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;dodf >L/fduLtfsf] cWoog ul//xg'ePsL >Lkfj{tLhLaf6 o;nfO{ oTgk"j{s
;'g]/ clg XboÍd u/]/ o;sf] kf7 ub}{ub}{ k/z'/fd cfkm}F >Lgf/fo0fsf snf¿k x'g
k'u] ..
a|éxToflbkfkfgf+
lgis[lt+ olb jf~5lt .
/fduLtf+ df;dfq+
kl7Tjf d'Rot] g/M ..%@..
olb
s'g} k'?if a|éxTof cflb 3f]/ kfkx¿af6 d'Qm x'g rfxG5 eg], p;n] Ps dlxgfdfq
/fduLtf kf7 u/f];\, pm d'Qm x'g]5 ..%@..
b'ik|ltu|xb'ef]{Hob'/fnfkflb;Dejd\
.
kfk+ oQTsLt{g]g /fduLtf
ljgfzo]t\ ..%#..
v/fa
bfg, lglif4 ef]hg / q'l6k"0f{ af]nLjrg cflbaf6 h'g kfk nfUb5, To;nfO{
/fduLtfsf] kf7dfqn] g¨ ul/lbG5 ..%#..
zfnu|fdlznfu|] r
t'n:oàTy;lÙwf} .
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h'g
JolQmn] zflnu|fdlznfsf ;fd', t'n;L of kLkn5]p cyjf ;+Gof;Lsf ;fd' /fduLtfsf]
kf7 ub{5, p;n] kfpg] kmn jf0fLn] atfpg ;Sg]eGbf 7"nf] 5 ..%$–%%..
/fduLtf+ k7GeSTof oM
>f4] ef]ho]b\ låhfg\ .
t:o t] lkt/M ;j]{
oflGt lji0ff]M k/+ kbd\ ..%^..
h'g
dg'ion] lkt[>f4sf] cj;/df /fduLtfsf] elQmk"j{s kf7 u/]/ a|fé0fx¿nfO{
ef]hg u/fpFb5, p;sf ;d:t lkt[u0f eujfg\ lji0f'sf] k/dwfddf k'Ub5g\ ..%^..
PsfbZof+ lg/fxf/f] lgotf] åfbzLlbg] .
l:yTjfu:Tot/f]d{"n]
/fduLtf+ k7]Q' oM .
; Pj /f3jM ;fIfft\
;j{b]j}á k"Hot] ..%&..
hf]
k'?if PsfbzLsf lbg lg/fxf/ Pjd\ lht]lGb|o /x]/ åfbzLsf lbg cu:To–j[Ifsf d'lg
a;L /fduLtf kf7 ub{5, pm ;fIfft\ /fd¿k g} xf], p;nfO{ ;d:t b]jtfu0fn] k"hf
ub{5g\ ..%&..
ljgf bfg+ ljgf Wofg+
ljgf tLyf{jufxgd\ .
/fduLtf+ g/f]›wLTo
tbgGtkmn+ ne]t\ ..%*..
/fduLtfsf]
kf7 ugf{n] dg'ion] s'g} bfg, Wofg cyjf tLy{–:gfg;d]t gu/] klg cIfo kmn kfpFb5
..%*..
ax'gf lsldxf]Qm]g ð[0f'
gf/b tŒjtM .
>'lt:d[ltk'/f0f]ltxf;fudztflg
r .
cx{lGt
gfNkdWofTd/fdfo0fsnfdlk ..%(..
x]
gf/b ¤ c¿ Hofbf s] elg/xg'knf{ /, hf] jf:tljs s'/f] xf], of] ;'g– >'lt, :d[lt,
k'/f0f / Oltxf; cflb ;of}F zf:qx¿ h]–hlt 5g\ tL >LcWofTd/fdfo0fsf] Ps t'R5
snfsf a/fa/ klg 5}gg\ .Æ ..%(..
cWofTd/fdrl/t:o
d'gLà/fo
dfxfTDod]tb'lbt+
sdnf;g]g .
oM >4of k7lt jf ð[0f'oft\
; dTo{M
k|fKgf]lt lji0f'kbjL+
;'/k"HodfgM ..^)..
cWofTd/fdfo0fsf]
of] dfxfTDo >La|éfhLn] d'lg/fh gf/bnfO{ eÙ'ePsf] xf] . o;nfO{ h'g dg'iox¿n]
>4fk"j{s k9\5g\ jf ;'Gb5g\, pgLx¿ b]jtfx¿af6 k"lht eP/ >Llji0f'
eujfg\sf] kbdf k'Ub5g\ ..^)..
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pQ/v08] cWofTd/fdfo0fdfxfTDo+ ;Dk"0f{d\ ..
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ç
cWofTd/fdfo0f afnsf08
k|yd ;u{
>L/fdXbo
oM k[lyjLe/jf/0ffo
lbljh}M ;Dk|fly{tláGdoM
;~hftM k[lyjLtn]
/ljs'n] dfofdg'iof]›JooM .
lgáj|m+ xt/fIf;M
k'g/ufb\ a|éTjdfB+ l:y/f+
sLlt{+ kfkx/f+ ljwfo
hutf+ t+ hfgsLz+ eh] ..!..
h'g
lrGdo cljgfzL k|e'n] k[YjLsf] ef/ ptfg{sf nflu b]jtfx¿n] u/]sf] k|fy{gfsf sf/0f
k[YjLtndf ;"o{j+zdf dfof–dfgj¿kdf cjtf/ lng'eof] / hf] /fIf;x¿sf
;d"xnfO{ df/]/ tyf ;+;f/df cfÇgf] kfkljgflzgL cljrn sLlt{ :yflkt u/]/ k'gM
cfÇgf] cfB a|é:j¿kdf nLg x'g'eof], pg} >LhfgsLgfysf] d ehg ub{5' . ..!..
ljàf]b\ejl:yltnoflbif'
x]t'd]s+
dfof>o+
ljutdfodlrGTod"lt{d\ .
cfgGb;fGb|ddn+
lghaf]w¿k+
;Ltfklt+ ljlbttŒjdx+
gdfld ..@..
hf]
ljàsf] pTklQ, l:ylt / no cflbsf Psdfq sf/0f x'g'x'G5, dfofsf cf>o eP/ klg
dfoftLt x'g'x'G5, clrGTo:j¿k x'g'x'G5, cfgGb3g x'g'x'G5, pkflws[t bf]ifx¿af6
/lxt x'g'x'G5 tyf :jod\ k|sfz:j¿k x'g'x'G5, pg} tŒjj]Qf >L;LtfklthLnfO{ d
gd:sf/ ub{5' ..@..
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ð[0jlGt
rfWoflTds;l~1t+ z'ed\ .
/fdfo0f+
;j{k'/f0f;+dt+
lgw{"tkfkf xl/d]j
oflGt t] ..#..
h'g
dflg;x¿n] o; ;j{k'/f0f;Ddt kljq cWofTd/fdfo0fsf] Psfu|lrQn] lgTo kf7 ub{5g\, /
hf] o;nfO{ ;'Gb5g\, tL ;a} kfk/lxt eP/ >Lxl/d} ldNb5g\ ..#..
cWofTd/fdfo0fd]j lgTo+
k7]BbLR5]b\ejaGwd'lQmd\
.
ujf+
;x;|fo'tsf]l6bfgft\
kmn+ ne]BM ð[0f'ofT;
lgTod\ ..$..
olb
s'g} JolQm ;+;f/aGwgaf6 d'Qm x'g rfxG5 eg] p;n] cWofTd/fdfo0fs} lgTo kf7 u/f];\
. o;k'/f0fnfO{ lgTo >j0f ug]{ hf];'s} JolQmn] klg nfvf}F s/f]8 ufO{bfg
u/]sf] kmn k|fKt ub{5 ..$..
k'/fl/lul/;De"tf
>L/fdf0f{j;Ítf .
cWofTd/fduÍ]o+ k'gflt
e'jgqod\ ..%..
