldgdf x'g'x'GYof] . Tof] b]v]/ >L/fdsf vflt/ OGb|n]
Ps clt c;n /y k7fOlbP ..@%!..
dftln gfdsf ;f/yL /y lnP/ t'?Gt} >L/fdsf
xh'/df uP . pgn] xft hf]/]/ >L/fdsf xh'/df laGtL u/]– æx] gfy ¤ d OGb|sf
x's'dn] oxfF /y lnP/ cfO{ xh'/;dIf v8f ePsf] 5' . d]/f] laGtL ;'g]/ c;n laGtL u¥of]
egL xh'/ o; /ydf rl9alS;of];\ ..@%@..
of] laGtL u/L dftln cl3 ;/] . Vjfldt ;Ltfgfyn]
klg r9\g} plrt xf] egL To; /ynfO{ kl/j|mdf u/L r9\g'eof] . To;kl5 t ;ª\u|fd
emg\ hf]8n] lg/Gt/ dlRrof] . h'g af0f /fj0fn] 5f8\5, /dfgfy xl/n] pxL af0f
sf6\g'eof] ..@%#..
o:tf /Lt;Fu k|e'n] ha c:q–z:q ;a}yf]s
sf6\g'eof], /fj0fn] klg /fIf;f:q lnP/ emg\ hf]8n] xfÙ nfUof] . /fj0fn] hlt–hlt
af0f xfGof], tL ;a} ;k{¿k eO{ v;] . otf /3'gfyn] af0f xfÙ'eof] / tL af0frflxF u?8
eO{ v;] ..@%$..
u?8x¿n] ;a} ;k{ kq]m/ 6'j|mf6'j|mf kfl/lbP .
/fj0fn] To;} aLrdf /fdsf cufl8 ;/]/ v'a;Fu af0fsf] jiff{ u/fof] . To;n]
j}/LnfO{ lu/fpFm eg]/ k|e'nfO{ s]xL wSsf klg lbof] . dftlnnfO{ af0f xfGof] /
km]l/ Wjhf klg v;fNof] ..@%%..
/fj0fn] 3f]8fx¿nfO{ klg cg]s tL/n] v'a;Fu xfÙ
nfUof] . of] b]v]/ b]j–lkt[ / Clifu0f cfáo{ eO{ v]b dfÙ nfu] . nLnfn] /3'gfy
klg ha ToxfF b'MvLh:tf x'g'eof], jfg/sf] ;a} kmf}h / ljeLif0f;d]t ;fx|} 8/fpg
nfu] ..@%^..
>L/fdsf ;fd'Ù] glhs} uP/ aL; afx', b; lz/
ePsf] /fj0f eoË/ :j¿ksf] d}gfs kj{tem}F eP/ n8\Yof] . k|e'nfO{ To;a]nf Psbd l/;
p7\of] / pxfFn] sfnflUgh:tf agL /fj0fsf b; lz/ v;fNgsf nflu t'?Gt wg'af{0f
lng'eof] ..@%&..
ha >L/fdsf] :j¿k sfnflUg;/Lsf] eoË/ aGof],
k[YjLn] Tof] eoË/ :j¿k b]lvg\ / y/{ sfFlkg\ . /fj0fsf] dgdf klg eo k:of] . cg]s
pNsf eP . oxfF ca k|e'n] s] ug'{x'g] xf] eg]/ ;d:t nf]s 8/fof] ..@%*..
hlt b]jtfu0f lyP, tL ;a} ca /fj0f s'g tl/sfn]
d5{, Tof] tdf;f x]/f}F eg]/ cfsfzdf a;L x]l//x]sf lyP . /fd / /fj0fsf aLr
k/:k/df v'a} 7"nf] o'4 eof] . k|sfz gePsfn] /flqsf] / lbgsf] ;do klg w]/}
sfn laTg uof] ..@%(..
/fj0fsf] lz/ sf6\gsf nflu ha k|e'n] af0f
km\ofFSg'eof], tf8sf kmn em/]em}F p;sf lz/ v;] t/ klg Pp6} lz/ e"lddf v;]g
. Ps ;o Ps lz/ v;], t/ hlt lz/ v;], ;a} h:tfsf] t:t} tof/ eOxfn] . of] b]v]/ cfh
s] ef] egL k|e'nfO{ klg cfáo{ nfUof] ..@^)..
7"nf7"nf b}To, a8fa8f jL/ klg h'g
af0fn] dfl/P, cfh ltg} af0f /fj0fpk/ tfs]/ w]/} xflgP . af0fn] lz/ klg sf6] /
b;} lz/ e'OFdf v;fn] klg, t/ km]l/ tL lz/ Ho"Fsf To"F eOxfn] . ca
s;f] u¿F, oxfFsf] s[kf s;f] s] eof] ..@^!..
ha /3'gfydf of] lrGtf k¥of], ljeLif0f ;fd'df uP
. o;sf] sf/0f h] lyof] Tof] ;a} pgn] laGtL u/]– ælz/ vl;xfn]df km]l/ lz/
pd|g]5g\ egL a|éfsf] j/bfg 5 . o;;Fu gfledf cd[t 5, To;sf/0f sf6]df klg of] db{}g
..@^@..
Tof] cd[t ;a} ;f]l;aS;g'xf];\ . ha cd[t ;'Sg]5,
Tof] rfF8} dl/xfN5 . To; avtdf km]l/ s;} u/] klg pm p7\g ;Qm}g .Æ ha
ljeLif0fhLn] xft hf]/]/ of] u'è vf]lnlbP, 7fs'/hLn] klg t'?Gt clUgaf0f xfg]/
Tof] ;a} ;f]l;lbg'eof] ..@^#..
ha Tof] cd[t ;a} ;f]l;aS;g'eof], pkfo l;sfof]
eg]/ /fj0fn] zlQm lnP/ ljeLif0fpk/ tfs]/ xflgxfNof] . /fdn] zlQm / b;} lz/
l5lglbg'eof] . clg km]l/ Ps lz/sf] eP/ /fdsf cufl8 uO{ gfgf z:q lnP/ v'al;t
n8\of] ..@^$..
To; aLrdf klg dftln cl3 ;/]/ xft hf]/L laGtL
u/]– æx] gfy ¤ /fj0f cem n8fOF u5{ eg] ca z:q xfÙ}k5{, To;sf] dd{df rf]6 k'Ug]
u/L a|éf:q} 5fl8aS;g'xf];\ . o;nfO{ dfg]{ o'lQm t oxL Pp6f dfq 5, gq t sf6] klg
of] db{}g .Æ ..@^%..
dftlnsf] laGtL ;'gL k|e'hLn] Ps af0f xftdf
lng'eof] . To;df clUg, jfo', ;"o{ / nf]skfn;d]t a;]sf lyP . k|e'hLn]
To;nfO{ j]bljwfgn] dGq]/ wg'df r9fpg'eof] . of] b]v]/ k|f0fLnfO{ klg Psbd eo eof],
e"ld To; ;dodf w]/} sfFlkg\ ..@^^..
ca of] d/f];\ eÙ] ePkl5 k|e'n] /fj0fsf] 5ftL
tfs]/ af0f 5f]8\g'eof] . To; af0fn] t pm ;xh} dl/xfNof] . Tof] 3'd]/ klN6of] .
afFsL /fIf; hlt lyP tL klg ;a} bf}8]/ efuL uP . >L/3'gfysf] hLt eof] eg]/
ToxfF ;Dk"0f{ v';L eP ..@^&..
To;} aLrdf gu/f ah], k|e'sf pk/ k'ikj[li6 eof],
cK;/fu0f gfr], Clifu0f v';L eP / ;Dk"0f{sf] lrGtf x6]/ uof] . /fj0fsf]
b]xaf6 Toltv]/} ;"o{em}F t]h lg:Sof] / Tof] ;"o{;dfg t]h
>L/fdrGb|hLdf cfP/ ldNof] . o;/L /fj0f ;+;f/–;fu/ t/]/ uof] ..@^*..
lji0f'–å]ifL, k/:qLdf /t x'g] of] a|é3ftL klg
>L/fdrGb|hLdf ldNof], of] s;/L eof], cfáo{ nfUof] egL b]jtfu0fx¿ s'/f uy{] .
gf/bhL ToxLF k'u], pgn] h] sf/0fn] /fj0f >L/fddf ldlnuPsf] xf] Tof] Toltv]/}
:ki6 kfl/lbP ..@^(..
æx] b]ju0f xf] ¤ d oyfy{ atfpF5' . o;n] ;Ltfgfy
k|e'sf] w]/} Wofg u¥of], To;} sf/0fn] of] ;xh} ;+;f/–;fu/ t/]sf] xf] . elQmn],
eon] jf cGo s'g} lx;fan] olb ;Ltfkltsf] Wofg ul/of] eg] ;+;f/ t/]/ uOG5 .Æ
..@&)..
k|e'n] /fj0fnfO{ df/]/ xftdf ePsf] wg' ptf/]kl5
nLnf:j¿k Ps af0f rf/}tkm{ 3'dfpFbf z/L/df w]/} af0fsf] vt wf/0f ug'{eof] .
s/f]8f}F ;"o{;/L h;sf t]h 5g\ To:tf huÙfy xl/n] xfd|f ;Dk"0f{ kfk gfz
u/L ;a} b'Mvx¿ xl/lbpmg\ ..@&!..
/fj0f df/L e"ldsf] ef/ ptfl/;s]kl5 ;'u|Lj,
ljeLif0f, nId0f, cÍb, hfDajfg, xg'dfgx¿ / c¿ hf]–hf] jL/x¿ lyP, ;a}nfO{
k|e'hLsf] x's'd eof]– æltdLx¿s} s[kfn] u/L /fj0fnfO{ df/]F, ltd|f] sLlt{ tLg} nf]sel/
/xnf .Æ ..@&@..
/fj0fsf ;a} /fgLx¿ ToxfF cfP/ v'a} ljnfk ug{
nfu] . ljeLif0f klg k[YjLdf n8Ln8L /f]P, pgL klg zfGt /xg sxfF ;Sy] / < ha
bfh' lat] eg]/ ljeLif0f klg Psbdl;t ?g nfu], k|e'hLn] nId0fnfO{ x's'd ug'{eof]–
æhfpm, ;Demfpm .Æ ..@&#..
bfh'sf] lsl/of u¿g\, tL /fgLx¿sf] zf]s klg x¿g\
.Æ olt x's'd ldNof] / nId0f ;DemfOa'emfO ug{ t'?Gt uP . pgL eÙ nfu]– æljeLif0f
¤ cxf], ltdL lsg ghfÙ]sf h:t} u/L cg]s t/xn] vfnL hldgdf k/]/ of] ljnfk ug{
nfUof} < ..@&$..
of] /fj0f ltd|f] cl3Nnf] hGddf sf] lyof] <
clxn] t bfh' eof], km]l/ s] x'gsf nflu o; 7fpFnfO{ 5f8]/ pm sxfF uof] <
afn'jfx¿ hDdf eP/ h;/L uÍfdf lkm5{g\ To;}u/L oL b'lgofF lkmb{5g\ . cfkm\gf]
oxfF s]xL 5}g ..@&%..
ltdLn] of] c1fgsf] dlt gn]pm . hut\ em'6f] xf]
egL hfg]/ >L/3'gfysf r/0fdf v'a Wofg nufpm . k|f/Aw anjfg\ 5 eÙ] a'em]/ of]
;a} /fHo cflb ub{} /x" . hf] k5{g\ k/Lcfpg] lgsf–glgsf ;a} s'/f ;x"
..@&^..
cfh ltdLn] bfh'sf] lsl/of ljlwk"j{s ul/xfn
. /fgLx¿ ?G5g\, ltgnfO{ clxn] rfF8f] uP/ a'emfpm . 7fs'/sf] x's'd o:tf] 5 .Æ
o;f] eg]/ nId0fn] ljeLif0fnfO{ ha /fd|/L a'emfP, nId0fsf] lj:tf/ ;'g]/ ljeLif0f
em6k6 p7] ..@&&..
pgL k|e';dIf laGtL ug{ egL k|e' ePsf] 7fpFdf
t'?Gt uP . pgn] xft hf]/Lsg laGtL u/]– æx] gfy ¤ dnfO{ hf] dhL{ eof] ;f] ;a}
saf]n u/]F . xh'/sf] cf1f lz/f]k/ wf/0f ub{5', tyflk x] eujfg\ ¤ Ps 7"nf]
zËf k/]sfn] ;To s] xf] laGtL ub{5' ..@&*..
x] k|e' ¤ of] j|m"/ xf] . o;n] k/:qL
x/]sf] klg 5 . o;sf] lj|mof ug'{ s;/L of]Uo xf]nf <Æ ljeLif0fn] olt laGtL
u/] . k|e'n] v';L eP/ o:tf] x's'd eof] ..@&(..
æzq'l;tsf] l/; afFr'Gh]n dfq /xG5 . ca clxn]
of] d/L uof], o;sf] l/; ug{' ca x'Fb}g . d]/f] l/; t Psbd k/ eof] . /fgLx¿
?G5g\, ltdL uP/ nf} ltgnfO{ ;Demfpm . clg ljlwk"j{s lj|mof u/ . ltdLn]
klxn] oxL gu/L x'Fb}g, lj|mofsf] ;do oxL xf] .Æ ..@*)..
k|e'hLsf] olt x's'd ha ;'g], ;xL x's'd eof]
eg]/ ljeLif0f /fgLx¿nfO{ ;Demfpgsf nflu uOxfn] . /fgLx¿nfO{ ;DemfOa'emfO
;a}yf]s ul/;s]kl5 ljlwk"j{s lj|mof u/] . clg /fgLx¿ ;a}nfO{ 3/df k7fPkl5 hxfF
>L/fd x'g'x'GYof] pgL ToxLF k'u] ..@*!..
>L/3'gfy w]/} v';L x'g'eof], c¿ klg ;a} v';L
eP . dftln klg labf eP/ km]l/ OGb|;dIf uOuP . k|e'hLn] nId0fnfO{ x's'd
lbg'eof]– æd}n] klxNo} lbPF, tfklg km]l/ clxn] /fhu2Ldf nu]/ ljeLif0fnfO{
ltdLn] klg === ..@*@..
nf} cleif]s b]pm .Æ k|e'hLsf] x's'd ePkl5
nId0fn] klg /fhu2Ldfly nu]/ km]l/ cleif]s lbP . /fhu2Ldfly a;fO{ ;fydf lnP/
km]l/ /fdrGb|;dIf uP . /3'gfysf xh'/df nId0fn] ;a} laGtL u/] ..@*#..
To;}aLr k|lt1f k'Uof] eg]/ /3'gfy k|;Ù x'g'eof]
. pxfFn] ;'u|Ljsf] klg ;/fxgf ug'{eof]– æltd|f] s[kf xf] .Æ pxfFn] xg'dfgnfO{ eÙ'eof]–
æx] xg'dfg ¤ ljeLif0fsf] ;Ddlt lnP/ clxNo} ltdL ;LtfhL;dIf hfpm . pgnfO{ ;a}
;dfrf/ atfpm . clxNo} hfpm / pgn] of] ;a} va/ ;xif{ ;'Ù kfpmg\ ..@*$..
;LtfhLn] h] elG5g\ tL s'/f ;'gfpg km]l/ oxfF
cfOxfNg" .Æ o:tf] x's'd kfO{ ljeLif0fsf] ;Ddltn] xg'dfg klg uOxfn] .
xg'dfg >L;Ltf eP7fpF k'u] . ;LtfhL ¿vd'lg al;/x]sL x'g'x'GYof] . xg'dfg
hggLsf kfpdf k/] . pxfFn] r'krfk x]l//xg'eof] ..@*%..
pxfFn] oL xg'dfg x'g\ eg]/ lrÙ'eof], / pxfF
w]/} v';L x'g'eof] . ha xg'dfgn] >L/fdhLsf ;a} s'/f lj:tf/k"j{s laGtL
u/], hggL emg\ v';L x'g'eof] / v';Ldf pxfF s]xL af]Ng nfUg'eof]– æx] xg'dfg ¤
ltdLnfO{ s] lbpmF < ltdLn] dnfO{ w]/} v';L kf¥of} ..@*^..
ltd|f oL lk|o jfSosf a/fa/ t /Tg cflbsf xf/ klg
nfUb}gg\ . of] rLh lbg nfos 5 eg]/ c¿ s]xL rLh klg 7"nf] b]lVtgF .
xg'dfgn] klg t'?Gt laGtL u/]– æhut\sf klt >L/fd v'a v';L x'geof] eg] d v';L eOxfN5',
dnfO{ wgbf}nt /lQ klg rflxFb}g .Æ ..@*&..
of] laGtL ;'g]kl5 v';L eO{ pxfFn] olt cx|fpg'
klg eof]– æd /fdsf] bz{g ug{ rfxG5', e]6 ug{ vf]h]sf] s'/f ptf uP/ em§ laGtL u/
.Æ ;LtfhLsf oL jrg ;'g]/ xg'dfg /fdsf xh'/df uP . bz{g ug{ rfxg] hggLsf] OR5f
lyof], ;f] laGtL u/] ..@**..
ha xg'dfg ljeLif0fhLsf ;fy nfu]/ cfO{ >L/fdsf
xh'/df of] laGtL u/], k|e'hLaf6 dhL{ eof]– æhfpm . ;LtfhLnfO{ ltdLn]
;Dk"0f{ b]x lgd{n u/]/ oxfF Nofpm . ;Ltf cg]s lsl;dsf uxgfx¿ z/L/df wf/0f
u/L e]6\g cfpmg\ .Æ ..@*(..
x's'dcg';f/ xg'dfgnfO{ ;fydf lnP/ ljeLif0f uP .
rfF8f]eGbf rfF8f] :gfg u/fpg eg]/ pgLx¿n] k|oTg u/] . h'g sk8f / uxgfx¿ ;'Gb/ lyP,
;LtfhLn] v';L x'Fb} klx¿g\ eg]/ klxn] :gfg u/fO{ z'4 sk8f / uxgfx¿ klg lbP
..@()..
;LtfhLnfO{ 8f]nLdfly r9fO{ ha ljeLif0f v';L eP/
lxF8], jfg/x¿n] cfP/ bz{g ug{ eg]/ 3]/] . ;'/Iff ug{ eg]/ hf] 8f]nLglhs} v6]sf
lyP, ltgn] ;a} jfg/x¿nfO{ Toltv]/ x6fOlbP ..@(!..
cToGt 7"nf] sf]nfxn eof] . k|e'hLn] ;'Ù'ePkl5
gh/ klg ug'{eof] . /3'gfysf] x's'd eof]– ælsg jfg/x¿nfO{ ToxfFaf6 x6fof} <
cfdf eÙ] hfg]/ tL ;a}hgf x]g{ rfxG5g\, x]¿g\ . ca ;Ltf kfnsLdf lsg r9\l5g\ <
tL a? k}bn g} cfpmg\ ..@(@..
hggLn] Vjfldtsf] x's'd ;'Ù'eof] / t'?Gt hldgdf
emg'{eof] . pxfF v'a v';L x'Fb} kfp k5'{ eg]/ cufl8 ;g'{eof] . sfdsf] l;4
u/fpgsf nflu ;LtfhLn] dfof lng'ePsf] lyof] . /fj0fnfO{ s'n};d]t dfg{] sfd
lyof], Tof] sfd l;4 kfl/lbg'eof] ...@(#..
clUgdf cl3 /flvPsL ;LtfhLnfO{ g} km]l/ lng] ;'/
u/]/ /3'gfyn] bf]if lbg'eof]– æltdL lsg oxfF d]/f glhs} cfof} <Æ ha æcsf{sf]
3/df a;]sL eg]/ o:tf] bf]if lbg'eof] hggLn] ljàf;sf vflt/ Toltv]/} nId0fnfO{
x's'd lbg'eof] ..@($..
æx] nId0f ¤ ltdL clxNo} clUg afn . d To;df
k|j]z ub{5' . olb d ;fFr} /x]5' eg] afFr'Fnf . em'6f /lx5' eg] clxNo} oxfF
d¿Fnf .Æ nId0fn] hggLsf] x's'd ;'g]kl5 a];} xf] eg]/ >L/fdsf] klg ;Ddlt
kfO{sg Psbd 7"nf] clUg aflnlbP ...@(%..
;LtfhLn] >L/fdsf] elQm u/L pxfFsf jl/kl/
k|blIf0ff ug'{eof] clg elStk"j{s clUgsf glhs} pleP/ clns cufl8 ;g'{eof] . b]jtf,
a|fé0f cflbnfO{ ;Dem]/ leq dgdf >L/fd–r/0fsf] Wofg u/]kl5 ;a}sf ;fIfL x'g\
eg]/ clUg;Fu xft hf]/L k'sf/f ug'{eof] ..@(^..
æh:tf /Ltl;t d >L/fds} r/0fsf] Wofgdf /x]sL
5', To:t} /Ltl;t clUg zLtn xf]pmg\, dnfO{ slQ klg tfk gnfuf];\ .Æ olt
af]Ng'ePkl5 ha ;LtfhL clUgdf kl;xfNg'eof], ;a}sf] dgdf tfk eof] . ;a}hgf lj/xsf
s'/fsfgL ug{ nfu] ..@(&..
ha ;LtfhL clUgdf k:g'eof], OGb| cflb nf]skfnx¿,
a|éf, ?b| / hf] c¿ b]jLb]jtfx¿ lyP tL ;a} ToxLF k'u] . ;a} b]ju0fn] hDdf eO{ >L/3'gfysf]
:t'lt u/] . a|éfn] klg ToxfF dflns log} x'g\ eg]/ v'a};Fu :t'lt u/] .@(*..
clUgn] klg cg]s uxgf / j:q wf/0f ug'{ePsL hggL
;LtfnfO{ cufl8 /fvL >L/fdsf r/0fdf k/]/ w]/} laGtL u/]– æ;LtfhLnfO{ cfh;Dd t
oxLF /flvlbPsf] lyPF, sfdsf] l;4 ef], ca lng'xf];\ . d}n] ;LtfhL xh'/sf]
lhDdfdf kmsf{PF .Æ ..@((..
clUgn] olt laGtLsf s'/f u/]kl5 ha ;LtfhLnfO{
kmsf{P, /3'gfysf] dg Psbd v';L eof] . pxfFn] ;LtfhLnfO{ :jLsf/ ug'{eof] . ToxfF
;LtfhLnfO{ sfvdf lnO{ 7fs'/hL a:g'ePsf] lyof] . OGb|n] klg elQmk"j{s :t'lt
u/] . Toltv]/ ;a}hgf v';L eP ..#))..