>LzË/¿k
kj{taf6 lg:s]/ /fd¿k ;d'b|df ldl;g nfu]sL oL cWofTd/fdfo0f¿lk0fL uÍfn]
lqnf]sLnfO{ kljq ul//x]sL 5g\ ..%..
s}nf;fu|]
sbflrb|ljztljdn] dlGb/] /TgkL7]
;+lj¨+ Wofglg©+
lqgogdeo+ ;]ljt+ l;4;Î}M .
b]jL jfdfË;+:yf
lul/j/tgof kfj{tL elQmgd|f
k|fx]b+ b]jdLz+
;sndnx/+ jfSodfgGbsGbd\ ..^..
Ps
;dodf s}nf;kj{tsf] lzv/df ;}s8f}F ;"o{x¿sf ;dfg k|sfzdfg z'e| ejgdf
/Tgl;+xf;gdf Wofgfjl:yt a:g'ePsf, l;4–;d"x;]ljt, lgTolge{o, ;j{kfkxf/L
cfgGbsGb b]jb]j eujfg\ lqgogsf ;dIf pxfFsf jfdfËdf lj/fhdfg >Llul//fhk'qL
kfj{tLn] elQmefj /fvL gd|tfk"j{s oL jfSo eÙ'eof] ..^..
kfj{To'jfr
gdf]›:t' t] b]j
hulÙjf;
;jf{Tdb[s\ Tj+
k/d]à/f]›l; .
k[R5fld tŒj+
k'?iff]Qd:o
;gftg+ Tj+ r
;gftgf]›l; ..&..
>Lkfj{tLhLn]
eÙ'eof]– x] b]j ¤ x] hulÙjf; ¤ xh'/nfO{ gd:sf/ 5 . xh'/ ;a}sf cGtMs/0fx¿sf]
;fIfL / k/d]à/ x'g'x'G5 . d xh'/nfO{ >Lk'?iff]Qd eujfg\sf] ;gftg tŒj ;f]Wg
rfxG5', lsgls xh'/ klg ;gftg x'g'x'G5 .
uf]Ko+ obToGtdgGojfRo+
jblGt eQm]if'
dxfg'efjfM .
tbKoxf]›x+ tj b]j eQmf
lk|of]›l; d] Tj+ jb
oQ' k[¨d\ ..*..
dxfg'efjx¿n]
h'g cToGt uf]kgLo ljifo x'G5 tyf cGo s;}nfO{ klg eÙ of]Uo x'Fb}g, Tof] klg cfÇgf
eQmhgx¿nfO{ elglbG5g\ . x] b]j ¤ d klg xh'/sL elQmgL x'F . d]/f nflu xh'/ cToGt
lk|o x'g'x'G5 . o;sf/0f d}n] h]sf] ljifodf ;f]w]sL 5', To;sf] j0f{g ug'{xf];\
..*..
1fg+ ;lj1fgdyfg'elQm–
j}/fUoo'Qm+ r ldt+ ljef:jt\
.
hfgfDox+ of]lifblk
Tjb'Qm+
oyf tyf a|"lx
t/lGt o]g ..(..
h'g
1fgåf/f dg'iox¿ ;+;f/–;d'b|af6 kf/ x'G5g\ / pQm elQm tyf j}/fUon] kl/k"0f{
k|sfzdo cfTd1fgsf] j0f{g xh'/ lj1fg;lxt o;k|sf/;Fu ;ª\lIfKtdf eÙ'xf];\ tf ls d
:qL eP/ klg xh'/sf jrgx¿ ;xh} a'‰g ;s"F .
k[R5fld rfGoRr k/+
/x:o+
tb]j rfu|] jb jfl/hfIf
.
>L/fdrGb|]›lvnnf]s;f/]
elQmb{[9f gf}e{jlt
k|l;4f ..!)..
x]
sdngog ¤ d Ps csf]{ klg k/du'è /x:o xh'/;Fu ;f]Wb5', s[kof xh'/n] klxn] o;}sf]
j0f{g ug'{xf];\ . clvn–nf]s–;f/ >L/fdrGb|hLsf] ljz'4 elQm ;+;f/–;fu/ kf/
ug{sf nflu ;'b[9 gf}sf xf] eÙ] t k|l;4 g} 5 ..!)..
elQmM k|l;4f
ejdf]If0ffo
gfGoQtM ;fwgdl:t
lsl~rt\ .
tyflk XT;+zoaGwg+ d]
lje]Q'dx{:odnf]lQmle:Tjd\
..!!..
;+;f/af6
d'Qm x'gsf nflu elQm g} k|l;4 pkfo xf], o;eGbf >]© c¿ s'g} klg ;fwg 5}g .
tyflk xh'/n] cfÇgf z'4 jrgx¿åf/f d]/f] Xbosf] ;+zou|lGy 5]bg ul/lbg'xf];\
..!!..
jblGt /fd+ k/d]sdfB+
lg/:tdfofu'0f;Dk|jfxd\
.
ehlGt rfxlg{zdk|dQfM
k/+ kb+ oflGt ty}j
l;4fM ..!@..
k|dfb/lxt
l;4u0fn] >L/fdrGb|hLnfO{ k/d clåtLo, ;a}sf cflbsf/0f tyf k|s[ltsf
u'0fk|jfxb]lv k/ x'g'x'G5 eg]/ atfpFb5g\ . pgLx¿ cxlg{z pxfFs} ehg u/]/ k/dkb
klg k|fKt ub{5g\ ..!@..
jblGt s]lrTk/df]›lk
/fdM
:jfljBof
;+j[tdfTd;~1d\ .
hfgflt gfTdfgdtM k/]0f
;Daf]lwtf] j]b
k/fTdtŒjd\ ..!#..
k/Gt'
sf]xLsf]xL s] eGb5g\ eg] /fd k/a|é eP/ klg cfÇgf] dfofn] 9flsg'ePsf x'gfn]
k|e'n] cfÇgf] cfTd:j¿knfO{ lrÙ'x'ÙYof] / jl;© cflbn] pkb]z lbPkl5 dfq pxfFn]
cfTdtŒjnfO{ lrÙ'ePsf] xf] .
olb :d hfgflt s'tf]
ljnfkM
;Ltfs[t]›g]g s[tM
k/]0f .
hfgflt g}j+ olb s]g
;]JoM
;df] lx ;j}{/lk
hLjhft}M ..!$..
cqf]Q/+ ls+ ljlbt+
ejb\leM
:tb\a|"t d]
;+zoe]lb jfSod\ ..!%..
olb
pxfFn] cfTdtŒjnfO{ lrÙ'ePsf] eP k/dfTdf eP/ klg ;Ltfsf nflu lsg Tolt w]/} ljnfk
ug'{eof] < clg olb pxfFnfO{ cfTd1fg lyPg eg] pxfF cGo ;fdfGo hLjx¿sf em}F
x'g'eof], pxfFsf] ehg lsg ul//xg'k¥of] < o; ljifodf xh'/sf] h] ljrf/ 5, d]/f]
;+zo x6]/ hfg] u/L elglbg'xf];\ ..!$–!%..
>Ldxfb]j pjfr
wGofl; eQmfl;
k/fTdg:Tj+
oH1ft'ldR5f tj
/fdtŒjd\ .
k'/f g
s]gfKolerf]lbtf]›x+
jQm'+ /x:o+ k/d+
lgu"9d\ ..!^..
>Ldxfb]jhLn]
eÙ'eof]– æx] b]jL ¤ ltdL wGo 5f} . ltdLnfO{ /fdsf] tŒj hfÙ] OR5f ePsf] 5, o;sf/0f
ltdL k/dfTdfsL k/d eQm xf} . o;eGbf klxn] o; k/du"9 /x:osf] j0f{g ug{sf
nflu dnfO{ c¿ s;}n] eg]sf lyPgg\ ..!^..
TjofB eSTof
kl/gf]lbtf]›x+
jIo] gd:s[To
/3"Qd+ t] .
/fdM k/fTdf
k|s[t]/gflb–
/fgGb PsM k'?iff]Qdf]
lx ..!&..
cfh
ltdLn] elQmk"j{s k|Zg u/]sL 5f} . o;sf/0f >L/3'gfyhLsf] jGbgf u/]/ d
ltd|f k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbG5' . >L/fdrGb|hL lgM;Gb]x g} k|s[lteGbf cnu, k/dfTdf, cgflb,
cfgGb3g, clåtLo clg k'?iff]Qd x'g'x'G5 ..!&..
:jdfoof s[T:gldb+ lx
;[¨\jf
gef]jbGta{lx/fl:ytf]
oM .
;jf{Gt/:yf]›lk
lgu"9 cfTdf
:jdfoof ;[¨ldb+ ljr¨] ..!*..
hf]
cfÇgf] dfofn] g} o; ;Dk"0f{ hut\sf] /rgf u/]/ o;sf] aflx/L–leqL ;a}lt/
cfsfzsf ;dfg JofKt x'g'x'G5 tyf hf] cfTdf¿kn] ;a}sf] cGtMs/0fdf l:yt eP/ cfÇgf]
dfofann] o; ljànfO{ kl/rfng ul//xg'ePsf] 5 ..!*..
hulGt lgTo+ kl/tf]
e|dlGt
oT;lÙwf} r'Dasnf]xjl4
.
PtÙ hfglGt
ljd"9lrQfM
:jfljBof ;+j[tdfg;f o]
..!(..
r'Dassf]
glhs} eP/ h;/L h8 kmnfdx¿df ult pTkÙ x'G5 p;} u/L pxfFsf] ;lÙlwdfqn] of] ljà
;bf ;a}lt/ 3'Db5 . To:tf k/dfTdf /fdnfO{ cfÇgf] Xbo cfTdfsf] c1fgn] 9flsg
k'u]sf d"9hgx¿n] hfÙ ;Qm}gg\ ..!(..
:jf1fgdKofTdlg z'4a'4]
:jf/f]koGtLx lg/:tdfo]
.
;+;f/d]jfg';/lGt t] j}
k'qflb;QmfM
k'?sd{o'QmfM ..@)..
tL
d"9x¿ dfoftLt z'4a'4 k/dfTdfdf klg cfÇgf] c1fg cf/f]lkt ub{5g\, cyf{t\
k|e'nfO{ ;d]t cfk"m;dfg c1fgL dfGb5g\ . ;fy} oL ;j{bf :qL–k'qflbdf cf;Qm
/xg] ePsf cwd hLjx¿ cg]s lsl;dsf sd{df nflu/x]/ ;+;f/rj|md} kmFl;/xG5g\ ..@)..
hfglGt g}j+ Xbo] l:yt+
j}
rfdLs/+ s07ut+ oyf1fM
.
oyf›k|sfzf] g t' ljBt]
/jf}
Hof]ltM:jefj] k/d]à/]
tyf .
ljz'4lj1fg3g]
/3"Qd]–
›ljBf sy+ :ofTk/tM
k/fTdlg ..@!..
oL
c1fgL hg cfÇgf] 3fF6Ldf ePsf] l;j|mL glrg]em}F cfÇgf] Xbodf l:yt k/dfTdf
/fdnfO{ hfGb}gg\ . o;} eP/ t logLx¿ /fddf c1fg cflbsf] cf/f]k nufpFb5g\ . h;/L
;"o{df slxNo} cGwsf/ /xFb}g, ;f]xL k|sf/n] k|s[lt cflbaf6 k/, ljz'4–lj1fg3g,
Hof]lt:j¿k, k/d]à/ k/dfTdf /fddf klg cljBf /xg ;Qm}g ..@!..
oyf lx rfI0ff e|dtf
u[xflbs+
ljg¨b[¨]e{|dtLj b[Zot]
.
ty}j
b]x]lGb|ost{'/fTdgM
s[t+ k/]›Wo:o hgf]
ljd'èlt ..@@..
kmgg
3'Dof] eg] h;/L dg'ionfO{ cfFvfx¿ 3'd]sfn] 3/ cflb klg 3'd]sf] k|tLt x'G5, p;}u/L
dflg;x¿ cfÇgf] b]x tyf OlGb|o¿k stf{n] u/]sf sd{x¿nfO{ cfTdfdf cf/f]lkt u/]/
df]lxt x'G5g\ ..@@..
gfxf] g /flqM
;ljt'o{yf ej]t\
k|sfz¿kfJolerf/tM
Sjlrt\ .
1fg+ tyf›1fgldb+ åo+
x/f}
/fd] sy+ :yf:olt
z'4lrb\3g] ..@#..
k|sfz¿ksf]
slxNo} Jolerf/ gx'g] ePsfn] h;/L ;"o{df /ft–lbgsf] e]b x'Fb}g / pm ;j{bf
Ps;dfg k|sfzdfg /xG5, p;}u/L z'4–r]tg3g eujfg\ /fddf klg 1fg / c1fg b'j} /xg ;Qm}gg\
..@#..
t:dfTk/fgGbdo]
/3"Qd]
lj1fg¿k] lx g ljBt]
tdM .
c1fg;flIf0o/ljGbnf]rg]
dfof>oTjfÙ lx
df]xsf/0fd\ ..@$..
ctPj
k/fgGb:j¿k lj1fg3g c1fg–;fIfL sdngog eujfg\ /fddf c1fgsf] n]z klg 5}g . pxfF g}
dfofsf clw©fg x'g'x'G5, o;sf/0f dfofn] pxfFnfO{ df]lxt ug{ ;Qm}g ..@$..
cq t] syloiofld
/x:odlk b'n{ed\ .
;Ltf/fdd?T;"g';+jfb+
df]If;fwgd\ ..@%..
x]
kfj{tL ¤ o; ljifodf d ltdLnfO{ ;Ltf, /fd / xg'dfg\hLaLrsf] df]Ifsf ;fwg¿k ;+jfb
;'gfpFb5', hf] cToGt uf]kgLo Pjd\ k/d b'n{e 5 ..@%..
k'/f /fdfo0f] /fdf]
/fj0f+ b]js06sd\ .
xTjf /0f] /0fZnf3L
;k'qanjfxgd\ ..@^..
;Ltof ;x
;'u|LjnId0ffEof+ ;dlGjtM .
cof]Wofdudb|fdf]
xg"dTk|d'v}j{[tM ..@&..
k"j{sfn
cyf{t\ /fdfjtf/sf] ;dodf ha o'4lk|o >L/fdrGb|hL b]jtfx¿sf s06s¿k /fj0fnfO{
;Gtfg, ;]gf / jfxgx¿;lxt o'4df df/]/ ;Ltf, ;'u|Lj / nId0f;lxt eP/ xg'dfg\ cflb
jfg/x¿n] 3]l/P/ cof]Wofk'/Ldf cfpg'eof] ..@^–@&..
clelifQmM kl/j[tf]
jl;©fB}d{xfTdleM .
l;+xf;g] ;df;LgM
sf]l6;"o{;dk|eM ..@*..
clg
ToxfF cfP/ /fHofleif]s ePkl5 jl;© cflb dxfTdfx¿n] 3]l/P/ s/f]8f}F ;"o{sf]
k|ef wf/0f u/L ha l;+xf;gdf lj/fhdfg x'g'eof] ..@*..
b[¨\jf tbf
xg"dGt+ k|f~hln+ k'/tM l:ytd\ .
s[tsfo{+ lg/fsfª\If+
1fgfk]If+ dxfdltd\ ..@(..
/fdM ;Ltfd'jfr]b+
a|"lx tŒj+ xg"dt] .
lgisNdiff]›o+ 1fg:o
kfq+ gf} lgToelQmdfg\ ..#)..
To;
;dodf s[ts[To Pjd\ ef]u]R5f/lxt dxfdlt xg'dfg\hLnfO{ 1fgflenfiffn] cfÇgf
;Dd'vdf xft hf]8]/ v8f ePsf] b]v]kl5 >L/fdrGb|hLn] ;LtfhLnfO{ o;f] eÙ'eof]– æx]
;Lt] ¤ oL xg'dfg\ xfdL b'O{df cToGt elQm /fVt5g\, o;sf/0f logL lgikfk 5g\ / 1fgsf
;'of]Uo kfq 5g\ . ctM ltdLn] lognfO{ d]/f] tŒjsf] pkb]z u/ .Æ ..@(–#)..
ty]lt hfgsL k|fx tŒj+
/fd:o lglátd\ .
xg"dt] k|kÙfo
;Ltf nf]sljdf]lxgL ..#!..
nf]sljdf]lxgL
hgsglGbgL ;LtfhLn] >L/fdrGb|hLnfO{ ‘a]; eÙ'eof]’ eÙ'eof] / z/0ffut xg'dfg\nfO{
eujfg\ /fdsf lglát tŒj atfpg yfNg'eof] ..#!..