To;kl5 lzjhLn] v';L eO{ >L/fdsf xh'/df laGtL
ug'{eof]– æx] ;Ltfgfy ¤ d t kl5 km]l/ pxLF cof]Wofdf cfpg]5' . clxn] xh'/sf
lktf bz/y xh'/x¿sf] bz{g ldNnf ls eg]/ cfPsf 5g\, Vjfldt k|e' ¤ xh'/n] pgnfO{
cfh bz{g aS;g'xf];\ .Æ ..#)!..
lzjsf] of] laGtL ;'g]/ k|e'n] bz/yhLsf xh'/df
uO{ cToGt v';L eP/ kfpdf lz/ /flvaS;g'eof] . bz/yhLn] cflnÍg ub}{ eg]– æltdLn] dnfO{
tf¥of} .Æ To;kl5 bz/y labf eO{ v';L;fy km]l/ :ju{nf]stkm{ uP ..#)@..
/0f x'Fbf jfg/sf hlt kmf}h d/], tL ;a}nfO{
arfpg dg ePsfn] cd[t j[li6 u/fpg egL OGb|nfO{ x's'd eof] . OGb|n] klg of] x's'd
kfO{ ha cd[t lu/fP, /fdsf s[kfn] jfg/sf] ;a} kmf}hn] k'ghL{jg kfof] ..#)#..
ljeLif0fn] /fdsf r/0fdf k/]/ laGtL u/]– æof]
:gfgsf] 38L xf], xh'/n] dÍn:gfg ul/aS;g'xf];\ . dÍn:gfg u/L j:q cfe"if0f
nufP/ cfh oxLF /fh xf];\ . x] s?0fflgwfg ¤ d xh'/sf] ;]js x'F, ddfly xh'/sf]
k|Llt /xf];\ .Æ ..#)$..
laGtL ;'gL x's'd eof]– æx'g t xf], :gfg u/]/}
hfg'kg{] xf] . t/ s] u¿F, cfh efO e/t ptf 3/df d]/f em}F h6fwf/L eP/ a;]sf 5g\,
tL efOnfO{ k/ /fvL cfh oxfF d s'g tl/sfn] :gfg u¿F < ;'u|Ljx¿ 5Fb} 5g\, a? ltdLn]
lognfO{ lje"if0f k|bfg u/ ..#)%..
olt x's'd ePkl5 ljeLif0fhLn] /Tgflbsf] j[li6
u/] . h;n] h'g rLh k|fKt ug{ vf]H5 ;f] lbO{ ;a} kmf}hnfO{ k|;Ù kf/] . ;a} kmf}hnfO{
>L/fdn] w/} s[kf u/]/ labf klg lbg'eof] . clg jfg/x¿sf] kmf}h klg w]/} cfgGb
dfg]/ ;fu/ t/]/ uof] ..#)^..
>L/fd klg ca ;a} sfd l;4 eO;s]sf] x'gfn] ca
cof]Wof hfG5' egL ;Ltf / nId0fnfO{ ;fydf lnO{ ljdfgdf r9\g'eof] . >L/fdsf ;fydf
;'u|Lj, cÍbhL, ljeLif0f;d]t lyP . k|e'n] ltgnfO{ klg hfpm, ca /fHo u/ eg]/ labf
lbg'eof] ..#)&..
tL ;an] xfdL klg cof]Wof hfG5f}F eg]/ v'a}
laGtL u/] . ;a}sf] cfu|x b]v]/ /dfgfy klg w]/} v';L x'g'eof] . pxfFaf6 x's'd
eof]– ænf}, ;a}hgf cfcf], k'iks ljdfgdf r9 .Æ o;f] eÙ'ePkl5 ;'u|Lj, >Lxg'dfg
/ cÍb klg k'iks ljdfgdf r9] ..#)*..
ljeLif0f klg cfkm\gf dGqL lnP/ To;} ljdfgdf a;]
. ;'u|Ljsf ;Dk"0f{ ;]gf klg x's'd ePkl5 To;}df k;] . ;Ltfgfyx¿ ;a}hgf
a:gfn] ljdfg Psbd zf]efodfg eof] . o; zf]efnfO{ kfP/ jfg/ cflb jL/x¿n] emg\ a9L
cfgGb dfg] ..#)(..
;]gf;d]t ;a}hgfnfO{ ljdfgdf r9fO{ k|e'n] To;nfO{
hfg] x's'd lbg'eof] . ljdfg cfsfzdfu{ u/L hfg nfUof] . >L/3'gfy r9\g'ePsfn] To;n]
ck"j{ zf]ef kfof] ..#!)..
k|e'sf] x's'dn] ha k'iks ljdfg cfsfzdfu{ eP/
bf}l8g yfNof], To; ljdfgdf a;]sf a]nf k[YjLsf] ;a} ;Demgf x'g uof] . h'g–h'g
sfd cl3 hxfF–hxfF ePsf lyP, tL ;a}sf af/]df hfgsf/L xf];\ eÙsf nflu k|e'n] v';L
eP/ ;LtfhLnfO{ ;a}yf]s gh/ u/fpg'eof] ..#!!..
æof] nËfk'/L xf], ansf] e/df hfg cuDo 5, c¿ sf]
hfg ;Snfg\ / < Tof] e"ld /0f–e"ld xf], 7"nf7"nf jL/x¿
ToxLF d/]sf x'g\ . /fj0f / s'Des0f{x¿ klg eofgs n8fOF u/]/ ToxLF d/]sf x'g\,
nId0fn] OGb|hLtsf cfdg]–;fdg] eP/ n8L lht]sf] 7fpF klg ToxL xf] ..#!@..
x]/, ;fu/df alnof] ;]t' agfO{ d ;d'b| t/]sf]
x'F . lsgf/df /fd]à/ eg]/ gfd /fvL lzjsf] :yfkgf klg u/]F . ljeLif0f cfkm\gf
rf/ dGqLsf ;fy cfO{ ToxLF z/0fdf k/]sf x'g\ . lslisGwf oxL xf], o;} gu/Ldf
;'u|Lj /fhf ePsf x'g\ .Æ ..#!#..
k|e'hLn] ;LtfhL;Fu olt jftf{ ug'{eof] clg km]l/
tf/fnfO{ lemsfpm egL ;'u|LjnfO{ x's'd ug'{eof] . tf/fnfO{ lemsfP . tf/f klg
/fgLx¿;lxt ha To;} ljdfgdf rl9g\, ;LtfnfO{ afnL 9n]sf] 7fpF b]vfpg'eof] ..#!$..
æx] ;Lt] ¤ cufl8 x]/ ¤ of] k~rj6L xf] . Psbd
pQd 7fpF 5 of] . oxfF w]/} /fIf; d/] . Tof] cf>d cul:t Clifsf] xf] . pgn]
w]/} s[kf u/] . To;}b]lv klt{/sf] 7fpF ;'tLI0f Clifsf] xf], ToxfF w]/} Clif 5g\
. Tof] lrqs"6 kj{t xf] hxfF e/t xfdLnfO{ e]6\g uPsf lyP ..#!%..
h'g cf>d od'gfhLsf] tL/df 5, To;df rflxF
e/åfh 5g\ . oL cufl8sf uÍfhL x'g\, gh/n] b]Vt}df dg v';L x'G5 . cem k/} h]
b]lv/x]sL 5f}, tL ;/o" x'g\ . clg oL cof]Wofk'/L x'g\ . nf} ca ltdL
elQmk"j{s lgx'l/P/ cof]Wofk'/LnfO{ k|0ffd u/ ..#!^..
;LtfhL;Fu o;} tl/sfn] ;a} vf]n]/ lj:tf/ u/]kl5
pxfFx¿ t'?Gt hldgdf em/]/ ef/åfhsf ;dIf k'uL k|0ffd klg ug'{eof] . pxfFx¿n] xft
hf]/]/ laGtL ub{} ;f]Wg'eof]– æoxfF xh'/x¿ ;a}hgf s'zndÍn g} x'g'x'G5 < cfdf
ca a"9L x'g'eof], pxfFsf] cj:yf s]–s:tf] 5 < pxfF cem} hLljt g}
x'g'x'G5 ls < ..#!&..
;a}sf lgldQ sfd u/]/ e/t efOdWo]sf klg pQd eP .
rf}w jif{;Dd d}dfly lrGtg u/L j|tL eO{ /x] .Æ ;a} s'zn lyP, ef/åfh Clifn] ;a} s'zn
5g\ eg]/ atfOlbP– æx] gfy ¤ ;a} s'zn} 5g\ . e/tsf dfq ljklQ lyP ..#!*..
xh'/ k/ x'gfn] lbgx'F kmnkm"ndfq vfG5g\ .
xh'/sf v/fpnfO{ /fhu2Ldf /fv]/ xh'/a/fa/ dfG5g\ . lz/el/ h6f afFw]sf 5g\, ¿vsf
af]j|mf wf/0f u/]sf 5g\ . xh'/df dfq k|f0f ck{0f u/]/ /x]sf 5g\ ..#!(..
xh'/n] ug'{ePsf ;a} sfd hfGb5' . /fIf;sf] ljgfz
u/L e"ldsf] ef/ xg'{ePsf] xf] . of] ;Dk"0f{ xh'/sf] s[kf xf] eg]/ ;a}
/x:o hfGb5' . xh'/nfO{ cfh d a|é x'g'x'G5 eg]/ dfGb5' ..#@)..
xh'/n] nLnf u/L cjtf/ lng'ePsf / a|éflb
b]ju0fsf ;Gtfk gi6 ug'{ePsf oL ;a} rl/q h;n] v';L eO{ ufg ub{5g\, tL ;a} of]
;+;f/–;d'b| ;xh} tb{5g\ ..#@!..
a|éfhLsf jrgn] ubf{ of] ¿k wf/0f u/L ;d:t
/fj0fflbnfO{ df/L ef/ xg'{eof] . ;a} nf]ssf] lxt x'g] c¿ sfd ul/g]5g\ . oL
rf}w} e'jg xh'/sf ozn] el/g]5g\ ..#@@..
x] k|e' ¤ xh'/n] oxfF Ps /ft /fh u/L d]/f] 3/
cfh kljq ul/lbg'xf];\ . kfp k/L laGtL 5 M ef]ln k'/Ldf hfg' c;n x'G5 .Æ ef/åfh
Clifn] >L/fdsf xh'/df olt laGtL u/] . pxfFx¿ ;f]xL :yndf /xg'eof] .
;}Go;d]tnfO{ tL Clifn] ;Ddfg u/] . ;Dk"0f{sf] lrGtf x6\of] ..#@#..
xg'dfgnfO{ x's'd eof]– æx] xg'dfg ¤ nf} ltdL z[Íj]/df
hfpm . ToxfF d]/f v'a} lk|o ;vf u'x 5g\ . ltgnfO{ xfdL cfOk'u]sf] ;dfrf/ eg . gGbLu|fd
uP/ efOnfO{ klg e]6 u/ . ltgnfO{ nId0f, ;Ltf / d]/f] ;dfrf/ klg atfpm ..#@$..
d}n] h]–hlt sfd u/]F, e/t;dIf ;Dk"0f{
lj:tf/ u/ clg ToxfFsf] ;a} ;dfrf/ lnP/ ;a}sf] lrGtf x6fO{ oxfF lkmg"{ .Æ
ha xg'dfgn] of] x's'd ;'g], pgL dflg;h:tf ag]/ t'?Gt} u'xsxfF k'uL ;Ltf–/fd
cfpg'ePsf] ;a} va/ elglbP ..#@%..
clg t'?Gt ;/o" t/]/ uP . cof]Wof klg b]v]
. ha gGbLu|fd b]lvof], hfg'kg{] 7fpF oxL xf] eg]/ ToxLF uP . cf]Onfof] eg]
km"n ;'sL h;/L km';|f] b]lvG5, To:t} bzf s?0ff gkfPsf /}tLju{sf] b]lvof]
..#@^..
pgn] e/tnfO{ h6f wf/0f u/]sf / >L/fdsf
r/0fsf] Psbd lrGtg ul//x]sf b]v] . >L/fdsf v/fpnfO{ dflns x'g\ eg]/ dfg]sf /
cfkm"nfO{ ;]js x'F eÙ] hfg]/ x's'd ub{y] ..#@&..
dGqLx¿ klg ;a}n] u]?jf j:q klx/]/ a;]sf lyP .
;a} >L/fdsf] ehglt/ bQlrQ eP/ nfu]sf lyP . e/tnfO{ b]v]kl5 pgn] v';L eP/ xft
hf]8L laGtL u/] . xg'dfgn] o;/L e/tsf ;a} tfk tf]8] ..#@*..
ædxf/fh ¤ xh'/x¿ clxn] h;sf] lrGtg ub{}
x'g'x'G5, tL gfy ;Ltf–/fd klg cfOk'Ug'eof] . dnfO{ cl3 uP/ efOnfO{ e]6\ egL
x's'd eof] / To;} x's'dn] ubf{ d oxfF cfPF . q}nf]Sosf gfy xl/ oltv]/ ;Ltf /
nId0f;lxt s'zn x'g'x'G5 ..#@(..
;fydf olt jL/x¿ klg 5g\ eg]/ pgn] ha s'zn
lj:tf/ ;'gfP, e/tn] v';L eP/ tTsfn xg'dfgnfO{ cËdfn;d]t u/] . e/thLn] ;f]w]–
æ>L/fdsf] ;'u|Lj;Fu sxfF e]6 x'g uof], ;a} atfpm .Æ xg'dfgn] klg ;a} atfP
..##)..
æ;'u|Ljl;t ldt]/L ug'{eof] / o;kl5 ;'u|Lj ;xfo
eP . ;LtfhL nËfdf x'g'x'Fbf] /x]5 . ;'u|LjhL /3'gfyHo"sf ;Fu} uP . /fj0fn]
;LtfhLnfO{ x/]sfn] /3'gfy Hofb} b'MvLh:tf x'g'eof] . >L/3'gfy ;LtfhLnfO{
vf]hL ub{}ub{} Ciod"s\df k'Ug'eP/ ===..##!..
nËfdf uO{ 7"nf] o'4 u/]/ /fj0f cflb tL
;a}nfO{ lu/fOlbg'eof] / ljeLif0fnfO{ nËfsf clw/fh agfO{ >L/fd cof]Wof
lkmg'{eof] .Æ >L/3'gfyHo"sf] of] ;a} ljj/0f ha e/tn] xg'dfgaf6 ;'g],
efOnfO{ pgn] gu/Lsf] ;+:sf/ ug{sf lgldQ x's'd lbP ..##@..
æx] zq'£g ¤ ca ltdL cl3 ;/]/ ;Dk"0f{
gu/Lsf] ;+:sf/ u/fpm . ;a} b]jfnodf ca cg]s ljlwn] k"hf u¿g\ . ;'t -:t'lt
Pjd\ k'/f0fx¿sf hfgsf/_, j}tflns -afhfufhf ahfpg hfÙ] / ehg ufosx¿_, aGbL cflb
;a} lg:s"g\ . tL gu/jw"x¿ / c¿ hf]–hf] oxfF 5g\ tL klg ;a} /3'gfysf
xh'/df hfpmg\ ..###..
7"nf] kmf}h lnP/ dGqLx¿n] ;a}
/fhkTgLx¿;d]t ;fydf nu"g\ . a|fé0fx¿nfO{ cufl8 nufP/ lxF8"g\ eÙ]
;a}nfO{ pbL{ ug"{ .Æ e/tn] olt x's'd lbP . x's'ds} cg';f/ xftdf e]6L lnP/
n:s/ lxF8\of] . To; ;dodf 7"nf] xif{a9fOF eof] ..##$..
e/thLrflxF >L/fdrGb|hLsf v/fpnfO{ lz/df /fvL
tof/ eP . pgL efOnfO{ ;fydf lnP/ k}bn} lxF8]/ k|e'hL ePlt/ uP . /3'gfysf] ljdfg
klg rGb|df;/Lsf] eO{ cfof] . xg'dfgn] k|e'hLsf] ljdfg ToxL xf] eg]/ b]vfP
..##%..
ha >L/3'gfysf] ljdfg b]v], ;a}n] sLt{g u/] .
hlt jL/x¿ 3f]8fdf jf /ydf lyP, tL ;a} hldgdf em/] . ha k|e'hL hldgdf emg'{cufj}
bz{g ldNof], e/tn] Psbd xif{ dfg]/ 6f9}af6 k|0ffd u/] ..##^..
k|e'hLn] hldgdf cf]n{]/ efOnfO{ ljdfgdf
lng'eof] . e/tn] k|e'sf r/0fdf k/]/ ;fi6fÍ b08jt\ ;]jf u/] . >L/fdn] e/tnfO{
sfvdf /flvaS;g'eof] / pgL Psbd v';L eP . pgL ;LtfhLnfO{ b08jt\ u¿F eg]/
;LtfhLsf ;fd'Ù] cufl8 uP ..##&..
æx] dftf ¤ d e/t xh'/sf] r/0fdf k/]F .Æ pgL
o:tf] k'sf/f u/]/ cfgGbdf k/L ;Ltfsf kfpdf k/] . pgn] sfdsf sf/0f 7"nf
x'g\ eg]/ nId0fnfO{ klg k|0ffd u/] . clg ;'u|Lj cflb jL/nfO{ cËdfn u/]/ ltgsf]
dg k|;Ù u/fP ..##*..
;'u|Lj cflb hlt jfg/ lyP, tL ;a}n] dflg;em}F
eP/ cfkm\gf] s'zntfsf] va/ elg;s]kl5 e/tsf] klg ;Grf];'la:tfsf] va/ ;f]w] . To;
avtdf ;'u|LjnfO{ e/tsf] o:tf] dhL{ eof]– ætkfO{Faf6 bof ePsfn] g} k|e'hLsf ;a}
zq'sf] Hofg uof] ..##(..
xfdL cufl8 rf/ efO lyof}F, tkfO{F clxn] kfFrf}F
efO x'g'ef] . efOsf em}F ;xfo gx'g'ePsf] eP /fIf; sxfF lhltGy] / < e/thLn]
;'u|Lj;dIf uP/ o:tf k|]d sf s'/f u/] . zq'£grflxF xif{kj"{s >L/fdrGb|hLsf
r/0fdf k/] ..#$)..
pgL nId0fhLnfO{ b08jt\ u/L ;LtfhLsf r/0fdf k/]
. pgn] laGtL u/]– æx] s?0fflgwfg ¤ d xh'/sf] ;]js x'F .Æ e/trflxF
>L/fdrGb|hLsf v/fp lz/df /fvL uPsf lyP . a]nf eof] eg]/ pgn] kfpdf tL v/fp nufOlbP
..#$!..
pgn] xft hf]/]/ laGtL u/]– ægf;f] lnPsf] lyPF,
xh'/n] of] ufbL lnOaS:of];\, oxL xf], xh'/nfO{ lbPF . x] bof lgwfg ¤ xh'/sf]
;]jfdf dg lbP/ ;a} sf]ifdf cÙ / wgsf] b; v08 a9fP/ /fv]sf] 5' .Æ ..#$@..
ha e/tn] ;fd' k/]/ v';L x'Fb} of] laGtL u/],
e/thLsf] elQm b]v]/ ;Dk"0f{ pkl:ytx¿ v';Ln] /f]P . 7fs'/ klg gGbLu|fddf
k'u]kl5 hldgdf pqg'eof] / k'iks ljdfgnfO{ labf lbg'eof]– æltdL s'a]/ eP7fpF g} kmsL{
hfpm .Æ ..#$#..
>L/3'gfyn] jlzi7 u'?sf] kfpdf cfkm\gf] lz/
/fv]/ c;n cf;g cufl8 ;f/L eÙ'eof]– æoxfF /fh ul/alS;of];\ .Æ u'?nfO{ cf;gdf
/fv]/ pxfFn] klg glhs} cf;gdf /fh ug'{eof] . >L/fdsf] bz{g kfPsfn] ;a}sf] ;Dk"0f{
;Gtfk uof] ..#$$..
s}s]oL / e/t ldn]/ /3'gfysf r/0fdf k/L w]/}
laGtL ub{} xft hf]/Lsg /fHo ck{0f u/] . h;n] Ps s6fIfn] ;xh} of] a|éf08 ;a}
x/0f ub{5g\, OGb|sf] hf] P]ào{ 5, Tof] klg h;n] Ps} If0fdf tof/ ub{5g\
====..#$%..
o:tf z'4, cgGt, k"0f{;'v¿k a|é:j¿kn] klg
s] /fHo ug'{ lyof] /, tyflk oL v';L xf]pmg\ egL Tof] /fHo lng'eof] . klxn] e/t
cflbn] skfn vf}/]/ h6f ;kmf u/]kl5 :gfg u/], clg ;Ltfkltsf] klg To:t} k|sf/n]
Iff}/sd{ ul/of] / :gfg klg eof] ..#$^..
dfnf, rGbg, j:q cflb klxl/Pkl5 cf;gdf /fh eof]
. >L/fd / ;LtfhLsf] :gfgsd{ Ps};fy x'Fbf ;a} lrGtfx¿ x6]/ uP . o;kl5 >L;Ltf–/fd
/ydf ;jf/ x'g'eof] . ;'u|Lj / ljeLif0fx¿ xfQL, /y cflbdf ;jf/ eP, c¿ sf]xLrflxF
3f]8fdf uP ..#$&..
e/trflxF d ;]jf u5'{ egL >L/fdsf ;f/yL eP .
zq'£ghLn] Psbd} v';L x'Fb} ;]tf] 5q lnP . nId0fn] k|e'hLsf] kª\vf lnP, ;'u|Ljn]
rflxF rd/ lnP . csf{]rflxF rd/ ljeLif0fn] lnP . ;a}hgf cToGt v';L eP ..#$*..
dflg;n] t s'/} 5f8f}F, ;a} b]jtfn] ;d]t
>L/fdsf] w]/} 7"nf] sLt{g u/] . dL7f] dw'/ Wjlg ;j{q ;'lgof] . e]/L,
zª\v, d[bÍ, gu/f cflb w]/} aHg nfu], / cof]Wof hfgsf nflu /ydf r9fO{
>L/fdsf] ofqf rnfOof] ..#$(..
ha k'/Ldf >L/fdsf] k|j]z eof], afns–j[4 cflb
;d]t ;a} gu/jf;Lx¿ k|e'sf] bz{g ug{ / pT;j klg x]g{ eg]/ lg:s] . pgLx¿n]
Zofd;'Gb/ z/L/ ePsf, lz/df ls/L6 / z/L/df e"if0f wf/0f ug'{ePsf Pjd\
kLtj:q wf/0f u/L /ydf /xg'ePsf >L/3'gfynfO{ b]v] ..#%)..
ljzfn nfn g]q ePsf, 5ftLdf df]tLsf] ;'Gb/ xf/
wf/0f ug'{ePsf, rGbg / k'iksf] zf]ef klg ePsf o:tf /3'gfynfO{ b]Vtf dg v';L eof]
. :qLx¿n] klg ;Ltf–/fd ;x/df cfOk'Ug'ePsf] s'/f ;'g] . ;Ltf/fdsf] bz{g u/f}F
egL ;a}sf] lrQ a]r}g eof] ..#%!..
;a} :qLx¿ 3/sf] sfd 5f8]/ 3/dfly c§flnsfdf uP .
ltgn] v';Lsf ;fy nfjf / k'iksf] jiff{ u/fpFb} k|e'hLsf] bz{g u/] . >L/fdsf]
df]xgd"lt{df ha ;a} :qLx¿sf gh/ k/], v';L eP/ ltgn] k|e'nfO{ dgdg} cËdfn u/]
..#%@..
hxfF klxn] v';L eP/ bz/y a:g] ug'{x'GYof] pxLF
hfcfF} eg]/ dGb d':sfgsf ;fy k|hfnfO{ gh/ lbFb} /dfgfy b/af/ k'Ug'eof] .
sf}zNofx¿nfO{ k|e'n] oyfof]Uo gd:sf/ ug'{eof] / ;fx|} Kof/f] u/]/ ;'u|Ljsf nflu
klg of]Uo jf; v6fpg'eof] ..#%#..
æefO ¤ ltdLn] ;'u|LjnfO{ klxn] d hxfF a:y]F
ToxLF /fv . ;a}nfO{ oxfF a:gsf nflu ltdLn] pQd 3/ v6fpm .Æ olt x's'd x'Fbf
e/tn] ;f]xLadf]lhd u/] . ;a}sf] jf;sf] aGbf]a:t eof], / ;a} cfgGbsf] ;fu/df
8'a] ..#%$..
ca >L/3'gfy cfkm}Fn] x's'd ug'{xf];\ eÙ] dg
u/]/ e/tn] ;'u|LjnfO{ ;xif{ cx|fP– æx] ;'u|Lj ¤ ca /fd|/L ljrf/ u/]/
jL/–jL/nfO{ v6fpg'kg]{ eof] . tL jL/n] rf/}tkm{ uO{ ;d'b| k'u]/ snzdf e/L hn
Nofpmg\ ..#%%..
ca >L/fdrGb|hLnfO{ /fHo–cleif]s ug{] ;do
eof] .Æ e/thLsf] of] dhL{ ePkl5 t'?Gt} hn klg NofOlbOxfn] . hn lngsf nflu
hfDajfg\, xg'dfg, cÍb / ;'if]0f rf/hgf uP . tL t'?Gt} ;d'b|df k'u], / hn ;xh} lnP/
cfO{ pkl:yt eP ..#%^..
Tof] hn ;fydf lnO{ e/thL jlzi7 u'?sf ;fDg] k'u]
. pgn] laGtL u/]– æof] hn rf/ ;d'b|sf] xf] .Æ pgn] km]l/ xft hf]/]/ Psbd laGtL
u/]– æxh'/n] clxNo} of] hn 5sL{ >L/fdrGb|hLnfO{ /fHo–cleif]s lbg'xf];\
..#%&..
o:tf] laGtL ;'g]/ jlzi7 u'?n] /fd|f] cg'/f]w
u/]sf 5f} eg]/ >L/fdrGb|hLnfO{ l;+xf;gdf /fVg'eof] . uf}td, jfNdLls, jfdb]j,
hfafln cflb Clifx¿ ToxLF lyP . tL ;a}sf] pkl:yltdf jlzi7 u'?n] t'?Gt} cleif]s
lbP ..#%*..
sGof, a|fé0f cflbn] klg t'n;Lbn xfn]/ c;n s'zn]
>L/fdsf pk/ z'4 hn ;xif{ dGqk"j{s 5s{] . zq'£ghLn] uP/ k|e'hLsf] ;]tf]
5q lnP, ;'u|Lj / ljeLif0fhLn] v';L;fy rd/ xfFs] ..#%(..
jfo'n] ;'j0f{do dfnf lbP, >L;Ltf/fdn]
klx/g'xf]nf eg]/ OGb|hLn] cg]s /Tgn] ag]sf] xf/ lbP . b]jtfu0f ufpg nfu],
cK;/fu0f gfRg nfu] . ;j{q k'ikj[li6 al;{of] / gu/f aHbf dflg;sf] dg v';L eof]
..#^)..
uDeL/ Zofdj0f{ z/L/, lz/df ls/L6 clg dfnf /
kLtfDa/ wf/0f ug'{ePsf sf]6L sfdb]j;dfg ;'Gb/ :j¿ksf k|e'n] afofFtkm{ ;LtfnfO{ lnP/
l;+xf;gdf a;L ha k|hflt/ gh/ lbg'eof], pxfFx¿sf] bz{g ug{ egL ;bflzj kfj{tL;lxt
cfP ..#^!..
8d?sf] l8dl8d zAb eof], gGbL / e[ÍL klg cfP .
;bflzj cfpg'eof] eg]/ tfn–a]tfnx¿ gfRg nfu] . zDe'sf kl5kl5 ;a} b]ju0f cfP/ pkl:yt
eP . >L/fdsf] Psbd w]/} :t'lt u/]/ v';L eO{ l5§} tL ;a} kmsL{ uP ..#^@..
afhfn] 7"nf] zAb u/], Clifu0f / b]ju0f kfp
k/] . cg]s k|f0fLaf6 ;'vk"j{s k'ikj[li6 eof] . ;sn–u'0f–lgwfg >L/fd ha
l;+xf;gdf lj/fhdfg x'g'eof], ;Ltf / nId0f ;Fu} lyP / k|e'nfO{ k"0f{ zf]ef eof]
..#^#..
>L/3'gfy /fhf x'Fbf k[YjLdf cÙ w]/} kmNof] .
h'g km"ndf klxn] ;'uGw lyPgg\ ltgdf ;'uGw r9\of] . k|e'hLn] n}gf ufO{ /
;fF9] bfg ug'{eof] / ;a}sf] bl/b|tf x/0f ub}{ tL; sf]6L c;kmL{ bfg u/L j:q, /Tg
/ cfei"f0fsf] klg bfg ug'{eof] ..#^$..
bfgn] a|fé0fx¿nfO{ v';L kf/]kl5 >L/3'gfyn]
plrt b]v]/ ;'u|LjnfO{ klg ;"o{;dfg dfnf lbg'eof] . cÍbhLnfO{ klg cToGt dof{bf u/L
afh'–aGb lbg'eof] . ;LtfhLnfO{ klg To; cj;/df Ps cd"No xf/ lbg'eof]
..#^%..
;LtfhLn] xg'dfgnfO{ lbg dg u/]/ Tof] xf/ xftdf lng'eof]
. x's'd s:tf] x'g] xf] eg]/ pxfFn] Vjfldtsf tkm{ gh/ lbg'eof] . >L/fdaf6 x's'd
eof]– æh;nfO{ lbg dg 5, b]pm .Æ Kof/f >Lxg'dfg ToxLF lyP, k|e'af6 ha of]
x's'd eof], ;LtfhLn] Tof] xf/ pg}nfO{ lbg'eof] ..#^^..
xg'dfgsf] bhf{ emg\ a9\of] . k|e'n] km]l/ klg
x's'd aS;g'eof]– æs] dfU5f}, j/bfg dfu . ltdL h] dfU5f} d Tof] j/ lbG5' .Æ
xg'dfg v';L eP/ cufl8 ;/] clg dgdf h] dfUg] ljrf/ lyof] Tof] xft hf]/L laGtL u/]
..#^&..
æx] Vjfldt ¤ hut\df dflg;n] ha;Dd xh'/sf] gfd
n]nfg\, ta;Dd d]/f] z/L/ xh'/sf] gfd ;'Ùsf nflu v8f /xf];\ . x] Vjfldt ¤
xh'/sf] gfdsf] :d/0fdf h'g cfgGb kfpF5' Tof] cfgGb cGoq st} ldn]g . x] dxf/fh ¤
Tof] cfgGb slxNo} g5'6f];\ .Æ ..#^*..
of] laGtL ;'gL x's'd eof]– ænf} .Æ k|e'af6
km]l/ s[kf eof]– æha of] sNk laTg]5, of] lat]kl5 eg] d'Qm x'g]5f} .Æ /3'gfysf]
of] x's'd x'guPkl5 >LhfgsLn] klg eÙ'eof]– æx] xg'dfg ¤ hf]–hf] x'g\ ;'vef]u
;a} ltd|f jzdf /x"g\ .Æ ..#^(..
ha olt cfzLjf{b aS;g'eof], xg'dfg labf eP . pgL
cfgGbsf cfF;' v;fpFb} tk ug{sf nflu lxdfnotkm{ uP . To;kl5 7fs'/hLn] u'xsf cufl8
uO{ s[kfk"j{s of] x's'd ug'{eof]– ænf} hfpm . kmut dgdfq ddf wf/0f u/]/
3/d} al;/xg" ..#&)..
of] k|f/Aw 7"nf] 5 . s:t} u/] klg ef]u
gu/L 6b{}g . kl5 t ltdL ;+;f/ ;xh} kf/ u/]/ d'Qmb]x x'g]5f} .Æ pxfFn] of] x's'd
u/L d'Vo eQm u'xsf ;fd' kg'{eO{ pgnfO{ /fHo;d]t yk u/]/ cflnÍg u/L e"if0f
cflb lbg'eof] ..#&!..
To;} cj;/df tŒj1fg klg aS;g'eof] . cfgGb;fu/df
k/]/ cfkm\gf] dg >L/fdsf r/0fdf /fVt} labf eO{ u'xhL cfkm\gf] 3/ uP . o:tf /Ltl;t
;a};Fu labf x'Fb} ;'u|Lj / ljeLif0f klg uP . ;bf ;]js ag]sf nId0f k|e'sf ;fydf
/lx/x] . >L/fdn] /fHo ug'{eof] ..#&@..
;a} sd{sf clwklt lgd{n cfTdf¿k cstf{ eO{sg klg
stf{ eP/ nf]snfO{ pkb]z ug'{ plrt xf] egL ug{ nfos càd]wx¿ hf]
7"nf7"nf o1x¿ x'g\ tL ;a} o1 klg ug'{eof] . s'g s'/f k|e'hLaf6 ug{
afFsL /xGYof] / < ..#&#..
ha >L/fd /fhf eOaS;g'eof], ;a} k|f0fL v';L
eP . k|hfnfO{ klxn] h'g cg]s t/xsf ;Gtfkx¿ ky{] tL ;a} x6]/ uP . d'n'sdf sf]xL ljwjfn]
ljnfk ug'{k/]g, /f]uJofw nfu]g, rf]/8fFs' blaP, of] rLh x/fof] eg]/ s;}nfO{
lrGtf kg{ 5f8\of] ..#&$..
sxLF a"9f] afFr]/ afns d/]g, d'n'sdf o:tf]
eof] . 5f]/fnfO{ em}F u/]/ kfng ul/aS;g'x'Fbf k|hfsf ;a} lrGtf x6] . dflg;x¿n]
/f3jsf] ehg u/] . d]3 plrt ;dosfndf al;{of] . ;a} dflg; j0ff{>d wd{df /x] . ;a}sf
lbg ;'vk"j{s laTg nfu] ..#&%..
k|e'sf] /fHo b; xhf/ jif{;Dd /x\of] . ;a}
hgtfsf ;Dk"0f{ lrGtf x6] . lzjhLn] olt syf kfj{tL;dIf eÙ'eof] . of]
>L/fdsyf ;'lg/x]df ;sn ;Gtfkx¿ 5'6]/ hfG5g\ ..#&^..
>L/fdsf] olt syf h;n] eG5g\, tL ;a}yf]sn]
kl/k"0f{ eO{ /xG5g\ . wg, k'q, /fHo cflb s]xL sDtL x'Fb}g, kfk xg{sf nflu
klg d'Vo wd{ oxL 5 ..#&&..
h;sf 5f]/fx¿ hGdG5g\ t/ tL ;a} dl/xfNb5g\,
To:tf :qLx¿n] olt ;'g]df kl5sf ;Gtfg afFRg yfNb5g\ . afFemL :qLn] klg c;n
5f]/f] kfpg]l5g\, >L/fdn] s[kf u5{g\ . cfFwL / /f]uJoflw cg]s b'Mv eo–tfk slxNo}
kb{}g ..#&*..
hlthgfn] >L/fdsf] olt syf ;'G5g\, ;a} b]jtf
ltgL;Fu Psbd} w]/} v';L x'g]5g\ . ltgsf h]hlt lj£gafwf 5g\ tL klg gi6 eP/
hfG5g\, ;d:t dflg;x¿ klg ltg};dIf cfO{ dfG5g\ ..#&(..
cfFwL–Joflw klg 5'6\5g\ . To;dfly wgwfGo ;Gtfg
klg a9\5g\ . Oi6ldq, s'6'Dax¿sf aLr tL dfGo x'g]5g\ . cfkm\gf] dg k|e'df nufP/ h;n]
/fd–ehg u5{g\ tL d'Qm eO{ ;+;f/ t/]/ hfG5g\ . o:tfsf] d sxfF;Dd avfg u¿F <
..#*)..
zDe'n] ;a} j]b dGyg ug'{eof] t/ To;df
>L/fdsf] gfdsf a/fa/ csf{] tŒj s]xL ldn]g . o;nfO{ pxfFn] ;fx|} Kof/f] u/]/
lng'eof] / ;f]xL tŒj pxfFn] >Lkfj{tLhLnfO{ lbg'eof] . h;n] cWofTd¿kn] of]
syf k|]dk"j{s ;'Gb5, Tof] ;+;f/ t/L pqg]5 ..#*!..
.. Olt >Lo'4sf08 ..
&=
>LpQ/sf08
zDe'sf d'vaf6 >L/fdsf] /fHo–cleif]ssf] syf
ha ;'Ù'eof], >Lkfj{tLhLn] ;bflzjhL;Fu To;kl5sf nLnfx¿sf] syf ;f]Wg'eof]– æk[YjLdf
pxfFn] slt jif{ /fh ug'{eof] < s]s] / s:tfs:tf nLnf eP < s:tf /Ltl;t
>L/3'gfy j}s'07wfddf hfg'eof] < ..!..
x] zDef] ¤ >L/3'gfysf h]–hlt nLnf 5g\, s[kf
u/]/ cf1f xf];\ x] eujfg\ ¤ d ;'G5' . kfp k/L laGtL 5 .Æ ha >Lkfj{tLn] of]
laGtL zDe'sf r/0fdf ug'{eof], lzjhLn] klg k|e'sf ;a} nLnfx¿sf] j0f{g ug'{eof] /
kfj{tLhL 7"nf] xif{df kg'{eof] ..@..
/fj0fnfO{ df/]/ e"ldsf] ef/ ptf/]kl5
>L/fdn] /fHo ug'{x'g]5 egL hfg]/ cg]s Clifx¿ Ps lbg ;Ltf/fdnfO{ e]6f}F eg]/
uP . b'jf{;f, e[u', cª\lu/f dfq xf]Og sZok, jfdb]j, ljàfldq, cl;t, clq /
s0j;lxt ;Ktlif{ uP ..#..
cul:thL cfkm\gf ;a} lziosf ;fydf ha åf/df k'u],
pkl:yltsf] va/ k7fPkl5 t'?Gt} dhL{ eof] / ;a} k|e'sf xh'/df k'u] . k|e'hLn] ;a}
Clifsf] k"hg ug'{eof] / ;a}nfO{ cf;g lbg'eof] . hf]–hf] k|e';dIf uPsf lyP
tL ;a} Clifu0f v';L eP ..$..
;j{k|yd >L/fdn] s'znIf]dsf] k|Zg ug'{eof] .
clg ;a} Clifx¿n] 7"nf] k|]dsf ;fy s'zndÍnsf] va/ ;Dk"0f{ lj:tf/
u/]kl5 pgLx¿n] klg 7"nf] cfb/ u/L ;Grf];'la:tfsf] va/ ;f]w] . ;a} Clifn]
xh'/df laGtL u/]– æx] Vjfldt ¤ 7"nf] sfd eof] . OGb|hLt o; k[YjLsf]
7"nf] ef/ xf], Tof] uPkl5 ef/ klg uof] ..%..
/fj0f / s'Des0f{ jL/ x'g\ t/ klg of] OGb|hLt
emg\ hAa/ jL/ xf] . Tof] klg dfl/aS;g'eof], c¿ s;n] To;nfO{ lhTg ;SYof] / <
nËfdf oL b'i6x¿sf] d/0f eof] t/ ljeLif0f ;fFrf lyP, To;}n] ;'gem}F ;'Gb/ /fHo
kfP / v';Ln] oL ca ;bfsf nflu rfs/ eP ..^..
xh'/n] cl3 hf] ceosf] blIf0ff lbg'ePsf] lyof],
;f] k"0f{ ugf{sf nflu b'i6nfO{ gfz ug'{ePsf] xf] eÙ] b]Vof}F . clxn]
>L/3'gfy s[tfy{ x'g'eof] . tL /fIf;x¿ c¿af6 t slxn] dy{] / <Æ ..&..
Clifsf] of] laGtL ;'Ù'x'Fbf k|e'hLn] cfáo{ dfÙ'eof]
. ;a} Clifsf cufl8 k|e'n] ;f]Wg' klg eof]– æ/fj0feGbf OGb|hLt s;/L cem
7"nf] xf] / <Æ cul:t ;fd'Ù] lyP, pgn] o:tf] x'gfn] jL/ elgPsf] ;'Ù'eof]
eg]/ lj:tf/k"j{s atfOlbP ..*..
æk'n:To Clif a|éfsf k'q x'g\, pgL tksf vflt/
;'d]? uPsf lyP . ltgn] /fhlif{ t[0flaGb'sf glhsdf cf>d agfP/ tk ul//x]sf lyP
. ToxLF ;a} b]jk'qLx¿ cfP/ v'a gfrufg ug{ yfn], cg]s t/xsf xf:osnf ub{} gh/df
kg{ yfn] /=== ..(..
ca tkdf lj£gafwf x'g] eof] eg]/ k'n:To Clifn]
a'em] . pgL a8f wL/ lyP . pgn] ;/fk lbP– æd h'g :qL b]V5' pxL ule{0fL xf];\ .Æ
;a} efu] . t[0flaGb'k'qL of] ;'g]kl5 Clifsf ;fd' k/]/ glhs} uOg\ . ltgnfO{ k'n:Ton]
b]v] . ltgL tTsfn ule{0fL eOxflng\ ..!)..
ltgL 8/n] Psbd sfDb} lktf eP7fpF uOg\ . lktfn]
s'/f a'lemxfn]– Clifsf ;fFrf jrgn] ubf{ 5f]/L ule{0fL eO5 . of] hfgL pgn] k'n:TohLsxfF
t'?Gt k'u]/ 5f]/L lbP . k'n:TohLn] klg cToGt v';L eO{ tL sGof :jLsf/ u/] ..!!..
ltgsf k'q lj>jf x'g uP, logL a|é w]/} hfÙ]
d'lg eP . ltgsf] w]/} u'0f ;'g]/ ef/åfh Clifn] cfkm\gL 5f]/L lbP . ltgsf k'q
u'0fsf vfgL s'a]/ eP . s'a]/n] To; ;dodf tk:of u/L a|éfnfO{ l/emfpFbf ltgL wgsf
dflns eP ..!@..
a|éfn] ltgnfO{ bf}ntsf] dflns u/fPkl5 o;df v'a}
;on u¿g\ eÙfvflt/ pgnfO{ ltgn] k'iks ljdfg;d]t lbP . To;dfly r9]/ lktfl;t uO{
pgn] cfkm\gf] tksf] kmn ;'gfP . pgn] eg]– æ;a}yf]s kfPF t/ jf; kfOgF . d ca stf
hfpmF <Æ ..!#..
lj>jf Clifn] s'a]/sf] laGtL ;'g] . nËf vfnL
lyof], pgn] v';L eP/ ToxL lbP– ænf} /fHo u/\, hf . nËfdf klxn] /fIf;x¿ /fHo uy{]
. tL a8f jL/ lyP . ltgs} vflt/ ljàsdf{n] v';Ln] nËf agfOlbPsf x'g\ ..!$..
cr]n /fIf;x¿nfO{ lji0f'n] lhtL lnFbf ltgLx¿
n'Sgsf lgldQ efu]/ kftfndf uO;s], o; ;dodf ;x/} vfnL 5 .Æ tL lj>jfn] ha
s'a]/nfO{ olt cf1f lbP, pgL nËfdf uO{ a;] . pgL ;f] b]zdf /fHo ug{ nfu] ..!%..
;'dfnL gfdsf] 7"nf] /fIf; Ps lbg o;
k[YjLdf ;o/ u¿F / ;a}lt/ 3'd]/ /ldtf x]?F egL cfkm\gL s}s;L gfdsL 5f]/L lnP/
kftfnaf6 cfO{ 8'Nb} lyof] . ToxfF cfP/ 8'Nbfv]l/ s'a]/hLn] k'iksdfly r9]/
v'a;Fu ;o/ ul//x]sf b]Vof] ..!^..