;Ltf]jfr
/fd+ ljl4 k/+ a|é
;lRrbfgGbdåod\ .
;jf]{kflwljlgd{'Qm+
;Qfdfqduf]r/d\ ..#@..
cfgGb+ lgd{n+ zfGt+
lglj{sf/+ lg/~hgd\ .
;j{JoflkgdfTdfg+
:jk|sfzdsNdifd\ ..##..
;LtfhLn]
eÙ'eof]– æjT; xg'dg\ ¤ ltdL /fdnfO{ ;fIfft\ clåtLo ;lRrbfgGb3g k/a|é x'g'x'G5
eg]/ a'em . pxfF lgM;Gb]x ;d:t pkflwx¿n] /lxt, ;Qfdfq, OlGb|ox¿sf cljifo, cfgGb3g,
lgd{n, zfGt, lglj{sf/, lg/~hg, ;j{Jofks, :jod\k|sfz Pjd\ kfkxLg k/dfTdf g}
x'g'x'G5 ..#@–##..
df+ ljl4
d"nk|s[lt+ ;u{l:yToGtsfl/0fLd\ .
t:o ;lÙlwdfq]0f
;[hfdLbdtlGb|tf ..#$..
clg
dnfO{ ;+;f/sL pTklQ, l:ylt / cGt ug]{ d"n k|s[lt eg]/ hfg . d g} lg/fn:o
eP/ pxfFsf] ;lÙlwdfqn] o; ljàsf] /rgf ug]{ ub{5' ..#$..
tT;flÙWofGdof ;[¨+
tl:dÙf/f]Kot]›a'w}M .
cof]Wofgu/] hGd /3'j+z]›ltlgd{n]
..#%..
To;f]
eP tfklg pxfFsf] ;lÙlwdfqn] ul/Psf] d]/f] /rgfnfO{ a'l4xLg dflg;x¿ pxfFdf
cf/f]lkt ul/lbG5g\ . ctPj cof]Wofk'/Ldf cToGt kljq /3's'ndf pxfFn] hGd lng'
..#%..
ljàfldq;xfoTj+
dv;+/If0f+ ttM .
cxNofzfkzdg+ rfkeÍf]
dx]lzt'M ..#^..
clg
ljàfldqhLsf] ;xfotf ug'{, pgsf] o1sf] /Iff ug'{, cxNofnfO{ >fkd'Qm ug'{, >Ldxfb]jhLsf]
wg'if efFRg' ..#^..
dTkfl0fu|x0f+
káfb\efu{j:o dbIfoM .
cof]Wofgu/] jf;f] dof
åfbzjflif{sM ..#&..
tTkáft\
d]/f] kfl0fu|x0f ug'{, k/z'/fdhLsf] uj{–v08g ug'{ tyf afî jif{;Dd d]/f ;fydf
cof]Wofk'/Ldf /xg' ..#&..
b08sf/0oudg+ lj/fwjw
Pj r .
dfofdf/Lrd/0f+
dfof;LtfXlt:tyf ..#*..
clg
kl5 b08sf/0odf hfg', lj/fwsf] jw ug'{, dfof¿k df/LrnfO{ dfl/lbg', dfofdoL ;Ltf
ckx/0fdf kfl/g' ..#*..
h6fo'iff] df]IfnfeM
saGw:o ty}j r .
zaof{M k"hg+
káfT;'u|Lj]0f ;dfudM ..#(..
To;kl5
h6fo' / saGw d'Qm x'g', za/Låf/f eujfg\n] k"lht x'g' clg ;'u|Ljl;t ldqtf
x'g' ..#(..
jflngá jwM
káfT;LtfGj]if0fd]j r .
;]t'aGwá hnwf} nËfofá lg/f]wgd\ ..$)..
clg
kl5 jflnsf] jw ug'{, ;LtfhLsf] vf]hL u/fpg', ;d'b|df k'n agfpg nufpg' / nËfk'/LnfO{
3]g'{ ..$)..
/fj0f:o jwf] o'4]
;k'q:o b'/fTdgM .
ljeLif0f] /fHobfg+
k'iks]0f dof ;x ..$!..
cof]Wofudg+ káfb|fHo] /fdfleif]rgd\ .
PjdfbLlg sdf{l0f
do}jfrl/tfGolk
cf/f]kolGt
/fd]›l:dlÙlj{sf/]›lvnfTdlg ..$@..
k'qx¿;lxt
b'/fTdf /fj0fnfO{ o'4df dfg'{ Pjd\ ljeLif0fnfO{ nËf /fHo lbP/ k'iksljdfgåf/f
d]/f ;fy cof]Wof kmsL{ cfpg', / >L/fdhLn] /fHokbdf clelifQm x'g'– OToflb
;d:t sd{ d}n] g} u/]sL x'F t/ klg c1fgL dflg;x¿ oL ;a} sfd lglj{sf/ ;jf{Tdf
eujfg\ /fddf cf/f]lkt ub{5g\ ..$!–$@..
/fdf] g uR5lt g lt©lt
gfg'zf]rt\–
ofsfª\Ift] Tohlt gf] g s/f]lt lsl~rt\ .
cfgGbd"lt{/rnM
kl/0ffdxLgf]
dfofu'0ffgg'utf] lx
tyf ljeflt ..$#..
/fd
t jf:tjdf g rnfodfg x'g'x'G5, g l:y/ x'g'x'G5, g zf]s ug'{x'G5, g OR5f ug'{x'G5,
g TofUg'x'G5 / g t c¿ s'g} lj|mof g} ug'{x'G5 . jxfF cfgGb:j¿k, cljrn Pjd\
kl/0ffdxLg x'g'x'G5 . dfofsf u'0fx¿n] JofKt x'gfsf sf/0f of] ;a} To; k|sf/sf]
k|tLt x'G5 .Æ ..$#..
ttf] /fdM :jo+ k|fx
xg"dGtd'kl:ytd\ .
ð[0f' tŒj+ k|jIofld
èfTdfgfTdk/fTdgfd\ ..$$..
To;kl5
>L/fdrGb|hLn] ;fd'df v8f ePsf kjgk'q xg'dfg\nfO{ :jod\ eÙ'eof]– æd ltdLnfO{
cfTdf, cgfTdf / k/fTdfsf] tŒj atfpFb5', ;'g ..$$..
cfsfz:o oyf e]bl:qljwf]
b[Zot] dxfg\ .
hnfzo] dxfsfz:tbjlR5Ù
Pj lx .
k|ltlaDafVodk/+ b[Zot]
lqljw+ geM ..$%..
hnfzodf
cfsfzsf tLg e]b :k¨ b]lvG5g\– klxnf] dxfsfz, bf];|f] hnfjlR5Ù cfsfz / t];|f]
k|ltlaDafsfz . h;/L cfsfzsf oL tLg 7"nf7"nf e]b b]lvG5g\ ==..$%..
a'4ØjlR5Ùr}tGod]s+
k"0f{dyfk/d\ .
cfef;:Tjk/+
laDae"td]j+ lqwf lrltM ..$^..
p;}u/L
r]tg klg tLg k|sf/sf x'G5g\ – klxnf] xf] a'4ØjlR5Ù r]tg -hf] a'l4df JofKt x'G5_,
bf];|f] hf] ;j{q kl/k"0f{ 5 / t];|f] hf] a'l4df k|ltlalDat x'G5 – h;nfO{
cfef;r]tg elgG5 ..$^..
;fef;a'4]M
st{[TjdljlR5Ù]›ljsfl/l0f .