;'dfnLsf] To;df b[li6 k¥of] / p;n] s'a]/nfO{
7"nf x'g\ egL dfGof] . o:tf jL/ cfkm\gf] s'ndf s;f] u/L xf]nfg\ eg]/ o:tf]
klg lrtfof] . k'qL s}s;LnfO{ pm eÙ nfUof]– æx] k'qL ¤ olt ;do eof], sf]xL j/
klg cfpFb}g . ltd|f] of}jg eof], s] u¿F < ..!&..
To;sf/0f cfh ltdL tL lj>jf Clif;dIf hfpm /
;fd'Ù]df uP/ xft hf]/L ltdLn] Clifsf r/0fsL bf;L eP/ Ct'bfg dfu . pgsf k'qx¿ o:tf
jL/ 5g\, ltgLaf6 hGdg] ltd|f k'qx¿ klg o:t} jL/ xf]nfg\ .Æ o;f] eg]/ 5f]/LnfO{
To;n] lj>jf eP7fpF k7fof] ..!*..
s}s;L t'?Gt} lj>jfl;t uP/ ;fd'Ù] pleO/lxg\ .
pgL e'OFlt/ gh/ lbO{ hldgdf uf]8fn] s]s] n]Vg yflng\ . s}s;Lsf] r]i6f gh/ u/]/
tL lj>jfn] ;f]w]– ætF s;sL sGof xf];\ < tF oxfF d]/f cufl8 lsg cfO;\ <
atf .Æ ..!(..
o:t/L Clifn] ;f]Wbf s}s;LnfO{ nfh x'g uof] .
ltgL nfhsf ;s;df kl/g\ . pgn] o:tf] laGtL ul/g\– æxh'/n] Wofg}n] ;a}
hflgaS;g'xf];\ .Æ pgn] laGtL ;'g], / em§ ljrf/ u/] . ha ;a} yfxf eof], Clif
af]n]– æ5f]/f kfpg cfO5;\ ..@)..
cfh t}Fn] bf?0f a]nf kf/]/ Ct'bfg dflu;\, d
lbG5' klg . a]nfcg';f/sf b'O{ eoË/ :j¿ksf k'q x'g]5g\ .Æ w]/} s'/f u/L Clifn]
ltgnfO{ Ct'bfg lbP . ha pgn] tL s'/f ;'lgg\, ca s;/L c;n k'q kfpg] xf]nf eg]/ dgdf
w]/} ljrf/ ul/g\ ..@!..
To;} ;dodf s}s;Ln] laGtL ul/g\– æxh'/ g} klt
eP/ klg To:tf k'q eP eg] d}n] s;/L lrQ a'emfpFnf < dnfO{ sl7g eof] .Æ
lj>jf Clifn] pgsf] laGtL ;'g] . pgsf] dgdf bof knfof] . pgn] eg]– æt];|f]
k'q Psbd} a'l4dfg\ x'g]5 . pm >L/fdsf r/0fsf] bf; x'g]5 .Æ ..@@..
Clifn] kTgL s}s;LnfO{ v'a} s[kf u/]/ olt lbP .
s}s;L klg Psbd} v';L eP/ lxFl8g\ . Clif otf Wofgdf ;dlk{t eP/ /x] . ha ue{
k"0f{ eof], b; lz/ / aL; e'hf wf/0f u/]sf] /fj0f hGDof] . pm hGdFbf cg]s lsl;dsf
pNsf eP, e"ld klg Psbd sfFlkg\ .@#..
/fj0fkl5 clt jL/ s'Des0f{ hGDof] . clg p;sf]
d'lg ;"k{0fvf hGdL . clg u'0fsf vfgL ljeLif0f hGd] . ljeLif0f zfGtfTdf /
pQd eP, pgL zf:qx¿ ;'g]/ a:y] . s'Des0f{ clt b'i6fTdf x'g uof], pm 8'nL8'nL Clifd'lgx¿nfO{
vfGYof] ..@$..
alxgL ;"k{0fvf eO{ . Tof] hut\df b'i6fTdf
eO{ 8'NbyL . Tof] kl5 xh'/sf t]hn] ubf{ gss§L eOuO{, Tof] sxfF afFRtyL / <
/fj0fsf] t aofg sxfF;Dd u¿F, ;Dk"0f{ nf]ssf] /f]u}a/fa/ lyof] Tof] . /fj0f
lbgx'F a9\b}–a9\b} qf; pTkÙ ub{} cfof] / eosf] e/df To;n] tLg} nf]snfO{ jzdf
/fVof] ...@%..
;jf{Gtof{dL, ;fIfL, x[bo–x[bodf cfTd¿kn] /x]sf
lgd{n, ;j{1 k"0f{ k|e' klg clxn] g/sf] ¿kdf x'g'ePsf] x'gfn] cfh nLnf
u/Lsg ;f]Wg'eof] . To;f] x'gfn] d /fj0f cflb ;a} jL/x¿sf] lj:tf/ laGtL ub{5' .
x] eujfg\ ¤ c¿ h;–h;sf] t]h xg'{eof], Tof] ;a} d lj:tf/k"j{s laGtL ub{5'
..@^..
xh'/af6 s]xL cg'u|x kfPsfn] xh'/nfO{ a|é:j¿k
eg]/ hfg]/ d 8'Nb5' .Æ ha cul:t Clifn] ha laGtL nfP, k|e'hLn] Clifx¿;dIf ;fFrf
s'/f atfpg'eof] ..@&..
of] hut\ dfof xf] eg]/ ;w}F hfg]/ o; ljifodf
slQ klg cfgGb gdfgL h;n] ;a} kfk x/0f ug{] d]/f] ehg ul//xG5, To;sf nflu ;lhn}l;t
d'lQm kfpg] pkfo oxL 5 ..@*..
Ps lbg s'a]/ k'iks ljdfgdf r9]/ lktf;dIf cfPsf
lyP . s}s;Ln] Tof] b]lvg\ / k'ql;t uP/ s]xL eÙ nflug\– æx] k'q ¤ ltdLn]
s'a]/nfO{ b]Vof} < ltgL ;a} b|Josf wgL 5g\ . pgL hlxNo} klg cfgGbk"j{s
k'iks ljdfgdf ;on u5{g\, / b]Vt}df klg t]h:jL 5g\ ..@(..
h:tf] oTg u/]/ x'G5, ltdLn] ;a}sf] dflns eO{
logsf em}F cg]s ;on u/ . /fj0fn] oL jrg ;'gL cfkm\gL hggLsf ;fd'Ù] k|lt1f
u¥of]– æx] dftf ¤ d a8} eP/ /x"Fnf, clxn] lrGtf glng'xf];\ ..#)..
/fj0fn] cfkm\gL cfdf s}s;Ll;t o:tf s'/f u/]kl5
tk:of ug{sf nflu lxF8\of] . pm uf]s0f{]à/df uO{ b[9 eO{ tk:of ug{ nfUof] .
/fj0fsf ;fydf p;sf efOx¿ s'Des0f{ / ljeLif0f klg uP . ltgn] klg O{à/nfO{ k|;Ù
u/f}F eg]/ w]/} dg nufP ..#!..
tk:of ubf{ub{} s'Des0f{ jL/sf] Ps xhf/ jif{
laTof] . Ps kfpn] 6]sL ljeLif0fhLsf] kfFr xhf/ jif{dfq eof] . /fj0fsf] t avfg
sxfF;Dd u/f}F, p;n] 7"nf] tk:of u¥of] . p;n] Psbd Psfu| eO{ x/]s lbg
k|e'hLsf] Wofgdf dg lbof] ..#@..
ha b; xhf/ lbJo jif{ lat], p;n] Ps lz/ xf]d
ul/lbof] . o:t} tl/sfn] k|e'df elQm /fv]/ j|mdzM gf} l;/ klg xf]Dof] . gf} lz/
xf]d ul/;s]kl5 ha pm b;f}F lz/ klg xf]Dgsf nflu tof/ eof], a|éfn] cfO{ p;nfO{
Tof] sfd /f]Sg eÙ'eof] / j/ lbg tof/ x'g'eof] ..##..
æx] /fj0f ¤ ltdL j/bfg dfu . d clxn] ltd|f]
OR5fcg';f/sf] j/ lbG5' .Æ o;f] eg]/ a|éfaf6 bof eof] . /fj0fn] v';L eP/ j/ klg
dfUof]– æx] gfy ¤ d cd/ x'g] j/ kfpmF . s'g} jL/af6 klg s;}u/L gd¿F . dflg;sf]
t d /lQe/ 8/ dflGbgF, tL ;a} d]/f jzd} 5g\ ..#$..
a|éfn] klg x'G5 eg]/ dfu]adf]lhdsf] j/ lbg'eof]
. pxfFn] /fj0fsf sfl6Psf lz/ klxn] h:tf lyP To:t} u/L tof/ klg ul/lbg'eof] .
clg a|éfhL jL/ ljeLif0fhLsf ;fd' glhsdf hfg'eof] . pxfFn] eÙ'eof]– æltd|f] dgdf
s] dfUg] OR5f 5 < dfu, d ;f]xL j/ lbG5' .Æ ..#%..
ljeLif0fhLn] v';L eP/ j/ dfu]– æx] gfy ¤ d]/f]
dlt lg/Gt/ wd{}tkm{ /xf];\ . cwd{lt/ d]/f] dlt slxNo} k6Ss} gnfuf];\ .Æ a|éfn]
w]/} bof u/L ltdLnfO{ To:t} xf];\ egL j/ lbg'eof] . gdfu]sf] eP klg pxfFn] bof u/]/
sNkfGt cfo' klg ul/lbg'eof] ..#^..
km]l/ s'Des0f{ jL/ eP7fpF cfO{ a|éfaf6 cf1f
eof]– æca d ltdLnfO{ j/bfg lbG5' . s] dfUb5f} <Æ o:tf] bof ePs} a]nf p;sf]
lha|fdf uP/ ;/:jtL al;lbOg\ ..#&..
ha ;/:jtLn] v'a}l;t df]x kfl/g\, p;nfO{ d}n]
o:tf] dfUg'k5{ egL cfkm\g} lxt–clxtsf] klg xf]; ePg . p;n] d"v{ eP/
dfUof]– ædnfO{ 5 dlxgf lgb|f k/f];\, Ps lbgdfq dnfO{ vfglkgsf nflu lgb|f 6/f];\
.Æ ..#*..
o:tf] jfSo ;'g]/ k|e'n] ToxL j/bfg lbg'eof] .
ha Tof] j/bfg b]ju0fn] ;'g], ;a} v';L eP . lha|faf6 ha ;/:jtL uOg\, p;nfO{
Toltv]/ v]b kg{ uof] . p;n] o:tf] ljrf/ u¥of]– O{à/s} OR5f anjfg\ /x]5 ..#(..
s}s;Lsf] afa' ;'dfnLn] ha of] ;a} va/ ;'Ù
kfof], pm v'a v';L eof] . ;fydf w]/} jL/jL/ k|x:t cflb lnP/ pm t'?Gt} /fj0f
eP7fpF cfof] . p;n] /fj0fsf cl3 uP/ v';L x'Fb} eGof]– æx] k'q ¤ 7"nf] sfd u¥of}
. cl3 xfdLnfO{ lji0f'sf] w]/} 8/ lyof], ca Tof] 8/ uof] / ltdLn] xfd|f] ;Gtfk
wkfOlbof} ..$)..
cl3 nËfdf /fIf;x¿ /fHo uy{] . tL w]/} v';L lyP
. lji0f'n] uP/ l5ÙleÙ kf/L ;a} /fIf;nfO{ wkfOlbP . s] ug{', hf]/} k'u]g, clg
efuLsg ;a} kftfn uPsf lyof}F . cfh ltd|f] cf8 kfPkl5 cfP/ aNn olt s'/f eÙ
;lsof] ..$!..
cfhsfn ToxfF s'a]/sf] /fHo 5 . ltdLn] dfu]/
x'G5 ls, hf]/–hah{:tL u/]/ x'G5, h'g tl/sfn] x'G5 Tof] :yfg lht]/ n]pm . nËfem}F
;'Gb/ :yfg csf{] 5}g . /fhfsf nflu aGw'l;tsf] aGw'Tjwd{ klg x'Fb}g, To;}n] ca s;/L
nËf lnpmF eg]/ slQ klg ;Gb]x gdfg .Æ ..$@..
;'dfnLsf] o:tf] laGtL ;'g]/ /fj0fn] eGof]– ænËf
s;/L lhTg] /, s'a]/ t bfh' x'g\ . bfh' ePsfn] lkt[t'No 5g\ . pgL ToxLF
a;"g\ . xfdL cGoq} a;f}Fnf a? .Æ /fj0fsf] o:tf] jrg ;'g]/ k|x:t cufl8
;¥of] . p;n] /fj0fsf] dg km]l/ kmsf{pgsf nflu w]/} ;Lk nufP/ laGtL u¥of] ..$#..
æx] gfy ¤ oL b]jtf / b}Tox¿ cflb hlt 5g\ ;a}
sZoksf k'qx¿ x'g\ . tL klg cfk;df ;w}F n8\y] . ltgLx¿;d]t n8\y] elg;s]kl5 c¿
slt laGtL u¿F < To;sf/0f cfh nËfdf s'a]/ /x]sf eP klg Tof] lng'k5{ .Æ
k|x:tn] xft hf]8]/ laGtL u/]sf] ;'g]/ /fj0fn] Tof] laGtL 7Ls} xf] eg]/ dfGof]
..$$..
æa];} laGtL ul/;\ .Æ /fj0f olt eg]/ tTsfn bf}8L
lqs'6 kj{tdf uof] . p;n] k|x:tnfO{ b"tsf] ¿kdf k7fof] . o;kl5 p;n]
s'a]/nfO{ nËfaf6 lgsflnlbof] . cfkm\gf lktfsf] dg;fo a'em]/ pgL To; 7fpFnfO{
5f8L s}nfzlt/ uP . pgn] tk u/]kl5 lzjhL v';L eP . pgn] lzjhL;dIf laGtL u/]
..$%..
ljàsdf{ OR5fdflkmssf] agfpgdf s'zn lyP . pgn]
cnsfk'/L gfdsf] ;'Gb/ ;x/ agfO{ s'a]/nfO{ lbP . s'a]/ ToxLF lbSkfn eO{ /x] clg
lzjhLn] ltgnfO{ w]/} bof u/] . zDe'sf] s?0ff x'Fbf pgL cem cfgGbsf] ;fu/df k/]
..$^..
/fj0fn] ;a} /fIf;x¿nfO{ lnP/ v';L eO{ nËfdf
/fHo u¥of] . p;n] tk:ofaf6 k|fKt ann] ;a} hut\ lhTof] . o;af6 ;a}df ;Gtfk kg{ uof]
. ljB'lHhê eÙ] 7"nf] lgzfr/ -/fIf;_ lyof], /fj0fn] To;nfO{ alxgL lbof] .
do bfgjn] dGbf]b/LnfO{ NofP/ p;nfO{ lbof] / p;n] :jLsf/ u¥of] ..$&..
tL dGbf]b/LnfO{ lbPkl5 don] v';L eP/ cdf]3 zlQm
klg lbof] . s'Des0f{ jL/sf] ljjfxrflxF k|x\nfbsf] s'ndf eof] . z}n'if gfd ePsf Pshgf
Psbd anjfg\ uGwj{/fh lyP . ltgn] ljeLif0fnfO{ 7"nf x'g\ eÙ] hfg]/ cfkm\gL
5f]/L lbP ..$*..
/fj0fsf nflu Pp6f anjfg\ k'q hGDof] . Tof]
hGdbfv]l/ g} ha ?g nfUof], d]3 uh{];/L clt 7"nf] uh{g nfUof] . d]3sf em}F
zAb u¥of] eg]/ To;sf] gfd Toltv]/} d]3gfb /xg uof] . To;sf] an olt;Ddsf] 5 eg]/
;fFw–;Ldf sf]g{ ;lsFb}gYof] ..$(..
s'Des0f{nfO{ rflxF lgb|fn] Psbd;Fu klj|mof] /
pm ;s;df kg{ uof] . p;n] xft hf]/]/ /fj0f;dIf laGtL u¥of]– æx] gfy ¤ d ;'Tg
rfxG5', ;'Tg] 7fpF kfpmF .Æ To;}aLrdf p;n] cfkm"nfO{ ;'Tgsf nflu pQd u'kmf
tof/ u¥of] . ToxL uP/ s'Des0f{ jL/nfO{ v'a d:t lgb|f k¥of] ..%)..
a|éfsf] clg ;a} b]j / b}Tox¿sf] hf] P]ào{ lyof]
/fj0fn] ;a} vf]:of] . p;n] cg]s 9Ísf pkb|j u/L ;a}sf] gfz u/fpg nfUof] . s'a]/n]
of] yfxf kfPkl5 lsg o:tf] u5{;\, pkb|j gu/\ eÙfvflt/ af]Ngdf l;kfn' / rt'/f]
clg hAa/ b"t k7fP ..%!..
b"tn] uP/ laGtL u¥of] . /fj0f emg\ a]v';
eP/ Psbd 7"nf] /L; ub}{ p7\of] . p;n] t'?Gt s'a]/sxfF uP/ pgsf] k'iks
ljdfg lht]/ x/0f u/L nUof] . s'a]/nfO{ lht]kl5 odnfO{ lhTof] clg j?0fnfO{ klg
lhTof] . clg pm ca OGb|nfO{ ;d]t lhT5' eGb} v';L x'Fb} :ju{df k'Uof] ..%@..
Ps 7Ss/ n8\gf;fy OGb|n] p;nfO{ ;xh} kq]m, clg
kftf s;] . o;/L /fj0fsf] x'd{t uof] clg ;Dk"0f{ b]ju0f of] b]v]/ v';L eP .
of] s'/f yfxf kfP/ d]3gfy l/;n] cfuf] eP/ cufl8 b]vf k¥of] . p;n] To; ;dodf 7"nf]
n8fOF u/]/ OGb|hLnfO{ lhTof] ..%#..
p;n] /fj0fnfO{ km'sfof] clg OGb|nfO{ lnP/ kmsL{
nËf uof] . OGb|nfO{ lht]sf] x'gfn] OGb|hLt egL To;} ;dob]lv 7"nf] gfd
/x\of] . of] s'/fsf] va/ a|éfsxfF k'Uof] . OGb|hLnfO{ km'sfpgsf lgldQ pxfF
bf}8]/ hfg'eof] . a|éfhLn] w]/} j/ lbP/ d]3gfbnfO{ v';L kf/]/ aNn OGb|hLnfO{ km'sfpg'eof]
..%$..
ha a|éfhL OGb|hLnfO{ km'sfO{sg km]l/ wfddf
kms{g'eof], /fj0f km]l/ hut\ lht"F egL ;Í|fdsf sfddf nfluxfNof] . s}nfz
kj{t 7"nf] 5, of] slt ux|'Fuf] xf]nf eg]/ Ps lbg To;n] pQm kj{t xftdf lnP/
tf}lnof] klg ..%%..
gGbLà/ lzjhLnfO{ Tof] b]v]/ l/; p7\of] . pxfFn]
;/fk lbg'eof]– ædflg; / jfg/ zq' eO{sg tFnfO{ ;xh} df¿g\ .Æ To;kl5 pm ;ª\u|fd
ug{sf nflu sft{jLo{ eP7fpF k'Uof] . ltgLl;t le8\gsf nflu p;sf] tfut s] k'UYof],
pgn] kftf sl;lbP ..%^..
k'n:To Clif cfP/ laGtL u/]– æof] d]/f] gflt xf]
.Æ Clifn] aGwgaf6 km'sfOlbg'x'Fbf nfh dfg]/ To;} ;dodf kmsL{ nËf cfof] . km]l/
aflnnfO{ lhT5' egL /fj0f ;fydf cg]s jL/ lnP/ uof] . aflnn] p;nfO{ kj|m]/ sfvLdf
Rofk] ..%&..
sfvLd'lg Rofk]/ rf/ ;d'b| 3'dL kms{]/ ha
5fl8lbP, d}qL u5'{ egL ldt]/L gftf nufO{ w]/} nfh dfg]/ pm kmls{of] . oLafx]s
tLg} nf]sdf h]hlt jL/ lyP, tL ;a} jL/nfO{ jzdf u¥of] . k|e'hLn] o:tf jL/x¿ dfl/aS;g'eof]
. o:tf ljj/0fx¿ slt laGtL u¿F < ..%*..
lji0f' eujfg\ gf/fo0f x'g'x'5, ;a} of] r/fr/
hut\ klg hf] b]lvG5, zf:qx¿åf/f ;a} gf/fo0f} x'g\ eg]/ atfOG5 . Vjfldtsf cl3
gfledf sdn pTkÙ eof] / ToxLF a|éfhL /xg'eof] . ;/:jtL;Fu} xh'/sf d'vaf6 clUg
klg lg:s] ..%(..
xh'/sf afx'af6 nf]skfn / oL rGb|–;"o{ klg
pTkÙ eP, cfFvfb]lv lbzfx¿ pTkÙ eP, sfgaf6 zAb lg:s] . xh'/sf] k|f0f d'Vo ePsfn]
To;af6 ;a}sf] k|f0f tof/ eof] . gfssf Kjfnaf6 j}B clàgLs'df/ j]bfÍdf kf/ eP/
lg:s] ..^)..
lt3|f, 3'F8f, lgtDa z/L/sf olt efuaf6
e'jnf{]sx¿, sf]vfaf6 rf/ ;d'b| x'g uP . sxfF;Dd j0f{g u¿F < b'O{ :tgaf6 OGb|
/ j?0f pTkÙ eP, logLx¿ b'j} lbzfsf klt x'g\ . afn'jfaf6 clt tk:jL afnlvNox¿ ;a}
lg:s] ..^!..
wd{–cwd{sf] ljj]s k'¥ofpg] oL od/fh xh'/sf] lnÍaf6
pTkÙ eP eg] u'bfaf6 d[To' pTkÙ eP . xh'/sf /L;af6 ?b| pTkÙ eP clg xf8af6 kj{t
cflb ag] . s]zaf6 ;a} d]3x¿ eP . cf}iflwx¿ /f]daf6 pTkÙ eP eg] gªaf6 :j/ ag]
..^@..
x] gfy ¤ dfofnfO{ zlQmsf] ¿kdf lng'x'g] xh'/
k'?if–¿k ljàfTdf x'g'x'G5 . xh'/ v';L eP/ b]jtfx¿nfO{ ;bf cd[t lkofpg'x'G5 .
of] ;+;f/ r/fr/ hut\ xh'/s} ;[li6 xf] . x] eujfg\ ¤ hf] afFr]sf b]lvG5g\ tL xh'/s}
cfwf/ kfO{ afFlr/x]sf x'g\ ..^#..
h;/L b"wdf l3p e/k"/ /xG5 p;} tl/sfn]
;a} rLhj:t'df ;jf{Gt/fTdf xl/ xh'/ k;]/ /xg'ePsf] 5 . xh'/s} t]hn] ;"o{
k|sfzdfg\ x'G5g\ . xh'/ ;a}sf dflns x'g'x'G5 . x] gfy ¤ xh'/nfO{ k|sfz ul/lbg]
c¿ sf]xL klg 5}gg\ ..^$..
1fgLhgx¿ xh'/sf ;sn ¿k b]Vt5g\ . c1fgLx¿ cGwfn]
em}F k|e'nfO{ b]Vt}gg\ . ltgLx¿ d"9 x'g uO{ ljkt\df k/L 3'ld/xG5g\ . o:tf
/Ltl;t r/fr/ hut\df >L/fd /x]sf 5g\ eg]/ of]uL ePsfx¿ j]bzLif{x¿n] vf]Hb5g\ /
b]Vg klg ;Qm5g\ ..^%..
x] k|e' ¤ d}n] xh'/l;t asas ul//x]F . /L;
gdfgLsg xh'/n] dnfO{ cg'u|xsf] kfq xf] eÙ] hfg]/ /Iff ug'{xf];\ x] k|e' ¤
k/dfTdf, 1fg:j¿k clåtLo lgTo xh'/nfO{ d lg/Gt/ 6xn u/L xif{sf ;fy eHb5' .Æ
..^^..
jfln / ;'u|Lj oL b'O{ OGb| clg ;"o{sf
5f]/f x'g\ eÙ] ;'g]sf] t 5' t/ s:tf /Ltl;t logsf] hGd eof] lj:tf/k"j{s hfÙ
rfxG5' . d ;Dk"0f{ ljj/0f ;'Ù kfpmF .Æ /fdaf6 ha of] x's'd eof], cul:t
Clifn] ;Dk"0f{ ljj/0f lj:tf/k"j{s v';L eP/ ;'gfP ..^&..
rf/ ;o sf];sf] ;ef u/]/ a|éfhL ;'d]? kj{tdfly
x'g'x'GYof] . O{à/nfO{ l/emfpgsf lgldQ pxfFn] of]udf v'a;Fu dg lbg'eof] .
of]udf lrQ a9\of] / elQm/;n] ha cfF;' v;fpg'eof], cfF;'af6 ToxLF Ps jL/ jfg/ aGof]
/ ;a}hgfn] cfáo{ dfg] ..^*..
a|éfsf dgdf To;k|lt bof pTkÙ eof] / pxfFn] eÙ'eof]–
æltdL lgTo d]/f glhsdf /xg", sNof0f xf]nf .Æ a|éfsf oL jrg ;'g]/ v';L eO{
pm ToxLF glhsdf /x\of] . pm ;w}F To;} kj{tdf kmnkm"n vfP/ 8'ln/x\of]
..^(..
p;nfO{ Kof; nfu]sf] lyof], o;}a]nf p;n] glhs}
s'jf b]Vof] . p;n] ToxfF k'u]/ s'jfdf x]bf{ kfgLdf cfkm\gf] 5fof b]Vof] . To;
5fofnfO{ csf{] jL/ xf] eG7fg]/ pm To; s'jfdf xfDkmfn]/ k:of] . t/ s'jfleq p;n] s;}nfO{
b]v]g . s;}nfO{ ge]6]kl5 pm em6k6 pk|m]/ lg:Sof] ..&)..
ha pm s'jfaflx/ lg:Sof], p;n] cfkm"nfO{
;'Gb/L :qLsf] ¿kdf kfof] . d s;f] u/L :qL¿kdf ePF eg]/ p;nfO{ dgdf v]b eof] .
o;} aLrdf To; :qL¿k jfg/nfO{ OGb|hLn] b]v] . OGb|hL To;k|lt cf;Qm eP, / pgn]
To;nfO{ kj|m] . OGb|hLsf] jLo{ktg eof] / ;f] jLo{ ;a} afnb]z cyf{t\ s]z ePsf]
7fpFdf v:of] ..&!..
afndf v;]sf] To; jLo{af6 Ps s'df/ x'g uof] .
afnaf6 pTkÙ ePsf] eg]/ To;sf] gfd jfln jL/ /xg uof] . OGb|hLn] sf~rlgk'q x'g\ eÙ]
hfg]/ Pp6f pQd dfnf lbP . afa'sf] s?0ff xf] eÙ] a'em]/ jfln jL/n] Tof] dfnf
:jLsf/ u/] ..&@..
To;} aLrdf ;"o{ ToxfF cfP . pgn] To; :qLdf
gh/ nufP . ;"o{sf] klg jLo{kft x'g uof] . pgsf] jLo{ uw{gdf v:g k'u]sfdf
Tof] klg Ps pQd s'df/ aGof] . uw{g cyf{t\ u|Ljfb]lv pTkÙ eof] eg]/ To; s'df/sf]
gfd ;'u|Lj eof] ..&#..
;"o{n] klg k'qnfO{ anjfg\ ;xfos lbG5' egL
jL/dWo] anjfg\ xg'dfg ePsf x'gfn] ltgnfO{ lbP . tL xg'dfg ;'u|Ljsf ;fydf /x],
clg >L;"o{ cfkm\g} wfddf uP . o;/L tL jfg/Laf6 ;xh} jfln / ;'u|Lj b'O{
k'q hGd] ..&$..
tL jfg/L jfln / ;'u|Lj b'O{ k'qnfO{ ;fydf lnO{
;'Tgsf nflu uOg\ . laxfg p7]/ x]bf t tL km]l/ cl3sf em}F k'?if eO;s]sL /lx5g\ .
:qL¿k ePsf a]nf jfln / ;'u|Lj b'O{ 5f]/f hGd]kl5 ha k'gM oL k'?if eP, pgL a|éfnfO{
k|0ffd u¿F eg]/ b'j} 5f]/fnfO{ ;fy}df lnO{ uP ..&%..
of] va/ a|éf;dIf k'Uof] . a|éfnfO{ ltgn] v';L
kf/] . pgn] of] cfl>t cgfy xf] egL lslisGwfk'/L lbg] dg;fo /fv] . Ps anjfg\
b]jb"t ToxLF xflh/ lyof] . To;nfO{ a|éfsf] dhL{ x'g uof]– ænf} o;nfO{ nu]/
/fhf agfOb] ..&^..
lslisGwfk'/Ldf nuL /fhltns b] . v'a
;f]vk"j{s /fHo u/f];\ . ;ft åLkdf hlt jfg/x¿ 5g\ tL ;a}df o;}n] x's'd
u/f];\ . >Lgf/fo0f e"ldsf] ef/ xg{sf lgldQ ha /fdrGb| x'g'xf]nf,
pxfFnfO{ ;xfotf lbgsf lgldQ of] tTk/ xf]cf];\ .Æ ..&&..
lslisGwfk'/Ldf nuL ltns b] eÙ] x's'd eof] egL
To; CIfflwknfO{ nu]/ ToxfF /fhf agfOlbP . xh'/nfO{ ;a} s'/f yfxf 5Fb} lyof],
tfklg ltg} CIfflwksf tL jfln / ;'u|Lj b'O{ k'q x'g\ egL xh'/;dIf ;a} lj:tf/ u/]F
..&*..
lslisGwf /fHo To;} ;dob]lv jfg/ hfltsf] ePsfn]
;'u|Ljx¿ ToxLF 5g\ . xh'/ ;j{]à/ x'g'x'G5, ca oxfF c¿ s] atfpmF < x]
lgTofgGb lrbfTdgfy ¤ xh'/n] of] nLnf:j¿k wf/0f u/L ;Dk"0f{ e"ef/ x/]/
a|éfhLnfO{ v';L u/fpg'eof] ..&(..
jfln / ;'u|Lj b'j}nfO{ wd{ x'g\ eg]/ hfg]/ h;n]
pgsf hGdsyf / u'0fsf] avfg ub{} sLt{g ub{5 p;sf] >L/3'gfyl;t s]xL ;DaGw
kg{hfG5 / To;sf kfk 5'6\5g\ clg wd{ klg a9b\5 ..*)..
olt sd{n] xh'/sf] j0f{g t x'Fb}gYof], tfklg
hut\n] ;a} lrGtfx¿sf] gfz u/f}Fnf eg]/ oxfF >L/3'gfysf] j0f{g ub{5 . x]
/3'gfy ¤ d csf{] syf cfh eGb5' M /fj0fn] ;LtfnfO{ lsg x/0f u/]/ lnP/ uof] /
To;sf] vf; O/fbf s] xf] t ..*!..
Ps lbg /fj0fsf] / ;gt\s'df/ Clifsf] sxLF e]6
eof] . /fj0fn] r/0fdf k/L tL Clif;dIf of] k|Zg u¥of]– x] a|ég\ ¤ b]jx¿df
;a}eGbf anjfg\ sf] 5 < s;sf] cfwf/ kfP/ ;fd'Ù] cufl8 ;/L b]jtfx¿n] ;a} zq'x¿nfO{
lhTg] u5{g\ ..*@..
låhx¿n] s;sf] k"hg u5{g\ < hf] of]uL
x'g\ tL klg o; ;+;f/af6 ;xh d'lQm kfpgsf nflu s;sf] Wofg u5{g\ < d}n] slt
ljrf/ u/] klg o; s'/fsf] lgáo ug{ ;lsgF . s'g 7"nf] xf], oxL 7"nf] 5
eg]/ :ki6 atfOaS;g'xf];\ ..*#..
;gt\s'df/ Clifn] /fj0faf6 o:tf] bf]xf]/f] k|Zg
ha ;'g], pgn] p;sf] cfzo hfg]/ To;}cg';f/sf] hafkm lbP– æx] /fj0f ¤ ;'g,
xl/a/fa/sf] c¿ s'g} 7"nf] slxNo} e]l6Fb}g . b]ptfx¿sf / bfgj cflbx¿ ;a}sf cfwf/
pxfF g} x'g'x'G5 ..*$..
h;n] gfledf sdndfly eujfg\ a|éfhLnfO{ k}bf u/L
tLåf/f hut\ agfpg'eof], ltg} xl/ 7"nf x'g'x'G5 . xl/s} cfwf/ u/]/ OGb|flb
b]jtfx¿n] ;a} zq'x¿nfO{ lhT5g\ . of]uLx¿ Wofgn] ltg}nfO{ eh]/ ;xh} kf/ t/L hfG5g\
.Æ ..*%..
/fj0fn] Clifsf oL jrg ;'Gof] . p;n] laGtL
u¥of]– ælji0f'n] /0fdf hlt df5{g\, tL sxfF a:g hfG5g\ <Æ tL Clifn] o:tf
k|sf/sf] /fj0fsf] bf];|f] k|Zg ha ;'g], s[kf u/L To;nfO{ km]l/ ltgn] pQ/ lbP
..*^..
æb]jtfn] hlt dfb{5g\ tL t :ju{ cflb cg]ssf]
;'vef]u u5{g\ / sfnfGt/kl5 ltgsf] k[YjLtndf em/L hGd x'G5 . h;nfO{ xl/n]
dfb{5g\ Tof] t t'?Gt} hfG5 clg d'Qm eO{sg a:5, To;sf] slxNo} klg hGd x'Fb}g
..*&..
o:tf ;To jrg ;'g]kl5 /fj0fsf] lrQ a'em\of] / pm
v';L eof] . p;n] ca >Lxl/;Fu ;ª\u|fd u5{' / o'4df d/]/ d d'Qm x'G5' egL dgdf
;'/ lnO{ b[9 eof] . Clifn] klg of] s'/f yfxf kfP . tL ;gt\s'df/ Clifn] v';L eO{
/fj0fnfO{ cflzif klg lbP ..**..
æx] /fj0f ¤ ;'g jT; ¤ ltd|f] dgdf hf]
:jfeLi6–l;l4 5, Tof] ;a} kl/k"0f{ x'G5 . nf}, ca dgdf zËf k6Ss} dfÙ'kb{}g
. xl/sf] ¿k h:tf] 5, d xl/ o:tf 5g\ eg]/ clxNo} eG5' . :yfj/, hÍd, ;"o{, rGb|,
k[YjL, z]if, b}To, bfgj cflb =======..*(..
log} cg]s t/xsf ¿kx¿ xl/sf x'g\ . of] ¿k lj/f6\
¿k xf] . kLtfDa/, 3gZofd t ;"Id ¿k xf] h'g s[kfn] dfq b]Vg kfOG5 . of] ¿k
b]Vg] dg;'af 5 eg] xl/ OIjfs' s'ndf x'g'x'g]5 . pxfF bz/yhLsf 5f]/fsf] ¿kdf
hGdg'ePsf] 5 / hut\n] pxfFnfO{ >L/fd gfdn] lrGb5g\ ..()..
;Ltf / nId0fnfO{ ;fydf lnO{ lktfhLsf x's'dn]
ubf{ pxfF b08s jgdf hfg'x'g]5 . xl/ ltg} x'g\ eg]/ lrÙ" / eHg" .
;gt\s'df/ Clifsf d'vb]lv ha of] lj:tf/ ;'Gof], /fj0fn] VjfldtnfO{ To;} ;dodf
lrlgxfNof] . / p;n] dgdf o:tf] u'Gof]=== ..(!..
>L/fdsf ;fy lj/f]w u/]kl5 ltg}sf xftaf6 d/L
d ;+;f/;fu/ kf/ u/]/ ;xh} hxfF xl/ /xg'x'G5 pxLF hfg]5' . o:tf] cfzon] kf] p;n]
;LtfnfO{ x/]sf] xf], /fj0f a'l4dfg\ xf] . oL ;Ltf nIdL x'g\ eg]/ lrGof] /
pxfFnfO{ cToGt >4f uYof{], Tof] sxfF chfg lyof] / < ..(@..
h;n] o; syfnfO{ v';L eO{ kf7 u5{g\, sxLF ;'G5g\
/ sxLF ;'gfP/ kfk x5{g\, ltgsf] cfo' w]/} a9\b5, ltgL clt ;'vdo /xG5g\ . ha
ltgn] lgTo of] syf ;'Gb5g\, ta w]/} wg nfe x'G5 ..(#..
Ps lbg gf/bhL ;f/f ;+;f/ 8'Nb}8'Nb} /fj0fsf]
glhsdf k'u], b]Vgf;fy /fj0fn] kfp k/L laGtL u¥of]– æx] ;j{1 d'g] ¤ alnof, jL/ /
n8fs' sxfF 5g\, ;f] eg]/ oxfF kfp nfUg'xf];\ . p;n] o'4sf] 7"nf] OR5f eP/
o;f] eg]sf] lyof] ..($..
/fj0fsf oL s'/f ;'g]/ gf/b d'lgn] dgdf w]/}
;f]rljrf/ u/L eg]– æv} sf] eg"F, ltd|f a/fa/ t csf{] st} sf]xL jL/ 5}g .
ltd|f] dg;fo k"0f{ ug{ ;Sg] jL/ à]tåLkdf uof} eg] kfpg]5f} . ToxLF hfpm,
n8\gsf lgldQ 7"nf] OR5f 5 eg] ltdLn] cGt st} hfg} kb{}g ..(%..
h;n] lji0f'sf lgTo k"hg u5{g\, hf]
lji0f'sf afx'nLb]lv d5{g\, To:tf dxfTdf pg} lji0f'sf k'/Ldf a:g hfG5g\ . oL
lqnf]ssf jL/n] t ltgnfO{ t'R5 dfG5g\ ..(^..
gf/bsf oL jrg ;'g]/ /fj0f em§ k'iks ljdfgdf r9L
à]tåLk klg k'Ub5' egL To;} ;dodf lxF8\of] . ha pm à]tåLkglhs k'Uof], k'iks ljdfg
grNg] eof] . /fj0f lxDdtL lyof], pm k'iks ljdfgaf6 cf]Nof{] / k}bn bf}l8Fb}
uof] ..(&..
à]tåLk k'uL k|j]z u¿F eg]/ ha dg;fo agfof],
rf/}tkm{af6 ;'Gb/L gf/Lx¿ bf}l8Fb} cfP/ p;nfO{ 3]/] . pm 5Ss k¥of] . p;nfO{
b]v]/ csL{ cfO{ clg csL{ cfO{ clg p;nfO{ kqm]/ ;a} j[QfGt ;f]Wg nfuL . csL{n] clg
cem csL{ ;'Gb/Ln] 3]/]kl5 pm ToxfF k'u]sfdf Psbd rlst eof] ..(*..
pm aNnaNn :qLx¿af6 plDsof] t/ p;nfO{ Psbd cfáo{
nfUof] . ca d lji0f'sf xftaf6 d5'{ / oxLF cfP/ a:5' eg]/ p;n] t'?Gt dg{sf nflu
7"nf] 5n u/]/ ;LtfhLnfO{ x¥of] . p;n] nËfdf nuL ;Ltfdftfsf] dft[jt\ ;]jf
klg w]/} u¥of] ..((..
/fd–gfdn] k/d]à/} x'g'ePsfn] xh'/nfO{ ;a}sf]
ult yfxf 5Fb} 5, ;a}sf ;fIfL / hut\sf klt x'g'ePsfn] xh'/;dIf d c¿ w]/} s]
laGtL u¿F < æof] nf]s–;+;f/ d]/f] rl/q ufP/ /xf];\ .Æ eg]/ xh'/n] oxfF cg]s
t/xsf ;+;f/L nLnf ug'{x'G5 .Æ ..!))..
o; tl/sfn] /fdsf] :t'lt u/L v';L eP/ cul:t Clif
uP . ;+;f/Lem}F eP/ >L/fdn] cg]s ljifoef]u ug'{eof] . k'iks ljdfg kms{]/
s'a]/l;t uof] t/ ToxfFaf6 klg /fds} xh'/df kmsL{ cfof] . p;n] o:tf] laGtL u¥of]–
æx] gfy ¤ d s'a]/sf x's'dn] kmsL{ cfPF ..!)!..
klxn] /fj0fn] lht]/ lnof] / t}Fn] p;}sf] ;]jf ul/;\
. clxn] >L/3'gfyn] lhltlnFbf tF pgs} cwLgdf kl/;\ . of] Psbd /fd|f] eof], tF
cem} klg hf / k|e'sf] ;]jf u/]/ a;\ . hlxn] >L/fd j}s'07 hfg'x'G5, tlxn] tF kmsL{
oxfF cfpg" ..!)@..
x] Vjfldt ¤ ha d pgLsxfF k'u]F, s'a]/n] olt
x's'd u/] . ;f]xL x's'd dGh'/ u/L d v';L eP/ xh'/;dIf lkm/]sf] x'F .Æ k'ikssf]
o:tf] laGtL ;'g]/ /3'gfyhLsf] x's'd eof]– æclxn] tF pt} hf, h'g a]nf d
;Dem"Fnf, tF To;avt t'?Gt cfpg" .Æ .!)#..
k'iksnfO{ labf lbP/ >L/3'gfyn] /fHosf] ef]u
ug'{eof] . pxfFsf] /fHodf a"9fx¿ kl5 /x]/ afns slxNo} d/]gg\ . k|e'n]
o:tf] /fHo ug'{eof] / ;sn k|hfsf] ;do cfgGbdf laTof] . >L/fdsf] To:tf]
/fHodf klg Ps lbg 7"nf] cfáo{ eof] ..!)$..
Pshgf a|fé0fsf] 5f]/f] d/]5, / lktf /f]O/x]sf
/x]5g\ . >L/3'gfyn] of] b]Vg'eof], clg k|e'n] ljrf/ ug'{eof]– s] sf/0fn] o:tf]
ljlw eof] <Æ ljrf/ ubf{ k|e'nfO{ ofb eof], hÍndf Ps z"b| tk:of
ul//x]sf] lyof] . k|e'n] To;nfO{ dfl/lbg'eof] ...!)%..
tk ul//x]sf] z"b|nfO{ ha k|e'n]
dfl/lbg'ef], Tof] afns pl7xfNof] . a|fé0f v';L eP, Tof] z"b|rflxF klg
k/dwfd uof] . o:t} /Ltl;t kfngf ul/lbg'ePsfn] sxLF sf]xL b'MvL ePgg\ . k|e'n]
ljleÙ :yndf sf]l6lnÍsf] klg :yfkgf ug'{eof] ..!)^..
k|e'n] ;LtfhLnfO{ klg ;+;f/sf] ;'vef]u
u/fpg'eof] . oxL /fdsyf uP/ dflg;x¿ t¿g\ egL syfsf] :yfkgf klg u/fpg'eof] .
Psdfq ;Ltf k|e'hL]sL lk|of x'g'x'GYof] . /fhlif{sf] cfr/0f kfng u/]/ lzIffsf lgldQ
/fhu2Ldf a;L /fHosf cg]s sfd ub{} ===..!)&..
>L/fdsf] b; xhf/ jif{sf] sfn–cjlw /fhsfhd}
laTof] . o;} aLrdf ;Ltfn] /3'gfysf r/0fdf Ps laGtL ug'{eof]– æx] Vjfldt ¤ d
lgTo xh'/sf r/0fsL bf;L x'F, tfklg lsg a|éf cflb b]jtf;d]t cfP/ d]/f kfpdf
k5{g\ < ..!)*..
pgLx¿ laGtL u5{g\– æxh'/n] cl3 uOlbg'eP cfkm}F
k|e' /fd klg kfp nfUg'x'g] lyof] . j}s'07 hfg] o'lQm oxL xf] .Æ pgLx¿ o;f]
eG5g\ eg]/ xh'/;dIf a|éflb b]jtfx¿sf] dt laGtL u/]F . x] Vjfldt ¤ h:tf] ug{ plrt
xf] pxL cf1f xf];\, d}n] hf] ePsf] hfgsf/L u/fPF .Æ ..!)(..