;flIf0of/f]Kot]
e|fGTof hLjTj+ r tyf›a'w}M ..$&..
logLx¿dWo]
s]jn cfef;–r]tg;lxtsf] a'l4d} dfq st{[Tj x'G5, cyf{t\ lrbfTdfef;;lxtsf] a'l4n]
g} ;a} sfo{ ub{5 . t/ c1hgx¿ e|flGtjz lg/jlR5Ù, lglj{sf/, ;fIfL cfTdfdf st{[Tj
Pjd\ hLjTjsf] cf/f]k ub{5g\ -hLjfTdfnfO{ g} stf{–ef]Qmf dfGb5g\_ ..$&..
cfef;:t' d[iff
a'l4/ljBfsfo{d'Rot] .
cljlR5Ù+ t' tb\a|é
ljR5]b:t' ljsNktM ..$*..
-d}n]
h;nfO{ hLj eg]sf] 5' To;df_ cfef;–r]tg t ldYof xf] . a'l4 cljBfsf] sfo{ xf] /
k/a|é k/dfTdf jf:tjdf ljR5]b/lxt 5 . ctM k/a|é k/dfTdfsf] ljR5]b klg ljsNk
dflgPsf] 5 ..$*..
cljlR5Ù:o k"0f]{g
PsTj+ k|ltkfBt] .
tŒjd:oflbjfSo}á
;fef;:ofxd:tyf ..$(..
o;k|sf/
pkflwx¿nfO{ hfg]/ ;fef; cxd\ ¿k cjlR5Ù r]tg -hLj_sf] ‘tŒjdl;’ -tF Tof] xf];\_
cflb dxfjfSox¿åf/f k"0f{ r]tg -a|é_sf ;fy Pstf atfOG5 ..$(..
P]So1fg+ obf]TkÙ+
dxfjfSo]g rfTdgf]M .
tbf›ljBf :jsfo}{á
gZoTo]j g ;+zoM ..%)..
ha
dxfjfSoåf/f o;k|sf/ hLjfTdf / k/dfTdfsf] Pstfsf] 1fg pTkÙ x'G5, To;a]nf cfÇgf
sfo{;lxt cljBf g¨ eOxfNb5, o;df s'g} ;+zo 5}g ..%)..
Ptlå1fo db\eQmf]
db\efjfof]kkBt] .
db\elQmljd'vfgf+ lx
zf:qut]{if' d'ètfd\ .
g 1fg+ g r df]IfM
:ofQ]iff+ hGdzt}/lk ..%!..
d]/f]
eQmx¿ dfly pNn]lvt tŒj a'em]/ d]/f] :j¿kdf ldNg] kfq aGb5g\ t/ hf] dg'io d]/f] elQmnfO{
5f8]/ zf:q¿k vf8nx¿df k/]/ ef}Ftfl/O/xG5g\ pgLx¿nfO{ t ;o hGd;Dd klg g t 1fg
x'G5 g t df]If g} k|fKt x'G5 ..%!..
Ob+ /x:o+ Xbo+
ddfTdgf]
do}j ;fIffTslyt+ tjfg3
.
db\elQmxLgfo z7fo g
Tjof
bftJod}Gb|fblk /fHotf]›lwsd\ ..%@..
x]
cg3 ¤ of] k/d /x:o d cfTd¿k /fdsf] Xbo xf] / d cfkm}Fn] ltdLnfO{ ;'gfPF . olb
ltdLnfO{ OGb|nf]ssf] /fHoeGbf klg clws ;DklQ k|fKt x'g] eof] eg] klg ltdLn] of]
/x:o d]/f] elQmaf6 xLg ePsf s'g} z7 k'?ifnfO{ g;'gfpg" .Æ ..%@..
>Ldxfb]j pjfr
PtQ]›lelxt+ b]lj
>L/fdXbo+ dof .
cltu'ètd+ XB+ kljq+
kfkzf]wgd\ ..%#..
>Ldxfb]jhLn]
eÙ'eof]– x] b]jL ¤ d}n] ltdLnfO{ of] cToGt uf]kgLo, Xboxf/L, k/d kljq Pjd\
kfkgfzs ‘>L/fdXbo’ ;'gfPsf] 5' ..%#..
;fIffb|fd]0f slyt+ ;j{j]bfGt;ª\u|xd\ .
oM k7]T;tt+ eSTof ;
d'Qmf] gfq ;+zoM ..%$..
of]
;d:t j]bfGtsf] ;f/;ª\u|x ;fIfft\ >L/fdrGb|hLn] eÙ'ePsf] xf] . hf];'s}n] klg
of] elQmk"j{s k9Øf] eg] pm d'Qm eP/ hfG5, o;df ;+zo dfÙ'kb}{g ..%$..
a|éxToflb kfkflg
ax'hGdflh{tfGolk .
gZoGTo]j g ;Gb]xf]
/fd:o jrg+ oyf ..%%..
o;sf]
k7gdfqn] klg cg]s hGdsf ;l~rt a|éxTof cflb ;d:t kfk g¨ eP/ hfg]5g\ . o;df ;Gb]x
dfÙ'kb}{g, lsgls >L/fdn] o;} x'g]5 eÙ'ePsf] 5 .
of]›lte|¨f]›ltkfkL
k/wgk/bf/]if' lgTof]Btf] jf
:t]oL
a|é£gdftflkt[jwlg/tf] of]luj[Gbfksf/L
oM ;Dk"Hofle/fd+
k7lt r Xbo+ /fdrGb|:o eSTof
of]uLGb|}/KonEo+ kbldx net] ;j{b]j}M ; k"Hod\ ..%^..
olb
s'g} cToGt e|¨, cltzo kfkL, k/wg / k/:qLx¿df ;bf k|j[Q /lx/x]sf], rf]/, a|éxTof/f,
dftflktfsf] aw ug{df k|j[Q /x]sf] jf of]uLhgx¿sf] clxt ug]{ ePsf] dg'ion] klg
olb >L/fdrGb|hLsf] k"hg u/]/ of] /fdXbo elQmk"j{s kf7 ub{5 eg] pm
;d:t b]jtfx¿åf/f k"Ho pxL k/dkbdf k'Ub5 hf] of]uL/fhx¿sf nflu klg k/d
b'n{e 5 ..%^..
Olt
>LdbWofTd/fdfo0f] pdfdx]à/;+jfb] afnsf08] >L/fdXbo+ gfd k|ydM ;u{M ..!..
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
låtLo ;u{
ef/kLl8tf
k[lyjL a|éflb b]jtfx¿;dIf hfg' / eujfg\n] pgLx¿sf] k|fy{gfaf6 k|s6 eO{ pgLx¿nfO{
w}o{ agfpg'
kfj{To'jfr
wGof:Dog'u[xLtfl:d
s[tfyf{l:d huTk|ef] .
ljlR5Ùf]
d]›lt;Gb]xu|lGye{jbg'u|xft\ ..!..
kfj{tLhLn]
eÙ'eof]– x] huTk|ef] ¤ xh'/sf] s[kfn] cg'u[xLt eP/ d cem s[ts[To ePsL 5', d]/f
sl7g ;Gb]xu|lGy 6'6]/ uP ..!..
TjGd'vfb\ulnt+
/fdtŒjfd[t/;fogd\ .
lkaGTof d] dgf] b]j g
t[Kolt ejfkxd\ ..@..
x]
b]j ¤ xh'/sf d'vaf6 r'lx/x]sf ejeoxf/L /fdtŒj¿k cd[tdo /;fog kfg ul//xFbf klg
dg t[Kt x'Fb}g ..@..
>L/fd:o syf TjQM
>'tf ;ª\If]ktf] dof .
ObfgL+ >f]t'ldR5fld
lj:t/]0f :k'm6fIf/d\ ..#..
d}n]
xh'/sf] d'vaf6 >L/fdrGb|hLsf] syf ;ª\If]kdf ;'g]sL 5' . ca d Tof] syf :k¨
zAbdf lj:tf/k"j{s ;'Ù rfxG5' ..#..
>Ldxfb]j pjfr
ð[0f' b]lj k|jIofld
u'èfb\u'èt/+ dxt\ .
cWofTd/fdrl/t+
/fd]0ff]Qm+ k'/f dd ..$ ..
>Ldxfb]jhLn]
eÙ'eof]– x] b]jL ¤ ;'g, d ltdLnfO{ u'èeGbf klg u'è dxfg\ cWofTd/fdfo0f
;'gfpFb5' . of] klxn] dnfO{ >L/fdrGb|hLn] g} eÙ'ePsf] lyof] . ..$..
tbB syloiofld ð[0f'
tfkqofkxd\ .
oR5\?Tjf d'Rot]
hGt'/1fgf]Tydxfeoft\ .
k|fKgf]lt k/dfd[l4d\
bL3f{o'M k'q;Gtltd\ ..%..
ca
d ltdLnfO{ ToxL tfkqoxfl/0fL cWofTd/fdfo0f ;'gfpFb5', ;ts{tfk"j{s ;'g .
of] k'/f0fsyf ;'Ùfn] hLj c1fghHo dxfeoaf6 d'Qm x'G5 / k/d P]ào{, bL3{ cfo' tyf
k'q–kf}qflb k|fKt ub{5 ..%..
e"ldef{/]0f dUgf bzjbgd'vfz]if/Iff]u0ffgf+
w[Tjf uf]¿kdfbf}
lbljhd'lghg}M ;fsdAhf;g:o .
uTjf nf]s+ ?bGtL
Jo;gd'kut+ a|é0f] k|fx ;j{+
a|éf WofTjf
d'x"t{+ ;sndlk Xbf›j]bz]iffTdsTjft\ ..^..
Psk6s
/fj0f cflb /fIf;x¿sf ef/n] Jolyt eP/ k[YjL ufO{sf] ¿k wf/0f u/]/ b]jtf tyf d'lghgx¿;lxt
>La|éfhLsf] nf]sdf k'lug\ . ToxfF k'u]/ pgn] ?Fb}?Fb} cfk"mdfly
cfOnfu]sf ;f/f b'Mv a|éfhLnfO{ elgg\ . ta a|éfhLn] Ps d'x"t{;Dd Wofg:y eP/
cfÇgf] dgdf k[YjLsf b'Mv x6fpg] ;Dk"0f{ pkfo yfxf kfpg'eof], lsgeg] pxfF
;jf{Gtof{dL x'g'x'G5 ..^..
t:dfTIfL/;d'b|tL/dudb\ a|éfy b]j}j{[tf]
b]Jof
rflvnnf]sXT:ydh/+ ;j{1dLz+ xl/d\ .
c:tf}ifLR5\?ltl;4lgd{nkb}M
:tf]q}M k'/f0ff]b\ej}M–
e{STof ub\ubof
lu/fltljdn}/fgGbjfik}j{[tM ..&..
tTkáft\
ToxfFaf6 ;d:t b]jtfx¿;lxt eP/ >L a|éfhL k[YjLnfO{ ;fy}df lnP/ IfL/;fu/sf
t6df k'Ug'eof] . ToxfF pxfFn] cToGt lgd{n cfgGbf>'x¿n] kl/Kn't eP/
clvn–nf]sfGtof{dL, ch/, ;j{1, eujfg\ >Lxl/sf] clt lgd{n elQmo'Qm
ub\ubjf0fLn] >'ltl;4 ljdn kbx¿ clg k'/f0ff]Qm :tf]qx¿åf/f :t'lt ug'{eof]
..&..
ttM :k'm/T;x;|f+z';x;|;b[zk|eM
.
cflj/f;L4l/M k|fRof+
lbzf+ Jokgo+:tdM ..*..
clg
;x;|f}F b]bLKodfg ;"o{sf ;dfg k|efzfnL eujfg\ xl/ cfÇgf] t]hn] ;a}
lbzfx¿sf cGwsf/nfO{ x6fpg'x'Fb} k"j{ lbzfdf k|s6 x'g'eof] ..*..
syl~rb\b[¨jfg\ a|éf
b'b{z{ds[tfTdgfd\ .
OGb|gLnk|tLsfz+ l:dtf:o+ kßnf]rgd\ ..(..
k'0oxLg
k'?ifx¿sf nflu clt b'b{z{gLo eujfg\ xl/nfO{ pxfFsf cldt t]hsf sf/0f a|éfhLn]
klg w]/} d'l:snn] x]g{ ;Sg'eof] . OGb|gLndl0fsf ;dfg pxfFsf] t]hf]do Zofdj0f{
lyof], dw'/ d':sfg lyof] / sdnsf ;dfg ljzfn Pjd\ dgf]x/ g]q lyP ..(..
ls/L6xf/s]o"/s'08n}M
s6sflbleM .
lje|fhdfg+
>LjT;sf}:t'ek|eoflGjtd\ ..!)..
pxfF
ls/L6, xf/, s]o"/, s'08n tyf s6s cflb cfe"if0fx¿n] ;'zf]let
x'g'x'GYof] tyf >LjT; / sf}:t'edl0fsf] k|efn] o'Qm x'g'x'GYof] ..!)..
:t'jb\leM ;gsfB}á
kfif{b}M kl/j]l¨td\ .
zÌrj|mubfkßjgdfnflj/flhtd\
..!!..
pxfFnfO{
:t'lt ul//x]sf ;gs cflb kfif{b\x¿n] rf/}lt/af6 3]/]sf lyP, clg pxfFsf zÌ, rj|m,
ubf, kß tyf jgdfnfn] ck"j{ zf]ef eO/x]sf] lyof] ..!!..
:j0f{o1f]kjLt]g
:j0f{j0ff{Da/]0f r .
l>of e"Dof r
;lxt+ u?8f]kl/ ;+l:ytd\ ..!@..
xif{ub\ubof jfrf
:tf]t'+ ;d'krj|md] ..!#..
pxfF
;'gf}nf] o1f]kjLt / kLtfDa/n] ;'zf]let Pjd\ nIdL / e"ldn] ;lxt eP/ u?8df
lj/fhdfg x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFsf] o:tf] lbJo 5lj b]v]/ lktfdx a|éfhL xif{n] ububs07
eP/ :t'lt ug{ nfUg'eof] ..!@–!#..
a|éf]jfr
gtf]›l:d t] kb+ b]j
k|f0fa'4LlGb|ofTdleM .
olRrGTot]
sd{kfzfb\w[lb lgTo+ d'd'If'leM ..!$..
a|éfhLn]
eÙ'eof]– x] b]j ¤ sd{kfzaf6 d'Qm x'gsf nflu d'd'If'hg cfÇgf] k|f0f, a'l4, OlGb|o
/ dgaf6 h;sf] lgTo lrGtg ub{5g\ xh'/sf tL r/0ff/ljGbnfO{ d gd:sf/ ub{5' ..!$..
dfoof u'0fdøof Tj+
;[h:ojl; n'Dkl; .
huQ]g g t] n]k
cfgGbfg'ejfTdgM ..!%..
xh'/n]
cfÇgf lqu'0fdoL dfofsf] cf>o u/]/ g} o; hut\sf] pTklQ, kfng / no ug'{x'G5 .
t/ klg 1fgfgGb:j¿k xh'/ o;df lnKt x'g'x'Ù ..!%..
tyf z'l4g{ b'¨fgf+
bfgfWoogsd{leM .
z'4fTdtf t] ozl; ;bf
elQmdtf+ oyf ..!^..
x]
eujg\ ¤ xh'/sf ljdn ozdf ;bf k|]d /fVg] ePsf eQmx¿sf] cGtMs/0f h; k|sf/n] z'4
x'G5 To:tf] z'l4 t dlng cGtMs/0f ePsf k'?ifn] bfg tyf cWoog cflb z'e sd{x¿af6
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x'F ..#@..
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tk;M kmnd\ .
d2z{g+ ljdf]Iffo sNkt]
èGob'n{ed\ ..##..
ltdLn]
cfÇgf] k"j{ tk:ofsf] kmnaf6} d]/f] of] lbJo ¿k b]v]sL xf} . d]/f] bz{g
df]Ifkb lbg] x'G5, k'0oxLg hgsf nflu o;sf] bz{g cToGt b'n{e 5 ..##..
;+jfbdfjof]o{:t' k7]åf
ð[0f'ofblk .