;LtfhLn] of] laGtL ug'{ePkl5 >L/3'gfysf]
x's'd eof]– æ7Ls} eg]sf x'g\ . j}s'07 hfFbfv]l/ ca o;f] ug'{kb{5 M d ltdLnfO{
hgtfaf6 Ps ckjfb nufP/ 7"nf] jgdf 5f8L Tofu klg u5'{ . ltdLn] jfNdLls cf>ddf
hfg" ..!!)..
clxn] ue{ 5 . ltdLaf6 b'O{ jL/–jL/ s'df/
hGdg]5g\ . ltdLn] klg ca d nf]ssf] of] ckjfb d]6\5' eg]/ lgofF k:5' eÙ" .
ha ltdL oxLF cfP/ nf]ssf aLrdf Gofosf nflu clUgk/LIffdf k:g]5f}, wtL{
kmf6\g]l5g\ / ToxLFaf6 ltdLn] ;f]em} j}s'07 hfg" ..!!!..
o; tl/sfn] ha ltdL cl3 hfpnL, c¿ s]xL ;do;Dd
oxfF a;]/ d klg cfpFnf, d}n] lsg nfdf] ;do;Dd oxLF a:g] / < d]/f] ;'/ o:tf]
5 eg]/ ltdLnfO{ elg;s]F .Æ hfgsf nflu oxL ;'/ lgáo u/]/ >L/fd ;efdf hfg'eof]
. pxfFn] ;efdf ;f]Wg'eof]– æxfd|f] oz–ckoz b'lgofFdf s]s:tf] 5 <Æ ..!!@..
;a}n] >L/fd;dIf oz}oz 5 eg]/ laGtL u/] .
clns kl5 Pp6fn] eGof]– æx] dxf/fh ¤ d Ps ckoz klg ;'G5' . /fj0fn] jgaf6 x/]/
3/df nuL s]xL lbg cfkm}F;Fu /fVof] . ;Ltf o:tL x'g\, pg}nfO{ rf]vL 5g\ eg]/ 3/d}
NofP/ /fv]sf 5g\ ..!!#..
o:tL :qL klg rf]vL xf] egL /fhfn] ;d]t /fVg
yfn] eg] oxfF s'g :qL rf]vL /xnL < cab]lv ;Dk"0f{ :qLx¿ j]Zof aÙ] eP
eG5g\ . ckoz oxL dfq xf] .Æ To;n] ha of] laGtL u¥of], k|e'n] nId0fhLnfO{ 8fsL Nofpg
x's'd lbg'eof] ..!!$..
x's'dcg';f/ ha nId0f >L/3'gfysf xh'/df k'u],
;'Ù;d]t sl7g x'g] vfnsf] of] clt s7f]/ x's'd k|e'af6 eof]– æx] efO ¤ d}n] ca
;LtfhLnfO{ Tofu ug'{k¥of] . pgL rf]vL 5g\ eg]/ hfg]/ :jLsf/ ubf{ nf]sn] dnfO{
w]/} 7"nf] b'o{z u¥of] ..!!%..
;LtfhLnfO{ t'?Gt} /ydf r9fP/ jfNdLls cf>dsf]
glhs} jgdf k'¥ofpm / 5f8]/ kmsL{ cfpm . olb ltdLn] k|To'Q/ u¥of} eg] ltdLn]
dnfO{ dfg{]5f}, d clxNo} dg{]5' . x] efO ¤ ef]ln laxfg ;LtfhLnfO{ jgdf
nUg" . d]/f] x's'd oxL xf] .Æ ..!!^..
nId0fn] ha of] x's'd ;'g], pgL 7"nf] ;s;df
k/] . pgn] laxfg ;a]/} p7]/ Ps pQd /y tof/ u/L To;df ;LtfhLnfO{ r9fP . pgL
;LtfhLnfO{ jgdf nu]/ 5f8L cfP . ;LtfhL ljnfk ug{ nfUg'eof]– ædnfO{ jgdf 5f8\of}
lg ¤Æ .!!&..
jfNdLlssf lzion] ;LtfhLn] ?g'ePsf] ;'g] .
pgLx¿n] of] s'/f jfNdLls;dIf uO{ eg] . of] ;'g]kl5 jfNdLlsnfO{ ;LtfhLsf] ;Demgf
eof] . pgn] pxfFsf] k"hg u/]/ cf>ddf NofP . nf]s–hggL ;Ltf pxfF g} x'g'x'G5
eg]/ :qLx¿ nufO{ ;LtfhLsf] Psbd /fd|/L ;]jf u/] ..!!*..
tL a|fé0fkTgLx¿n] klg nIdL x'g'x'G5 eÙ] hfg]/
7"nf] efUo xf] eÙ] dfgL ;Ltfsf] k"hf u/] . ptf ;LtfklthL klg lj/Qm
eP/ ;'vef]u 5f8L Clifd'lgem}F dgn] of]uL x'g'eof] ..!!(..
.. /fduLtf ..
dflg;x¿n] d]/f] of] nLnf eg"g\,
;'g"g\ / ;+;f/af6 kf/ xf]pmg\ eg]/ nf]ssf lxtsf lgldQ eujfg\n] dflg;
:j¿ksf agL nLnf ug'{eof] . clg j[4x¿n] hf] ub{y] ;f] u/]/ ;a}sf afwf x6fpFb}
;Tsfo{df lbg latfpg'eof] ..!@)..
k|e'hLsf ;fydf nId0fhL lyP, pgn] k|e'hL;dIf
;f]w]– æ7"nf] ljif s'g xf] <Æ k|e'n] klg ;a}yf]s lj:tf/k"j{s eÙ'eof]
. a|é:j g} ljif xf] egL ha pgn] g[uhLsf] syf ;'g], nId0fhLsf] lrQ a'em\of] . nId0fn]
km]l/ s]xL ;f]Wg nfu] ..!@!..
x] gfy ¤ 1fg:j¿k b]xx¿sf cfTdfsf] cwLg eP/ klg
o; cfs[ltsf ag]/ cg]s lsl;dsf e"ef/ xg'{eof] . x] cfTd¿kL eujfg\ ¤ oL t xh'/sf
nLnfdfq x'g\ . of] s'/f eQmx¿dfq hfGb5g\ . of] nLnf t eQmx¿sf bofsf nflu ePsf]
xf] eg]/ klg dfGb5g\ ..!@@..
x] Vjfldt ¤ xh'/nfO{ o:tf dflns x'g'x'G5 eÙ]
hfg]/ d kfptndf k/]sf] 5' . d o; ;+;f/¿kL ulx/f] ;d'b| s'g tl/sfn] tb{5' <
ToxL o'lQm l;sfOaS;g'xf];\, h'g tl/sfn] u/]/ d cfgGbsf] ef]u u/L kl5 ;xh} wfddf
k'Ug]5' ..!@#..
nId0fsf oL jrg ;'g]/ >L/3'gfyn] d'v} xl;nf]
kf/]/ cfkm\gf eQm tL efO nId0fhLsf] ;Dk"0f{ ;Gtfk x/0f ub{} ToxLF tŒj1fg
lbg'eof] . To; tŒj1fgnfO{ j]bn] klg eG5g\ ls nf]snfO{ tg{sf nflu oxL ;fF3'
;lhnf] 5 ..!@$..
oL j0ff{>dsf lj|mof hlt 5g\ ltgnfO{ klxn]
kfng ug'{kb{5 . b; OlGb|o / dgnfO{ lht]/ u'?sf cufl8 uO{ cfTd1fg ldnf];\ eg]/
lg/Gt/ ;]jf ug'{kb{5 . cfTd1fg g} oxL tl/sfn] ldNb5 / oxL tl/sfn] w]/}n] ;+;f/
t/]sf 5g\ ..!@%..
h;n] kmnsf] OR5f u/L sd{ ub{5, p;n] km]l/ o:t}
b]x lnP/ Tof] kmn ef]u ub{5 . clg km]l/ sd{d} w]/} dg lbgfn] o;} hut\df s/n]
k/]/ km]l/ klg To;sf] b]x aGb5 . o:t} tl/sfn] rj|mem}F Tof] o; e'jgdf 3'ld/xG5
..!@^..
c1fgn] ;sn ;+;f/nfO{ zq'sf em}F oxfF 3'dfO/xG5
. 1fg ePkl5 c1fg gi6 x'G5 eÙ] s'/f dgdf lng" . c1fgsf] / oL sd{sf]
7"nf] cGt/ 5, To;sf/0f lj|mofaf6 c1fg gi6 x'Fb}g . of] 1fgsf a/fa/
d'lQmsf] c¿ s'g} pkfo 5}g ..!@&..
c1fgk"j{s ul/Psf] sd{n] g t c1fg gi6 x'G5,
g t /fu 5'6\t5 . c1fgk"j{s ul/Psf] sd{sf wd{n] dflg; o;} hut\df 3'ld/xG5, To;sf/0f
dflg;n] 1fgsf] ljrf/ ug"{ . 1fgn] w]/} kf/ eP, t/ 1fg 5f8Lsg ul/Psf sd{n]
s'g dg'io o; ;+;f/af6 kf/ x'g ;s]sf] 5 / < ..!@*..
ljBfsf nflu sd{ 7"nf] ;xfos x'G5 eg]/
j]bx¿ eGb5g\ . To;sf/0f dflg;n] ;xfos x'G5 eÙ] hfgL cjZo sd{ ug"{ eg]/
sf]xL eGb5g\ . ltgn] To;f] eg] klg ljBfnfO{ t s'g} ;xfos k6Ss} rflxFb}g eÙ]
s'/f a'em . o; ljifodf c¿ lj:tf/k"j{s atfpg' gknf{ ..!@(..
sd{x¿ b]x / wg cflbsf] ljifodf k"/f cledfg
eO{ ul/G5g\ . ljBf 5 eg] hf] ePsf] b]x cflbsf] cledfg gi6 x'G5 . ljBfsf] /
sd{sf] aLrdf lj/f]w x'g] x'Fbf ;xfos x'g] s'/} ePg . ;a}n] oxfF hfÙ'kg{] s'/f s]
xf] eg] d'lQm lbgsf nflu ;dy{ Psdfq ljBf xf] ..!#)..
afhLsf >'lt t}lQ/Lo elgg] >'ltx¿n] klg
oxL s'/f eG5g\– ljBfn] c¿sf] ;xfotf vf]Hb}g . To;sf/0f sd{;Fu lj/f]w 5 eÙ] hfgL
dflg;n] ;a} sd{ 5fl8lbg" . ljBfdfq 7"nf] xf] eg]/ a'emL o;df dg nufO/xg"
..!#!..
h'g of] ætŒjd;LÆ 5, o; jfSosf] jfSofy{ hfÙ"
. o;df tLg kb 5g\ . tL tLg kbsf tfTko{df dg lbg" . ætt\Æsf] cy{ k/fTdf
xf], æTjd\Æ eÙ' hLjfTdf xf] . logsf] Pstf a'emfpgsf nflu æcl;Æ kb 5 . of] s'/f
/ftf]lbg ljrf/ ug"{ ..!#@..
of] z/L/ dfofn] ag]sf] xf] / of] cflv/df dg]{
g} xf] . ;a}df k~rdxfe"t 5 eg]/ b]Vg" . o:tf k|sf/sf] ag]/ ;+;f/sf
;'vb'Mv ;fwg:j¿k hf] of] b]x b]lvG5, ;a}n] o;nfO{ :y"nf]kflw egL eG5g\ .
of] gfd o;}sf] xf] ...!##..
b; OlGb|o, dg / ck~rLs[t e"t oL h'g ;f]x|
hDdf 5g\, lognfO{ :y"nf]kflw egL eGb5g\ . of] ;a}sf] d"n ef]u;fwg xf]
. o;} :y"n pkflwleq ;bf hLjfTdf /xG5g\ . hLjfTdf / :y"nf]kflwsf] ljof]u
x'gf;fy :y"nf]kflw un]/ hfG5, clg hLjfTdf ToxfF Ps}If0f klg k6Ss} l6Sg
;Qm}g ..!#$..
hLj cyf{t\ cfTdf d'Qm 5 . :kml6s em}F z'4 lgd{n
pkflw eof] eg] hLj klg ;Í–u'0fn] pkflwh:t} lgd{n x'G5 . 1fg kfP/ ha hLj pkflwaf6
km/s xf]nf, To; If0fdf hLj d'Qm x'g]5, gq c¿ s'g} pkfo 5Fb} 5}g ..!#%..
/ftf] j:t'sf ;fydf /x]df :kml6s /ft} b]lvG5,
To:t} cfTdf klg pkflw;Fu /x]/ 7Ls pkflwh:t} x'G5g\ . cfTdfdf g t pkflw 5, g
:kml6sdf st} /ftf] 5 . :kml6s /ftf] b]lvg' e|ddfq xf], oxL ljrf/ ;a} s'/fdf
/fVg" ..!#^..
dflg;sf] a'l4sf tLg j[lQ 5g\ M hfu|t\, :jKg /
;'if'lKt . oL tLg j[lQ em'§faf6 lnOG5 . a|é¿kdf lgTo ;'v¿k kfOG5 eÙ] a'em\g'k5{
. j[lQ lg/f]w u/]/ dflg;n] cfTdfnfO{ lrÙ" . cfTdfleq pkflwnfO{ em'6f xf] eg]/
5fl8lbg" ..!#&..
cfTdf ;'v¿k xf], To;df b'Mv¿ksf] ;+;f/ sxfF 5 /
< c1fgsf sf/0f dfq ;To¿kn] cfTdfdf b'Mv emNs]sf] xf] . 1fgn] nLg klg x'G5 .
8f]/LnfO{ h;/L ;k{ 7flgG5, To:t} O{à/df klg cg]s lsl;dsf] hut\ b]lvPsf] xf]
..!#*..
lrbfTddf cWof; -em'6f] 1fg_ x'G5 . cxËf/sf OR5f
cflb hf] 5g\, oL a'l4sf wd{ x'g\ . logL s'g} ;f/o'Qm 5}gg\ . h;/L kmnfdleq clUg
3':5, To:t} k|sf/sf] ag]/ oL ;a}df cfTdf 3';]/ /xG5 . cfTdf oL ;a}df 3';]sf] eP
klg tLaf6 k[ys\ /x]sf] ;fIfL dfq xf] ..!#(..
u'?sf jf j]bsf jrgaf6 o; cfTdfnfO{ lrÙ'k5{ .
cfTdfnfO{ lrGof] eg] a'em\g" ls Tof] To;} If0fdf d'Qm eof] . To;sf/0f
dflg;n] cfTdf o; ¿ksf x'G5g\ eÙ] ljrf/ ug"{ . c1fg gi6 u/fpgsf nflu
o;afx]s csf{] pkfo klg 5}g ..!$)..
cfTdf o; tl/sfn] lrlgG5 M dflg;n] ;j{k|yd
PsfGtdf uO{ a;f];\ clg b; OlGb|o tyf dgnfO{ ;d]t lht]/ cfTdljrf/df k;f];\ . of]
h'g ;Dk"0f{ hut\ b[Zodfg 5, of] cfTd;Qf xf] eg]/ hfgf];\ . oxL tŒj
a'em]kl5 cfkm" klg k"0f{¿ksf] eOG5 ..!$!..
çsf/ ;a} hut\sf] jfrs xf] . c1fg cj:yfdf jfrs
1fgf]Q/ x'g sxfF ;S5 / < çsf/ cfTdfdf nLg x'g ;S5 . ha çsf/ cfTdfdf nLg
x'G5, To; avtdf lgd{n / pkflw/lxt eO{ c p d\ tLg ljà cflb ;fIfL;lxt cfTdfdfq
/xG5 ..!$@..
1fgsf ljrf/n] ha dflg; d ;f]xL cfTdf x'F egL
b[9 x'G5, o;f] eof] eg] pm hLjgd'Qm egL slxG5 . Tof] s'g} cj:yfdf klg lrGtfdf
kb}{g . ;a} OlGb|o zdg u/]/ anjfg\ sfdjf;gf cflbsf] gfz u/L cEof; ug"{ .
;dflwdf k'u]kl5 cfkm\gf ;fd'Ù]df ;xh} lji0f' eujfg\ b]vf kg'{x'g]5 ..!$#..
oxL k"0f{ cgGt cfTd–¿ksf] lgTo Wofg ub{}
/xf];\ . k|f/Aw alnof] 5 eÙ] klg a'em]/ hLjgsf b'Mv;'v ;a} ;xf];\ . oxL tl/sfn]
lbglatfof] eg] ha of] b]x 5'6\nf, ;+;f/sf ;a} b'Mv 5f8]/ Tof] tTsfn d}df nLg
x'G5 ..!$$..
of] b]xwf/L ag]df cf/Dedf, aLrdf jf cGTodf klg
k"0f{ cfgGb x'Fb}g eÙ] ;a}n] of] ;To s'/f hfÙ" . To;sf/0f Tof] ljlw
5f8L dflg;n] cToGt Wofg lbP/ cfTdljrf/ ug"{ . h;/L gbLsf] hn ;d'b|df k'u]/
ldNb5, Tof] dflg; To;} u/L ddf ldNg]5 ..!$%..
cfTdfdfq lgTo 5, of] ;a} hut\ em'6f] 5 . em'6f]
klg s;/L eg] h;/L s'/f ga'em\bf 8f]/LnfO{ ;fFRr}sf] ;k{em}F b]lvG5 . of] ;To hfÙ"
. hflgPg eg] d]/f r/0fdf k/L ;]jf ug"{ / hflgG5, gq t b'Mv;fu/af6 s;} u/L kf/
eOFb}g ..!$^..
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To;sf/0f of] ljrf/ u/ ls of] hut\ r6sem}F em'6f] xf] . d}df ;bf elQm u/]/
cfgGb¿kL agL /xg] ug{" ..!$&..
d]/f] oxL ;u'0f :j¿knfO{ v';L dfg]/ ehg / Wofg
u¿g\ cyjf cfkm\gf] dg lgu'{0f kl/k"0f{ cfTd¿kdf k'¥ofP/ w¿g\, tL b'j}
d}t'No x'g\ . d ltg} x'F / ltgLx¿n] d};/Lsf ag]/ ltgn] s'lNrlbFbf ;d]t
;Dk"0f{ e'jg g} kljq ug{]5g\ ..!$*..
u'?–r/0fdf >4f–elQm /xf];\ . d]/f jrgdf klg
>4felQm /xf];\ . o;nfO{ >'lt;f/ -j]bsf] ;f/f+z_sf] ¿kdf a'emL d"n
tŒj oxL xf] eg]/ k9f];\ . o:tf tl/sfn] of] k9\of] eg] c1fgsf] gfz u/L Tof] d]/}
¿k agL hfG5 . Tof] ;xh} ;+;f/;fu/ t/]/ hfG5 .Æ ..!$(..
.. Olt /fduLtf efiff ..
Ps lbg >Lod'gfhLsf lt/df a:g] efu{j, Rojg
cflb d'gLà/x¿ / ltgsf ;fydf a:g] c¿ Clifx¿ klg cfklQ 5'6\5g\ ls eg]/ >L/3'gfysf
xh'/df cfP . >L/3'gfyaf6 7"nf] cfb/ kfpFbf Clifu0f v';L eof] ..!%)..
æd a|fé0fx¿sf] ;]js x'F . xh'/x¿n] oxfF
cfOlbg'eP/ clt s[kf ug'{eof] . xh'/x¿ wGo x'g'x'G5 . ca h'g sfd daf6 u/fpg]
OR5f 5 ;f] o; ;]jsnfO{ cx|fOaS;g'xf];\ . d ;]js x'F, ;a} l;4 u5'{ .Æ ha of] >L/fdaf6
x's'd eof], Rojg Clifn] >L/fdsf xh'/df cfkm\gf cfkt\ laGtL u/] ..!%!..
æx] gfy ¤ dw' gfdsf s'g} b}To lzjsf Kof/f
dxfTdf lyP . ltgnfO{ v';L ePsf] df}sfdf lzjhLn] cdf]3 lqz"n lbPsf lyP .
s'lDeg;L gfd ePsL /fj0fsL Ps alxgL lyO{ . dw'n] To;nfO{ lax] u/]sf lyP . To;af6
Ps k'q hGDof] . To; k'qn] nf]s–s06s eP/ ;a} rfn /fIf;s} lnof] ..!%@..
To;sf] gfd nj0f xf], To;sf] rfn /fIf;L 5 . x]
/3'gfy ¤ ToxL lqz"n lnP/ Tof] ;a} ClifnfO{ cg]s afwf lbO{ cfkt\df kf5{ .
of] cfklQ 5'6f];\ egL xh'/;dIf cfof}F .Æ ha Rojgn] o;f] eg], >L/fdaf6 tTsfn}
o:tf] x's'd eof]– æTo;sf] lrGtf gdfÙ'xf];\, d To;nfO{ t'?Gt} dfl/lbG5' .Æ
..!%#..
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æsf] uP/ Clifsf k|f0fbftf eO{ To; nj0f gfdsf] sfF8fnfO{ df5f{} <Æ e/tn] xft
hf]/]/ laGtL u/]– æx] Vjfldt ¤ d hfG5' .Æ zq'£ghLn] klg o:t} cToGt plrt laGtL
u/]– ..!%$..
ænId0fn] cl3 xh'/sf ;fy}df nfu]/ a8f] sfd u/] .
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ToxfF hfg] lyPF .Æ >L/fd 7fs'/ Tof] laGtL ;'g]kl5 Psbd} v';L x'g'eof]
..!%%..
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t'?Gt uP/ To; nj0fnfO{ dfl/xfn . To;sf nflu of] af0f n}hfpm .Æ olt eg]/
af0fx¿df ;a}eGbf d'Vo h'grflxF lyof] Tof] lems]/ lbg'eof] ..!%^..
clg pxfFn] efOnfO{ of] ctL{ klg lbg'eof]– æx]
efO ¤ To;sf 3/}df lzjsf] lqz"n 5 . Tof] lgTo lzjsf] lqz"nsf]
k"hf u/]/ cfxf/sf vflt/ jgdf hfG5 . To;n] Tof] lzjsf] lqz"n lng egL
3/df k'Ug} gkfcf];\ . To;n] Tof] lzjsf] lqz"n lng egL 3/ hfg} gkfcf];\ .
pm lkmg{ nfUbf ToxLF lel8xfNg" . oxL z/n] Tof] dnf{ / Tof] k/} lunf{
..!%&..