; oflt dd ;f¿Ko+ d/0f]
dT:d[lt+ ne]t\ ..#$..
h'g
JolQmn] xfd|f oL ;+jfbnfO{ k9\nf of ;'Gnf, p;n] d]/f] ;f¿Ko d'lQm, cyf{t\
;dfg¿ktf, k|fKt unf{ / d/0fsfndf p;nfO{ d]/f] :d/0f xf]nf ..#$..
OTo'STjf dft/+ /fdf]
afnf] e"Tjf ?/f]b x .
afnTj]›kLGb|gLnfef] ljzfnfIff]›lt;'Gb/M ..#%..
dftf;Fu
o;k|sf/ af]ln;s]/ eujfg\ afn¿k eP/ ?g nfUg'eof] . pxfFsf] afn¿k klg
OGb|gLndl0fsf ;dfg Zofdj0f{, 7"N7"nf g]q ePsf] clg clt ;'Gb/ lyof]
..#%..
afnf?0fk|tLsfzf]
nflntflvnnf]skM .
cy /fhf bz/yM >'Tjf
k'qf]b\ejf]T;jd\ .
cfgGbf0f{jdUgf]›;fjfoof}
u'?0ff ;x ..#^..
Tof]
k|eftsfnLg afn;"o{sf ;dfg c?0fHof]ltd{o lyof] . eujfg\n] cjtl/t eP/ To;
;'dgf]x/ afn¿kn] ;a} nf]skfnx¿nfO{ k/d cfglGbt ul/lbg'eof] . tTkáft\ ha dxf/fh
bz/yhLn] k'qf]TklQsf] z'e ;dfrf/ ;'g], pgL cfgGb;d'b|df 8'a]em}F eP . pgL u'?
jl;©hLsf ;fy /fhejgdf cfP ..#^..
/fd+ /fhLjkqfIf+
b[¨\jf xiff{>';DKn'tM .
u'?0ff hftsdf{l0f
st{Joflg rsf/ ;M ..#&..
ToxfF
cfP/ sdngog /fdnfO{ b]v]/ pgL cfgGbf>'n] k"0f{ eP . pgn] u'?hLåf/f
k|e'sf] hftsd{ cflb cfjZos ;+:sf/ u/fP ..#&..
s}s]oL rfy
e/td;"t sdn]If0ff .
;'ldqfof+ odf} hftf}
k"0f]{Gb';b[zfggf} ..#*..
To;kl5
sdngogL s}s]oLaf6 e/tsf] hGd eof] clg ;'ldqfaf6 k"0f{rGb|sf ;dfg d'vd08n
ePsf b'O{ h'DNofxf afns pTkÙ eP ..#*..
tbf u|fd;x;|fl0f
a|fé0f]Eof] d'bf bbf} .
;'j0ff{lg r /Tgflg
jf;f+l; ;'/eLM z'efM ..#(..
To;
;dodf dxf/fh bz/yn] clt pT;fxk"j{s xhf/f}F u|fd, w]/} ;'j0f{, cg]s /Tg, gfgfk|sf/sf
j:q clg z'e nIf0fx¿ ePsf cg]sf}F ufO{x¿ a|fé0fx¿nfO{ bfg lbP ..#(..
ol:dg\ /dGt] d'gof]
ljBof 1fgljKnj] .
t+ u'?M k|fx /fd]lt
/d0ffb|fd OTolk ..$)..
lj1fgåf/f
c1fg g¨ ePkl5 d'lghg h;df /d0f ub{5g\, cyjf hf] cfÇgf] ;'Gb/tfn] eQmhgx¿sf
lrQnfO{ cfgGbdUg ul/lbg'x'G5, pxfFsf] gfd u'? jl;©hLn] ‘/fd’ /flvlbP ..$)..
e/0ffb\e/tf] gfd
nId0f+ nIf0fflGjtd\ .
zq'£g+ zq'xGtf/d]j+
u'?/efift ..$!..
o;}
k|sf/n] u'?hLn] ;+;f/sf] kf]if0f ug]{jfnf ePsfn] csf{ k'qsf] gfd ‘e/t’ /fv] .
;d:t ;'nIf0fn] ;DkÙ x'gfn] t];|f k'qsf] gfd ‘nId0f’ / zq'x¿sf nflu 3fts x'g]
ePsfn] rf}yf k'qsf nflu ‘zq'£g’ /fv] ..$!..
nId0ff] /fdrGb|]0f zq'£gf] e/t]g r .
åGåLe"o r/Gtf}
tf} kfo;f+zfg';f/tM ..$@..
sf};Nof
/ s}s]oLn] lbPsf kfo;sf] c+zs} cg';f/ nId0fhL /fdrGb|hLsf / zq'£ghL e/thLsf
hf]8f ag]/ ljr/0f ug{ nfu] ..$@..
/fd:t' nId0f]gfy
ljr/g\ afnnLnof .
/dofdf; lkt/f}
r]l¨t}d{'Uweflift}M ..$#..
nId0fhLsf
;fy ljr/0f ul//xg'x'g] >L/fdrGb|hLn] cfÇgf afnnLnfx¿, r]¨fx¿ clg ;f]emf;Lwf
s'/fsfgLn] dftflktfnfO{ cfglGbt ug{ nfUg'eof] ..$#..
efn]
:j0f{dofàTyk0f{d'Qmfkmnk|ed\ .
s07]
/Tgdl0fj|ftdWoåLlkgvfl~rtd\ ..$$..
h;sf
nnf6df df]tLx¿n] ;hfOPsf b]bLKodfg ;'j0f{do càTykq -kLknsf] kft_ tyf unfdf /Tg
clg dl0f;d"xsf ;fy aLraLrdf Jof3|gv ;hfP/ u'Fy]sf dfnfx¿ ;'zf]let 5g\
..$$..
s0f{of]M
:j0f{;DkÙ/Tgfh{'g;6fn'sd\ .
lz~hfgdl0fd~hL/sl6;"qfÍb}j{[td\
..$%..
h;sf
sfgx¿df ch'{gj[Ifsf sfFrf kmnx¿sf ;dfg /Tghl8t, ;'j0f{sf cfe"if0f e'mlG8O/x]sf
5g\, tyf hf] emËf/k"0f{ dl0fdo g"k'/ ;'j0f{d]vnf / afnfn]
lje"lift 5g\ ..$%..
l:dtjSqfNkbzgldGb|gLndl0fk|ed\ .
cÍ0f] l/Ídf0f+ t+
t0f{sfgg' ;j{tM .
b[¨\jf bz/yf] /fhf
sf};Nof d'd'b] tbf ..$^..
ef]Iodf0ff] bz/yf]
/fdd]xLlt rf;s[t\ .
cfêoToltxif]{0f
k|]D0ff gfoflt nLnof ..$&..
cfgo]lt r sf};Nofdfx
;f ;l:dtf ;'td\ .
wfjTolk g zSgf]lt
:k|¨'+ of]ludgf]ultd\ ..$*..
k|x;g\ :jodfoflt
sb{dflËtkfl0fgf .
lsl~rb\u[xLTjf sjn+
k'g/]j knfot] ..$(..