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To;} lqz"nn] ;a}sf] gi6 u/fpg]5 . of] s'/fdf /fd|/L ljrf/ k'¥ofpg" .
To;nfO{ df/]kl5 To; dw'jgdf Pp6f /fd|f] ;x/ agfpm h;df ;a}n] a:g kfP x'GYof]
eg]/ /x/ u¿g\ ..!%*..
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/fIf;nfO{ df/, clg kl5kl5 tL;–rfnL; xhf/ hgfsf] ;]gf cfpg]5 . ;a}nfO{ v';L
/fv]/ ToxfF /fdn] lbPsf] /fHo xf] egL /fHo ug"{ ..!%(..
ha zq'£gnfO{ cfzLjf{b lbO{ Clifsf ;fydf hfpm eÙ]
x's'd eof], pgn] x's'dcg';f/s} sfd u/] . zq'£gn] uP/ t'?Gt} /fIf;nfO{ df/], clg
dy'/fk'/L aGof] . x's'dcg';f/ zq'£gn] klg ToxLF a;]/ /fHo u/] ..!^)..
ptf ;Ltfsf klg b'O{ h'DNofxf ;'s'df/ k'q k}bf
eP . jfNdLls Clifn] tL b'O{ k'qsf] gfdsd{ ul/lbP . h]7fsf] gfd s'z /flvlbP eg] sfG5frflxFsf]
gfd nj egL /flvlbP . clg ltgLx¿nfO{ j|mdzM cg]s zf:qx¿ k9fOlbP ..!^!..
j]bfy{ hfg"g\ eg]/ a]n}df j|taGw sd{ klg
eof] . ltgLx¿ j]b k9\g nfu], / zf:qx¿sf] tfTko{ klg hfg] . pgLx¿ pQd lgd{n
;"o{j+zdf tL k}bf ePsf lyP, pgLx¿n] of] cEof; u/]gg\ eÙ'kg{] s'g} ljifo afFsL
lyPg, of] hfGb}gg\ eÙ' km';|f s'/f lyP ..!^@..
jfNdLlsn] ;d:t /fdrl/q ufg ug{sf nflu sfJosf
/Ltn] sljtf agfP . b'j} s'df/ of] sfJo ufg ub{y] / Clifn] v';L eP/ ltgnfO{ of] ;a}
k9fOlbP . of] /fdrl/q ufpFbf ltgn] lqe'jg} jzdf kf/] .!^#..
tL b'O{ ;'Gb/ h'DNofxf s'df/x¿ xftdf l;tf/ lnP/
k"/f ;'/l;t tfn–;'/ ldnfP/ ufpFy] . Tof] ufg ;'g]/ jgdf /xg] Clifu0f v';L
x'Gy] . ;a}n] tL b'j}nfO{ 7"nf eg]/ dfgn] v'al;t Kof/f] ub{y] ..!^$..
oxL tl/sfn] /fdrl/q ufP/ clg ;a}sf] dg klg v';L
kf/]/ tL jfNdLlssf cf>dd} a:y] . jfNdLlsn] h] eGy] tL b'j} ToxL uy{] ..!^%..
o;}aLrdf >L/fdn] càd]w cflb o1x¿ ug'{eof] /
cg]s bfg klg lbg'eof] . ;LtfhL jgdf x'g'x'GYof], To;}n] ;'gsL ;Ltf agfP/ sfd rnfpg'eof]
. >L/fdsf rdTsf/k"0f{ sfo{x¿ x]g{sf nflu a|élif{x¿, k[YjLsf
7"nf7"nf /fhfx¿, a|fé0fx¿, Iflqox¿, j}Zox¿ / c¿ hf];'s} klg ;a} ToxfF
k'Uy] ..!^^..
jfNdLls Clif hxfFhxfF hfGy] tL njs'z klg
pgL;Fu} hfGy] . Ps lbg s'zn] ClifnfO{ ;f]Wg] km';{t kfP, pgn] ;f]w]– æx] ;j{1
u'? ¤ s'g tl/sfn] dflg; aGwgdf kb{5g\ < s'g tl/sfn] h:tf aGwgx¿ klg ;xh}
tf]8]/ ltgn] kf/ ub{5g\ < ..!^&..
o; tl/sfn] dflg; afFlwG5g\, olt u/] eg] ;+;f/
t5{g\ egL o;sf] tŒj atfOaS;g'xf];\, d d"9 eP/ klg hfg"F .Æ ha
jfNdLlsn] s'zsf] o:tf] k|Zg ;'g], pgn] dflg; o;/L afFlwG5 eg]/ /x:osf] s'/f] a'emfP
..!^*..
o; hLjn] ljrf/ gu/L Joy{df cËf/nfO{ ;Nnfxsf/
cyf{t\ dGqLsf] ¿kdf lnFbf, ;Nnfxsf/ ag]sf] 3dG8n] cfkm"df ePhlt u'0f hLjdf
ldnfOlbFbf cxËf/sf jzdf k/]/ o; hLjn] cxËf/nfO{ g} d eG7fÙ nfUof] eg] of] hLj
klg ljifodf afFlwG5 ..!^(..
cxËf/sf ¿k lqu'0f cyf{t\ ;Œj, /h / td g} x'g\ .
dgn] ljrf/ ubf{ oL tLg} u'0f s'g} ;f/sf 5}gg\ . ;Œjdf OR5f /fv] eg] P]ào{
ef]U5g\, /hf]u'0fn] of] :qL d]/L, of] k'q d]/f] eg]/ ;+;f/s} Jojxf/ a9\5
..!&)..
tdf]u'0fdf hf] v';L /x]sf 5g\ tL t sL/f eO{
ljklQdf lkmg{]5g\ . ltgnfO{ sxLF uP klg ;'v;on ldNg]jfnf 5}g . h;n] tL tLg}
u'0fnfO{ t'R5 a'em]/ v'a} cfTdljrf/ u5{g\, ltgn] dfq ;f/f aGwgx¿nfO{ tf]8]/
;xh} ;+;f/ tb{5g\ ..!&!..
To;sf/0f cËf/nfO{ t'R5 dfg]/ cfkm"nfO{
k"0f{ cfTdf x'F eg]/ hfg, / cfTdljrf/df ltdL dg nufpm . d}n] ;To eg]F,
ltdLn] of] s'/f hfg]/ dgdf lng" ..!&@..
jfNdLlsaf6 olt tŒj kfPkl5 tL s'z jL/nfO{ 1fg
eOxfNof] . ltgL To;} klg lgTo d'Qm g} lyP, t/ klg o; nf]sdf sfo{ ub{} /x]
..!&#..
Ps lbg jfNdLlsn] ctL{ lbg'eof]– æx] k'q xf] ¤
ltdLx¿ ufpF5f} / ltd|f] ufg ;'g]/ b'lgofF v';L x'G5 . ltdLx¿n] 7"nf] oz
kfpF5f} . olb ltdLx¿sf] ufg ;'Ùsf nflu >L/fdsf] dg eof] / ufpm egL ufpg nufP
eg] ltdLx¿ b'j}hgf ldn]/ ufpg" ..!&$..
olb ltdLx¿sf] ufgn] v';L eO{ s]xL alS;; eof]
eg] alS;; ePsf] hlt rLhnfO{ t[0fsf a/fa/ ug]/ ltdLx¿n] k6Ss} s]xL glng" . jfNdLlsaf6
ctL{ kfPkl5 cToGt v';L eP/ tL b'j} efO Clifsf ;fd'Ù] cufl8 uP/ ufpg nfu]
..!&%..
ToxL ck"j{ ufgsf] ljifodf ;'ÙePkl5
>L/3'gfyHo"sf] klg dg To; ufgdf uof] . cfkm\gf] ufgn] of] dg x/0f ug{]
oL sf] x'g\ eÙ] klg eof] . lognfO{ d]/} cufl8 8fs]/ d km]l/ logsf] ufg ;'G5' eÙ]
OR5fn] /fhkl08tx¿, j[4hgx¿ cflb ;a} /fv]/ 7"nf] ;ef u/L ======..!&^..
>L/fdaf6 x's'd eof]– æd tL s'df/sf d'vaf6
ufg ;'G5' . ca ltgLx¿nfO{ oxLF 8fs, tL ;efdf klg cfpmg\ .Æ ha >L/fdsf] x's'd
eof], x's'd lz/f]k/ u/L tL b'O{ s'df/ ;efdf klg cfP . dflg;x¿n] tL b'O{ s'df/sf
:j¿k b]v] . oL s'df/x¿ s;sf x'g\ < oL s;/L /fdh:t} b'?:t eP egL ;a}n] cfáo{
dfg] . !&&..
olb logn] >L/fdsf h:t} j:q / cfe"if0f
nufpg] xf] eg] >L/fdrGb| s'grflxF x'g'x'G5 eÙ] lrÙ klg sl7g x'g]5, ;a}n] oxL
s'/f eÙ nfu] . ha tL b'O{ efO ufpg nfu], uGwj{sf em}F :j/ cfof] . tLg} lqnf]ssf
gfy >L/fd pgLx¿sf ufg ;'g]/ Psbd} w]/} v';L x'g'eof] ..!&*..
k|e'n] e/thLnfO{ tTsfn x's'd lbg'eof]– ænf} ¤
lognfO{ k'/:sf/ b]pm .Æ e/tn] klg cf1f kfPkl5 b; xhf/ ?lkofF lgsfnL nu]/ lbP . b;
xhf/ ?lkofF lbFbf klg ltgn] Tof] ;anfO{ t[0fa/fa/ u/]/ ;f] wg TolQs} 5f8]/ jfNdLlssf
cf>dlt/ nfu] ..!&(..
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lrlgxfNg'eof] . To;} aLrdf k|e'hLn] zq'£ghLnfO{ x's'd lbg'eof]– æx] efO ¤ ltdL
clxNo} jfNdLls Clif eP7fpF hfpm clg ;LtfhL / tL jfNdLlshLnfO{ lnP/ bf}8]/ oxLF cfpm
..!*)..
d ;LtfhLnfO{ lgofF lbG5', ;LtfhL clxNo} lgofF
k;"g\ . cfkm\gf] bf]if ckmfn]/ pgL v';L eO{ a;"g\ .Æ >L/3'gfysf]
olt x's'd x'Fbf zq'£ghL t'?Gt} uP . jfNdLls Clifsf r/0fdf k/]/ pgn] ;a}
a]nLlj:tf/ nufP ..!*!..
jfNdLls Clifn] zq'£gsf] laGtL ;'g] . Clifn]
>L/fdsf] vf; cfzo s] lyof] Tof] hflgxfn] . pgn] t'?Gt} hafkm lbP– æef]ln g}
;LtfhL lgofF k:g]l5g\ .Æ jfNdLlsaf6 pQ/ kfPkl5 zq'£g kmsL{ uP . pgn] >L/fdrGb|hLsf
xh'/df Tof] laGtL u/] ..!*@..
k|e'n] ha tL Clifsf] pQ/ ;'Ù'eof], pxfFn] ;a}
nf]sn] hfg"g\ eÙfvflt/ x's'd lbg'eof]– æ;Ltf ef]ln lgofF k:g]l5g\ .Æ of]
x's'd ;'g]/ nf} ;a} tdf;f x]/f}F egL nf]ssf a|fé0f, Iflqo, j}Zo, z"b| hlt 5g\
tL ;a} /ldtf x]g{ egL cfP, dxlif{;d]t cfP ..!*#..
To;} aLrdf jfNdLls Clif ;LtfhLnfO{ lnP/ ToxLF
cfP . >L/fddf dg lbP/ ;LtfhL o1df k'Ug'eof] . ;LtfhLnfO{ b]v]/ k|hfx¿ ca ;a
/fd|f] eof], w]/} /fd|f] eof] egL af]Ng nfu] . To;} avtdf jfNdLls Clif klg
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>L/fdhLl;t s]xL laGtL ub{5' egL >L/fdsf
cufl8 ;/] . ;LtfhL clt z'4 l5g\ eg]/ pgn] >L/fdsf xh'/df w]/} laGtL u/]– æoL
nj / s'z klg xh'/s} 5f]/f x'g\, ca xh'/nfO{ o;eGbf a9L s] laGtL u¿F <
xh'/sf] dgdf s'g} zËf afFsL 5 eg] a? d} zky lnG5' ..!*%..
d}n] s]xL em'6f] af]n]sf] /x]5' eg] em'6f] aft
af]Nof] eg]/ x] k|e' ¤ d]/f] hLjgel/sf] ;d:t tk:of lgikmn u¿g\ .Æ /3'gfyhLn]
jfNdLlssf] zky ;'Ù'eof] . /3'gfyaf6 of] x's'd eof] – æd]/f] dgdf slQ klg ;+zo 5}g
. of] zky ;fFrf] 7xl/g]5 ..!*^..
cl3 nËfdf klg Ps lgofF lbFbf ;LtfhLn] lhltg\ /
pgnfO{ lnPF . clxn] k|hfn] of] ckjfb u/], ckjfb d]6\g ;LtfhLnfO{ Tofu u/]F .
csf{n] ckjfb u¥of] egL a]sf/df ;fFrL ;LtfnfO{ Tofu u/]F . o:t} eof], tfklg l/;fgL
gxf];\, o;df Ifdf lbg'xf];\ ..!*&..
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eP . ;LtfhL klg z'4 l5g\ eÙ] ;a} a'em]F / d]/f ;a} ;Gb]x x6]/ uP .Æ /3'gfyaf6
of] x's'd x'guof] . >L/fdaf6 o:tf] x's'd eP tfklg ;LtfhL d lgofF k:5' egL tof/
x'g'eof] .!**..
a|éflbx¿ / nf]skfnx¿ ;a} ;LtfhL hxfF
x'g'x'GYof] ToxLF cfP . a|éflbx¿sf cufl8 ;LtfhLn] s]xL eÙ nfUg'eof]– æd]/f]
>L/fdsf r/0fdf h:tf] elQm 5, of] ;a}n] hflglnpmg\ . olb d ;fFrL /lx5' eg] dnfO{
hfgsf nflu e"ldn] af6f] lbpmg\ ..!*(..
;LtfhLsf o:tf jf0fL ha k[YjLn] ;'lgg\, pgn] Ps
pQd l;+xf;g tof/ u/L ;LtfhLnfO{ To;df /flvg\ . To; l;+xf;gdf a;]/ ;Ltfdftfn] dgdf
pbf;Lgtf lng'eof] . ;LtfhLsf nflu e"ldn] j}s'07 hfg] /fd|f] af6f] lbOg\
..!()..
o; tl/sfn] ha ;Ltfdftf hfg'eof], k|hfx¿ cToGt
df]xdf k/] . OGb| cflb b]jtfx¿n] rflxF Psbd v';L x'Fb} k'ikj[li6 u/] . k|e'hLn]
rflxF ;+;f/L dflg;sf em}F ;LtfhL hfg'ePsfdf 7"nf] zf]s ug'{eof] . a|éf cflbn]
cufl8 cfP/ k|e'nfO{ ;Demfpg'eof] .!(!..
k|e'n] oyfy{ a'em]/ cfkm"nfO{ zf]saf6 k/
u/]/ h]hlt afFsL /x]sf] s'/f ToxfF pkl:yt a|fé0fx¿nfO{ ;Dk"0f{ bfg
lbg'eof] . hf] dflg;x¿ o1df pkl:yt lyP tL ;a} wgn] k"0f{ eP . tL ;a}nfO{
k|e'n] labf lbOaS;g'eof], o;/L tL ;a} b]zjf;Lx¿ labf eO{ uP ..!(@..
ha ;LtfhL;Fu ljof]u eof], >L/fd lj/Qm
x'g'eof] . pxfF o1:yfg 5f8]/ k'qnfO{ ;fydf lnO{ t'?Gt} cof]Wof hfg'eof] .
>L/fd cfpg'ePsfdf sf}zNof hggL klg v';L eOg\ . cGTosfnsf nIf0fx¿ ljrf/ u/]/ pQd
x'G5 egL lg/Gt/ 1fgsf] rrf{ u/]/ /lxg\ ..!(#..
sf}zNof >L/fdnfO{ lqe'jgkltsf gfy /dfgfy
x'g\ eÙ] hfg]/ s'g tl/sfn] aGwg 5'6\nf eÙ] ;f]r]/ dgdf w]/} 7"nf] b'Mv
dfGb} cfOg\ / kfp kl/g\ . pgn] >L/fdsf r/0fdf km]l/ laGtL ul/g\– æs'g
tl/sfn] aGwg 5'6\t5g\, olt s'/f dnfO{ cfh eg, d z/0fdf cfPsL 5' .Æ ..!($..
o:tf] laGtL ;'gL k|e' v'a} v';L x'g'eof] .
pxfFn] aGwg 5'6\g] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] pkfo oxL xf] eg]/ cfkm\gL dftfnfO{
elQmof]u atfpg'eof]– æelQmof]udf klg hf] lqu'0f/lxtsL elQm 5g\, ltg} ug"{
. uÍfhLsf] k|jfxem}F u/L o; dgnfO{ d}dfly c8\ofpg" .!(%..
ddfly lrQ c8\ofpg] dflg;x¿ ;xh} elQmdfg\
eOxfN5g\ . d'lQm rf/ 5g\, elQmdfg\x¿n] tL rf/} d'lQmnfO{ klg w/tLsf t[0fa/fa/
dfGb5g\ . ;fwgf ug{df klg ddfly lrQ /fVg' eg]sf] s] xf] d ca Tof] j0f{g u5'{ . ;a}
a'em, lsgeg] ;a} s'/f v'n:t 5 ..!(^..
ljifox¿df sxLF OR5f g/fVg", ;a} wd{
yfDg", ;t\ sfd ug"{, lx+;f 3l6of xf] eg]/ dgdf ljrf/ /fVg",
d]/f] bz{g ug"{, :t'lt / k"hf ug"{ . d]/f] :d/0f u/L kfpdf k/L
b08jt\ ug"{ . o;f] ugf{n] t/]/ uOG5 ..!(&..
c;ÍL eP/ ;a} k|f0fLx¿df d 5' eÙ] ljrf/
/fVg", ;fFrf] af]Ng", 7"nfsf r/0fdf t'?Gt} kg{" . b'MvLpk/
bof ug"{, ;dfg 5g\ eg] ltgLx¿;Fu d}qL ug"{ . c;n af6f log} x'g\ eÙ]
hfg]/ od cflb b]jtfsf] ;]jf ug"{ .!(*..
j]bfGt ;'Ù", ;bf v';L eP/ gfdsf] sLt{g
ug"{, ;Hhgsf] ;T;Í ug"{, lbgx'F OdfGbf/ eO{ cfkm\gf] sfd ug"{ .
cfkm\gf] b]xk|lt cxËf/ gug"{, of] dg z'4 u/fP/ d]/f hlt wd{ 5g\ tL ;a}
a'em\g" ..!((..
h;/L km"nx¿df uGw /xG5 / km"ndf
/x]sf] Tof] uGw jfo'sf] jzdf k/L p8]/ gfsdf cfpF5, To;}u/L of]udf dg lbof] eg]
To; of]ujfo'n] uGwem}F u/L p8fP/ dgnfO{ ;lhn} ddf NofpF5 ..@))..
d ;jf{Tdf x'F . hf] olt ga'emL k"hf jf
Wofg ub{5g\, tLb]lv d slQ v';L x'ÙF . ltgn] hlt k"hf cflb u¿g\, ltgsf]
z/L/ Joy{df Ifo x'G5 . k"hf ug{' t ToxL g} xf], Tof] gu/L ltgn] s'g
k"hf u/] < ltgnfO{ ;w}F d[To'sf] eo /xG5, tL ;bf ;+;f/d} kg{]5g\
..@)!..
d ;jf{Tdf x'F . olt hfg]/ ;a} hLjnfO{ gd:sf/
u¿g\ . hLjfTdf / k/dfTdf Ps} x'g\ eg]/ a'em]/ ;bf cGt:s/0fdf lnpmg\ . x] dftf ¤
tg{sf nflu dfu{ t oxL ;lhnf] 5 . o:t} u/L ;+;f/sf slthgf ;+;f/–;fu/ t/L ;xh/df
kf/ eP .. @)@..
xh'/nfO{ t emg\ ;xh 5, d k'q x'F / k'q eg]/}
;lDem dfq lbg'xf];\ . olt ug'{eP oL aGwgx¿ klg ;a} 5'6\5g\ .Æ sf}zNofn]
>L/3'gfysf] olt x's'd ;'lgg\ / tL d'Qm eOxflng\ . s}s]oL klg b]x 5f8L
bz/yhLsf xh'/df uOg\ .. @)#..
To:t} u/L bz/ysL /fgL ;'ldqfn] klg ;+;f/sf]
;'vnfO{ of] s] xf] eÙ] ;a} hflgg\ . pgn] k|f/Awsf aGwgnfO{ tf]8]/ b]x oxLF 5f8L
klt eP7fpF k'lug\ ..@)$..
tLg sf]l6 uGwj{x¿ kfkfTdf, clt b'i6 / ;a}sf zq'
5g\ . oL ;a}nfO{ ca d/fpg'k¥of], gdf/]df t oL emg\ a9\nfg\ eÙ] ljrf/n] Ps lbg
o'wflht\ >L/3'gfysf xh'/df uP . pgn] >L/fdsf xh'/df laGtL u/] .
>L/fdsf x's'dn] e/tn] uP/ tL uGwj{ dfl/lbP ..@)%..
ToxLF k'is/fjtL gfdsf] Ps k'/L algof] . k'is/
/fhf eP . csf{] k'/L tIflznf aGof], ToxfF tIf /fHo ug{ nfu] . 5f]/f k'is/ /
tIfnfO{ ltdLx¿n] oxLF /fHo ug"{ egL e/thL rflxF kms{]/ >L/3'gfysf
xh'/df cfP ..@)^..
>L/fdaf6 nId0fnfO{ klg x's'd eof]– æx] efO ¤
ltdLn] klg 5f]/fnfO{ nu]/ kládsf d'n'sdf nu]/ /fHo b]pm . kláddf clt b'i6
leNnx¿ 5g\ . ltgnfO{ ;+xf/ u/]/ ToxfF /Tg cflb bf}ntn] e/]/ b'O6f ;x/
agfpg" .. @)&..
/fhf cÍb / lrqs]t' oL b'j} efOnfO{ /fhf
agfpg" . 5f]/fnfO{ /hfOF lbP/ ltdL t'?Gt oxfF kmsL{ cfpg" .
>L/3'gfysf] olt x's'd ePsfn] nId0f t'?Gt} Totf uP . hf]–hf] clt b'i6 leNnx¿
lyP, tL ;a}nfO{ pgn] dfl/lbP .. @)*..
nId0fhLn] b'O{j6f ;x/ agfO{ cfkm\gf 5f]/fx¿nfO{
ToxLF /fhf agfOlbP . To;kl5 5f]/fx¿nfO{ ToxLF 5f8]/ cfkm"rflxF hxfF
>L/3'gfy x'g'x'GYof] ToxLF kmsL{ cfP . Ps lbg sfn Clifsf] j]zdf
/3'gfyHo"nfO{ e]6\5' egL >L/3'gfyhLsf k'/Ldf cfP5g\ . sfnnfO{ s;}n]
lrg]g .. @)(..
ha sfn åf/;Dd k'u], To;a]nf åf/df nId0f
;'/IffsdL{ eP/ a;]sf lyP . pgn] >L/fd;dIf åf/df Ps Clif v8f 5g\ eg]/ xflh/
k'¥ofP . Clif xflh/ 5g\ eÙ] ;'g]/ k|e'hLsf] x's'd eof]– æClifnfO{ t'?Gt oxfF
Nofpm .Æ nId0fhLn] klg t'?Gt} uP/ >L/fdsf xh'/df log} x'g\ eGb} ltgnfO{
pkl:yt u/fP ..@!)..
a|fé0f ¿k wf/0f u/]/ ha sfn >L/3'gfysf
xh'/df k'u], pgn] æTj+ j4{:j ¤Æ eg]/ >L/fdnfO{ cflzif lbP . >L/3'gfyn]
klg klxn] ltgsf] s'znIf]d cflb ;f]wgL u/]/ ltgsf] 7"nf] ;Tsf/ ug'{eof] .
ltgsf] cfzo a'em\gsf nflu >Lxl/n] cufl8 ;/]/ ;f]wgL ug'{eof] ...@!!..
æs'g sfd ug'{kg{] eP/ xh'/n] rfF8}
cfO{ dnfO{ oxfF e]6 ug'{eof] <Æ k|e'sf] olt x's'd kfPkl5 tL sfnk'?ifn] klg
cfkm\gf] laGtL la;fP ..@!@..
æx] gfy ¤ d r/0fdf kb{5' . PsfGt aS;g'ePdf dfq
d cfkm\gf] laGtL la;fpg ;S5' . d]/f s'/f c¿ s;}n] ;'Ù gkfpmg\ . ;'lgxfn] eg]
ltgnfO{ dfl/lbg'xf]nf, To;}n] a? ;a} k/k/} /x"g\ ..@!#..
tL sfnk'?ifsf] olt laGtL ;'g]kl5 logL a];} eGb}
5g\ eg]/ dgdf u'gL nId0fnfO{ k|e'af6 x's'd eof]– æoxfF leq sf]xL gcfpmg\
...@!$..
olb sf]xL leq cfP eg] tL dg{hfnfg\ . Joy{df
ltgn] cToGt 7"nf] b'Mv kfpg]5g\ . xfd|f] PsfGt cjlwel/ sf]xL oxfF gcfpmg\
. of] pbL{ ltdLaf6 ;a}n] kfpmg\ .Æ ..@!%..
olt x's'd ;'g]kl5 sfnn] d'v vf]n] . pgn]
cfkm" cfpg'sf] ;a} cfzo :ki6 kf/]– æx] gfy ¤ d ;a}nfO{ xg{] sfn x'F .
xh'/nfO{ yfxf 5Fb} 5, lsg laGtL ug'{ / <..@!^..
a|éfhLsf] laGtL lnP/ cfPsf] x'F . 7"nf]
efUon] ubf{ cfh xh'/sf] bz{g kfPF . d cfh a|éfhLsf] laGtL ub{5' / xh'/sf] h]
x's'd x'G5 ;f] lz/df wf/0f ub{5' .. @!&..
æ;[li6eGbf cufl8 k"0f{¿kn] cfTdf:j¿k
xh'/dfq Ps x'g'x'GYof] . kl5 o;} ;[li6sf vflt/ gf/fo0f hnzfoL ¿k lng'eof] .
Vjfldtsf gflesf sdndf d PSn} k}bf ePF . ;[li6 ug{ x's'd x'Fbf xh'/sf
x's'dcg';f/ of] nf]ssf] ;[li6 ub{} uPF .. @!*..
h;n] k|hfnfO{ b'Mv lbP, ltgnfO{ df¿F egL xh'/n]
o;cufl8 klg o'uo'udf cjtf/;d]t lng'eof] . clxn] of] cjtf/ klg k[YjLsf] ef/
xg{sf lgldQ wf/0f ug'{eO{ ;a} b'i6sf] ;+xf/ u/L e"ldsf] ef/ klg
6fl/aS;g'eof] .. @!(..
xh'/n] d P3f/ xhf/ jif{ /x"Fnf eÙ] h'g
x's'd aS;g'ePsf] lyof], ;f]xL jif{ ul0ftn] ug]/ NofpFbf P3f/ xhf/ jif{ k'Ug
cfof] . c¿ yk ;do;Dd oxLF a:g] OR5f 5 eg] x] eujfg\ ¤ xh'/sf] OR5fcg';f/ xf];\
. oxfF kmsL{ cfpg dg ePsf] eP ;do eof], nf} ca t'?Gt kfNg'xf];\ .Æ .. @@)..
a|éfsf] laGtL ;'g]/ /3'gfyn] ltg} sfnsf ;fd'
xfF;]/ hfg] g} vfnsf] aftlrt ug'{eof] . o;} aLrdf b'jf{;f >L/fdnfO{ e]6\5'
egL ToxfF k'u] . nId0f åf/df lyP, Clifn] pgnfO{ e]6] .. @@!..
nId0fnfO{ Clifn] eg]– ædnfO{ t'?Gt >L/fdsf
;dIfdf k'¥ofpm .Æ nId0fnfO{ sl7g eof] . pgn] sl7gfOk"j{s laGtL u/]– æx]
CifLà/ ¤ leq hfg ldNb}g, s;/L hfpFm < s;/L of] s'/f eg"F . h'g sfdsf
nflu cfh cfpg'ePsf] xf], ;f] a? d cfkm}F k"0f{ u5'{ .. @@@..
nId0fn] tL d'lgnfO{ ha olt laGtL u/], b'jf{;f
Clif t Psbd 7"nf x'g\, pgL Psbd l/;fP/ af]n]– ædnfO{ /fdsf r/0fdf nluxfn .
d jxLF z/0fdf kg{]5' . olb ltdL dnfO{ leq n}hfFb}gf} eg] emg\ d s'ns} e:d
ul/lbG5' .Æ .. @@#..
nId0fhLn] Clifsf olt jrg ;'g], pgn] dgdf ljrf/
u/]– æs'nsf] gfz gxf];\ . ;a} s'zn /x"g\ . d Pp6f d/]/ s] x'G5 / <
clxn] leq hfg}kg{] eof] .Æ /fd|/L ;f]rljrf/ u/L nId0f leq uP hxfF q}nf]Sosf gfy
>Lxl/ k|e' x'g'x'GYof] ..@@$..
Clif åf/df xflh/ 5g\ egL ha pgn] laGtL u/], tL
sfnnfO{ labf u/]/ >L/3'gfy aflx/ lg:sg'eof] . b'jf{;fl;t >L/fdsf] e]6
eof] . >L/fdn] gd:sf/ u/]/ ClifnfO{ ;f]Wg'eof]– æs:tf] O/fbf lnP/ xh'/ oxfF
cfpg'ePsf] xf]nf <Æ .. @@%..
tL Clifsf] OR5f ef]hgdf lyof] . pgn] Tof] laGtL
u/] . >L/fdn] ef]hg aS;g'eof] / ef]hg u/L Clif v';L eP/ uP . oxL aLrdf
>L/fdn] k|lt1f ;lDemaS;g'eof]– ca nId0fnfO{ s;f] u/L dfg{] xf]nf < of] t
7"nf] ljklQ cfOnfUof] .. @@^..
o:tf] ;f]r]/ ha >L/3'gfysf] dgdf ;Gtfk
k¥of], nId0f r/0fdf k/] . pgn] laGtL u/]– æx] eujfg\ ¤ dnfO{ dfl/lbg'xf];\ .
7"nf] s'/f wd{ xf], xh'/sf] wd{ sfod /xf];\ .Æ ha nId0fn] of] laGtL u/],
o;sf] lgáo ug{sf nflu Ps 7"nf] ;efsf] cfof]hg ul/of] .. @@&..
s'/f a'em]kl5 ;a}n] >L/fdsf xh'/df laGtL
u/]– æxh'/n] nId0fnfO{ Tofudfq ug'{xf];\ . x] dxf/fh ¤ dfl/xfNg' pko'Qm x'Fb}g,
logsf] Hofg cfh arf];\ . Hofg xg'{ / ljof]u ug{' a/fa/ g} x'g\ .Æ ha dflg;x¿n]
o;f] eg] >L/fdn] nId0fnfO{ labf lbg'eof] .. @@*..
nId0fhL >L/fdsf r/0fdf 9f]u u/L
;/o"gbLtkm{ uP . pgn] gbLsf lt/df a;]/ k|f0ffofd u/]/ hxfF xl/ /xg'x'GYof]
ToxLF uP . o; /Ltn] g/nf]s 5f8Lsg tL nId0f uP . e]6\gsf vflt/ >Lz]ifsf
xh'/df a|éflb eujfg\x¿ hDdf eP ..@@(..
ha nId0fhLl;t ljof]u eof], b'MvL;/Lsf agL ;fx|}
lbSs dfg]/ k|e'af6 dGqLx¿;dIf o:tf] x's'd eof]– æd nId0f htf 5g\ pt} hfG5', of]
/fHo e/tn] u¿g\ . /fhf eO{sg xfd|f oL k|hfx¿ h]hlt 5g\ ;a}sf] lrGtf x/0f
ul/lbpmg\ .. @#)..
ha e/tn] olt x's'd ;'g], pgL d"l5{t;/Lsf
eO{ >L/fd;dIf uO{ o:tf] laGtL u/]– æxh'/n] tLg nf]ssf] /fHo aS;] klg d
VjfldtnfO{ 5f8]/ d sxfF a:y]F / < x] k|e' ¤ 5f]/fx¿ o'j/fhx¿ 5Fb} 5g\, ltg}
ca xh'/sf] o; /fHosf wgL xf]pmg\ ..@#!..
xh'/sf h]7f k'q oL s'z jL/n] sf]znb]zdf /fHo
u¿g\ . njn] rflxF pQ/df a;]/ /fHo u/L ;Dk"0f{sf] tfk x¿g\ . oL h]hlt 5g\,
;a} /fHosf] sfd ca oxfF b'O{ efOn] ldnL rnfpg]5g\ . b"tx¿ ptf dy'/ftkm{
hfpmg\, zq'£grflxF lsg TolQs} dy'/fdf a:5g\ / < ..@#@..
ltgn] klg nId0f k/dwfd k'lu;s]sf] ;dfrf/
;'g"g\ . tL klg ;fy}df hfgsf nflu bf}8]/ xh'/sf r/0fdf cfpmg\ .Æ e/tn]
k|e'sf xh'/df o:tf] laGtL ubf{ k|hfn] klg yfxf kfP . pgLx¿sf] dgdf k|e'n]
5f]8]/ hfg'x'g] kf] xf] ls eg]/ lrGtf k¥of] ..@##.
jlzi7n] Toltv]/} Ps laGtL u/]– æcfkm";Fu}
nU5g\ ls oxLF 5f8\5g\ egL ;a} k|hf ?G5g\ . logn] klg xh'/sf] k|;fb kfpmg\ .Æ
jlzi7 Clifn] laGtL u/]sf] of] s'/f 7fs'/hLn] ;'Ù'eof] . tL ;a} k|hfdfly
7fs'/hLsf] w]/} bof x'guof] ..@#$..
k|e'af6 x's'd eof]– æx] k|hf xf] ¤ ltdLx¿sf]
OR5f s] 5 < d k"0f{ u¿Fnf .Æ ;a}n] k|e'l;t laGtL u/]– æxfdL klg xh'/sf
;fyd} hfg rfxG5f}F .Æ k|hfnfO{ k|e'af6 x's'd eof]– æltdLx¿sf] OR5f k"0f{
xf]cf];\ .Æ ;a} k|hf v';L eP . nj / s'z b'j} efO /fHo ug{sf nflu pQ/ sf]zndf uP
..@#%..
k|e'hLn] s'g} b"tnfO{ dy'/flt/ t'?Gt
k7fOlbg'eof] . >L/3'gfysf x's'dcg';f/ Tof] b"t t'?Gt zq'£g eP7fpF
k'Uof] . zq'£ghLn] ha To; b"taf6 ;dfrf/ ;'g], 5f]/fnfO{ /fHo ;'Dk]/ tL klg
k|e'hL eP7fpF g} hfg tof/ eP ..@#^..
h]7f k'q ;'afx'nfO{ dy'/fhL /fhwfgL lbP clg
o'knfO{ ljlbzf lbP . To;kl5 zq'£ghL /3'gfyhL eP7fpF uP . pgn] >L/fdsf r/0fdf
k/]/ of] laGtL u/]– æx] /3'gfy ¤ d klg xh'/sf ;fy}df hfgsf nflu eg]/ oxfF
xh'/;dIf cfOk'u]sf] x'F .Æ ..@#&..
ænf} ¤ dWofGx x'Fbf tof/ x'g" .Æ k|e'af6
o:tf] x's'd eof] . olt ;'g]kl5 /fIf;, CIf, jfg/ cflb ;a} cfP . pgLx¿n] klg
laGtL u/]– æx] k|e' ¤ xfdL klg cfh xh'/;Fu hfg rfxG5f}F .Æ ;'u|LjhL klg
>L/3'gfysf cufl8 ;/]/ laGtL ug{ nfu] ..@#*..
æx] boflgwfg ¤ d cÍbnfO{ /hfOF lbP/ xh'/sf
;fy}df hfpFnf egL oxfF cfPsf] 5' .Æ ha >L/fdsf xh'/df ;'u|Ljn] of] laGtL
u/], ;'u|Ljsf] / c¿ tL CIfx¿sf] laGtL ;'lg;s]kl5 >L/fd cfkm\gf Kof/f eQm
ljeLif0f eP7fpF k'Ug'eof] ..@#(..
k|e'n] ToxfF uP/ x's'd ug'{eof]– æltdLn] oxLF
a:g" . k|f/Aw anjfg\ 5 eÙ] hfg . k|f/Aw s;}u/L 5'6\t}g . e"ld hxfF;Dd
/xG5, ltdLn] oxLF a;]/ ToxfF;Dd /fHo ug"{ . cGofoLnfO{ Psbd} s:g" /
;a} k|hfnfO{ lzIff lbg" ..@$)..
o;sf] pQ/ 5}g . ltdL r'k /x" .Æ of] x's'd
x'gf;fy k|e'n] To;} 7fpFdf xg'dfghLnfO{ b]lvxfNg'eof] . k|e'af6 xg'dfgnfO{ klg
x's'd eof]– æx] xg'dfg ¤ ltdL lr/~hLjL eO{ /xg" . ltdL d]/f] h'g x's'd 5,
Tof] ;a} k"/f ug{ tTk/ /xg" ..@$!..
ToxLF tL a'l4dfg\ hfDajfg\ klg lyP . pgL
cfkm" >L/fdsf ;fy}df hfg eg]/ cfPsf lyP . ltgnfO{ klg x's'd eof]–
æltdLn] klg oxLF /xg" . åfk/ o'udf ltdLn] s]xL o'4 ug'{kg{]5 . Tof] o'4
u/]kl5 ltdL :ju{}df cfpnf . clxn] ltdL :ju{ guP/ ot} a:g" ..@$@..
o; tl/sfn] h–h;nfO{ h]h] cx|fpg' lyof], Tof] ;a
cx|fO{j/L ;a} k|f0fLx¿nfO{ ;fydf lxF8 egL k|e'n] x's'd ug'{eof] ..@$#..
/fhk'/f]lxt jlzi7nfO{ x's'd eof]– æca nf} dÍn
ug'{xf];\ .Æ Clifn] cg]sf}F dÍn u/fP . >L/fd :ju{ hfgsf nflu lg:sL cfpg'eof]
..@$$..
;LtfhLn] Tof] cl3sf] ¿k l5kfpg'eof] . nIdL eO{
pxfF b]a|]tkm{ a:g cfpg'eof] . xl/sf blIf0ftkm{ e"ld al;g\ . e'jgel/sf ;a}
ToxLF cfP ..@$%..
;a} z:qf:qx¿n] ¿k wf/0f u/]/ dÍn zAb ub{}
lxF8\bf ufoqL, rf/} j]bx¿n] ToxfF cfP/ ¿k wf/0f u/L dÍn oz zAb ufP ..@$^..
cof]Wofk'/Lsf lgjf;Lx¿ ;a}n] cfkm";Fu}
kl/jf/hgnfO{ nu] . ToxfF afns, a"9f sf]xL /x]gg\, ;a}sf] dg >L/fdd}
uof] ..@$&..
;'u|Lj cflb d'Vo jfg/x¿ cfP . ;a} kfk x6\of]
eg]/ xlif{t eP . hf] k|hfn] >L/fd;Fu} hfg rfx]sf lyP, tL uOuPkl5 Tof] u'Nhf/
cof]Wof klg z"Go eof] ..@$*..
k|e'n] ;x/ 5f8\g'eof] / s]xL k/ hfFbf ;/o"
gbLnfO{ k[YjLdf b]Vg'eof] clg To;a]nf cfkm\gf] lj/f6\ ¿k ;Demg'eof] . k|e'
cfkm}F tL ;a}sf gfy x'g'x'GYof] ..@$(..
a|éf, Clifu0f, b]ju0f / l;4x¿ cfP . cfsfzel/
ljdfg}ljdfg eP . ;a}n] >L/fddf gh/ lbP/ pxfFsf pk/ w]/} k'ikj[li6 ug{ nfu]
..@%)..
k|e'hLs} oz dfq sLt{g u/]/ sf]xL ufpg nfu], st}
sf]xL gfRg nfu] . o;} aLrdf >L/3'gfyn] ;a}sf cufl8af6 ;/o"df k|j]z
ug'{eof] . To; cj;/df a|éfhLn] xft hf]/L laGtL ug'{eof] . ;a}sf] lrGtf x6]/
uO;s]sf] lyof] . ;d:t k|hfu0f cfgGb;fu/df /x] ..@%!..
Vjfldtn] ca lji0f'sf] ¿k lng] a]nf ePsf] xf]
egL laGtL u/] . >L/fd rt'e'{h xf]OaS;g'eof] . zq'£g / e/t b'O{ efOrflxF zª\v
/ rj|m agL a:g] 7fpF oxL xf] eg]/ Vjfldtsf afx'df al;xfn] ..@%@..
ha a|éf08sf b]ju0fn] k|e'sf] of] ¿k b]v], ;a}
v';L eP . To;}a]nf k|e'hLn] a|éfhLnfO{ ;a} k|f0fLsf vflt/ x's'd ug'{eof]– æx]
a|éf ¤ ;x/df hlt k|hf lyP, tL ;a}n] ;fy} hfG5f}F egL kl/jf/hg;d]t lnP/ ;fy}df
d]/f kl5 nfu]/ cfPsf 5g\ ..@%#..
tkfO{Fn] lognfO{ z'enf]s lbg'xf];\ . logLx¿
;tnf]sdf jf; u¿g\, cfkm\gf ;a} kl/jf/sf ;fydf /xL oL ;a} cfgGbdf /x"g\ .Æ
a|éfn] k|e'sf] olt x's'd ;'g]kl5 To;nfO{ lz/f]k/ ug'{eof] . ;a}nfO{ ;'v ef]u
ug{sf nflu Ps 5'§} nf]s v6fOlbg'eof] ..@%$..
tL k|hfx¿ klg ;a}n] v';L eP/ ;/o"df :gfg
u/] . tL ;a} zfGtflgs nf]sdf k'u], / ;a} cfgGbdf k/] . ;'u|Lj ;"o{sf c+z
x'gfn] ;"o{d} uP/ ldn] . o;/L e"ldsf] ef/ x/0f u/]/ >L/3'gfy,
>Lxl/ j}s'07 kms{g'eof] ..@%%..
;bflzjhLn] kfj{tLsf ;dIf klg oltdfq /fdsyf eÙ'eof]
. h;n] o;nfO{ dgn] cToGt 7"nf] egL >4fsf ;fy kf7 ub{5g\, ltgsf ;x;|
hGdsf ;Dk"0f{ kfk e:d x'G5g\ eg]/ ;a} if8\zf:q atfpF5g\ . k9]kl5 b'lgofF
klg t5{g\ ..@%^..
zDe'n] kfj{tLsf ;dIf v';L eO{ w]/}
k|]dk"j{s eg]sf] ;+;f/ kf/ tg{sf nflu ;a}sf lgldQ ;lhnf] ;fF3'em}F eP/
/x]sf] hfg]/ o; syfnfO{ h;n] ax't} k|]dk"j{s kf7 ub{5g\ ltgn] ;+;f/sf]
;Dk"0f{ ;f}Vo ef]u u5{g\ / To;kl5 o; b'lgofFaf6 kf/ kfO{ tb{5g\
..@%&..
.. Olt >LpQ/sf08 ..
cflbslj >L efg'eSt cfrfo{s[t
;ft–sf08 /fdfo0f k"0f{ ePsf] 5 .
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