To:tf
OGb|gLndl0fem}F cfefo'Qm tyf :jNk bGtx¿n] o'Qm d':s'/fO/x]sf] d'vd08n ePsf
afnsnfO{ /fhejgsf] cfFugdf a5]8fsf] kl5kl5 ;a}lt/ afnultn] bf}l8O/x]sf] b]v]/
dxf/fh bz/y / dftf sf};Nof clt cfglGbt x'g] uy]{ . hltv]/ dxf/fh ef]hg ug{ a:y],
æ/fd ¤ cfpm ¤Æ egLegL clt xif{ / k|]dk"j{s pxfFnfO{ af/Daf/ af]nfpFy] . ha
v]ndf dUg ePsf sf/0f pxfF cfpg'x'ÙYof], /fhf sf};Nof;Fu pxfFnfO{ Nofpgsf nflu
eGy]– æo;nfO{ kj|m]/ Nofpm .Æ t/ hf] of]uLhgx¿sf lrQsf Psdfq cf>o x'g'x'G5, o:tf
k'qnfO{ sf};NofhL xfF:t} bf}l8Fbf klg kj|mg ;lQmglyg\ . dftfnfO{ ylst b]v]/
pxfF :jod\ g} lxnfdf ntkltPsf xftx¿ lnP/ xfF:t}xfF:t} ToxfF cfOk'Ug'x'GYof] /
Psfw ufF; vfP/ km]l/ bf}l8OxfNg'x'GYof] ..$^–$(..
sf};Nof hggL t:o dfl;
dfl; k|s'j{tL .
jfogflg ljlrqfl0f ;dnª\s[To
/f3jd\ ..%)..
ck"kfg\ df]bsfg\
s[Tjf s0f{zis'lnsf:tyf .
s0f{k"/f+á
ljljwfg\ jif{j[4f} r jfogd\ ..%!..
dftf
sf};Nof /fdnfO{ /fd|/L j:qfe"if0f nufOlbP/ k|ltdlxgf Jo~hg agfpFlyg\ /
jif{ nfUbf k'jf, n8\8', k'/L, srf}8L cflb ljljw Jo~hg agfP/ a|fé0f–ef]hgflbåf/f
pT;j dgfpFlyg\ ..%)–%!..
u[xs[To+ tof ToQm+ t:o
rfkNosf/0fft\ .
Psbf /3'gfyf]›;f} utf]
dft/dlGts] ..%@..
/fdsf]
rkntfsf sf/0f sf};Nofn] 3/sf sfd ug{ 5f]l8lbPsL lyOg\ . Ps lbg /fdhL dftfsf
glhs hfg'eof] ..%@..
ef]hg+ b]lx d] dftg{
>'t+ sfo{;Qmof .
ttM j|mf]w]g ef08flg
nu'8]gfxgQbf ..%#..
clg
eÙ'eof]– ædftf ¤ dnfO{ s]xL vfg]s'/f lbg'xf];\ .Æ lsGt' sfddf nfu]sL x'gfn]
dftfn] ;'lggg\ . o;af6 j|mf]lwt eP/ pxfFn] n¶Ln] ;a} efF8fjt{g k'm6flnlbg'eof]
..%#..
lzSo:y+ kftofdf; uJo+
r gjgLtsd\ .
nId0ffo bbf} /fdf]
e/tfo oyfj|mdd\ ..%$..
zq'£gfo bbf} káf2lw
b'Uw+ ty}j r .
;"b]g slyt] dfq]
xf:o+ s[Tjf k|wfjlt ..%%..
tyf
efF8fdf /flvPsf] b"w / gf}gL emfg'{eof] / Tof] clg ToxfF /fv]sf] ;a}
b"w–bxL klg j|mdzM nId0f, e/t / zq'£gnfO{ afFl8lbg'eof] . efG;]n] uP/ dftf
sf};NofnfO{ ;'gfOg\ . pgL xfF:t} kj|mgsf nflu bf}l8g\ ..%$–%%..
cfutf+ tf+ ljnf]Sofy
ttM ;j}{M knflotd\ .
sf};Nof wfjdfgflk
k|:vnGtL kb] kb] ..%^..
dftf
cfpFb} b]v]/ tL ;a} afns efu] . dftf sf};Nof klg ltgLx¿sf kl5kl5 bf}l8g\ . t/
pgL kfOn}lkR5] lrKng yflng\ ..%^..
/3'gfy+ s/] w[Tjf
lsl~rÙf]jfr efldgL .
afnefj+ ;dfl>To
dGb+ dGb+ ?/f]b x ..%&..
cGTodf
pgn] /fdnfO{ klj|mg\, t/ pgn] /fdnfO{ s]xL elggg\ . To;a]nf /fdhL afnefjn]
la:tf/} ?g nfUg'eof] ..%&..
t] ;j]{ nflntf dfqf
uf9dflnÍØ oTgtM .
PjdfgGb;Gbf]xhubfgGbsf/sM
..%*..
dfofafnjk'w{[Tjf
/dofdf; bDktL .
cy sfn]g t] ;j]{
sf}df/+ k|ltk]lb/] ..%(..
tL
;a}nfO{ eoeLt b]v]/ dftfn] pgnfO{ a8f] k|]dn] 5ftLdf lnP/ Kof/f] ul/g\ .
o;k|sf/ hubfgGbsf/s cfgGb3g eujfg\ /fd dfofdo afn¿k wf/0f ug'{eP/ /fhbDktL bz/y
/ sf};NofnfO{ cfglGbt ug{ nfUg'eof] . To;kl5 s]xL ;do lat]kl5 tL rf/} efOx¿n]
s'df/ cj:yfdf k|j]z u/] ..%*–%(..
pkgLtf jl;©]g
;j{ljBfljzf/bfM .
wg'j]{b] r lg/tfM
;j{zf:qfy{j]lbgM ..^)..
ae"j'h{utf+ gfyf
nLnof g/¿lk0fM .
nId0f:t' ;bf
/fddg'uR5lt ;fb/d\ ..^!..
;]Jo;]jsefj]g zq'£gf]
e/t+ tyf .
/fdáfkw/f] lgTo+
t"0fLaf0fflGjtM k|e'M ..^@..
càf¿9f] jg+ oflt
d[uofo} ;nId0fM .
xTjf b'¨d[ufg\ ;jf{g\
lkq] ;j{+ Goj]bot\ ..^#..
To;kl5
jl;©hLn] pxfFx¿sf] pkgog ;+:sf/ u/] clg nLnfn] g} g/¿k wf/0f u/]sf ;Dk"0f{
nf]sx¿sf :jfdL rf/} efO ;d:t zf:qx¿sf] dd{ hfÙ] tyf wg'j]{b cflb ;Dk"0f{
ljBfx¿sf kf/ufdL eP . tL ;a} efOx¿df nId0fhL ;]Jo–;]js efjn] cfb/k"j{s ;bf
/fdrGb|hLsf] cg'udg ub{y] / To;} u/L zq'£ghL ;bf e/thLsf] ;]jfdf pkl:yt /xGy] .
eujfg\ /fd k|ltlbg nId0fhL;lxt wg'if, af0f / 7f]j|mf] wf/0f u/]/ 3f]8fdf ;jf/
eO{ l;sf/sf nflu jgtkm{ hfg'x'GYof] / ToxfF b'¨ d[ux¿ df/]/ tL ;a} lktfhLdf
ck{0f ug'{x'GYof] ..^)–^#..
k|ft?Tyfo ;':gftM
lkt/fjlejfB r .
kf}/sfof{l0f ;jf{l0f
s/f]lt ljgoflGjtM ..^$..
k|ftM
sfndf p7]/ :gfg u/]kl5 pxfF dftflktfnfO{ k|0ffd ug'{x'GYof] / clg
gd|tfk"j{s gu/jf;Lx¿sf ;d:t sfo{ ug'{x'GYof] ..^$..
aGw'leM ;lxtf] lgTo+
e'STjf d'lgle/Gjxd\ .
wd{zf:q/x:oflg ð[0ff]lt
Jofs/f]lt r ..^%..
To;kl5
efOx¿;lxt ef]hg u/]/ k|ltlbg d'lghgx¿;Fu wd{zf:qx¿sf dd{ ;'Ù'x'GYof] / :jod\
klg ltgsf] JofVof ug'{x'GYof] ..^%..
Pj+ k/fTdf dg'hfjtf/f]
dg'ionf]sfgg';[To
;j{d\ .
rj|m]›ljsf/L
kl/0ffdxLgf]
ljrfo{df0f] g s/f]lt
lsl~rt\ ..^^..
o;k|sf/
cljsf/L / kl/0ffdxLg k/dfTdfn] dg'iofjtf/ lnP/ dg'iox¿sf cfr/0fsf] cg'udg
ug'{x'Fb} ;d:t sfo{ ug'{eof] . t/ ljrf/ u/]/ x]l/of] eg] t pxfFn] s]xL klg
ug'{ePs} lyPg eÙ] b]lvG5 ..^^..
Olt
>LdbWofTd/fdfo0f] pdfdx]à/;+jfb] afnsf08] t[tLoM ;u{M ..#..
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
rt'y{ ;u{
ljàfldqhLsf] cfudg, /fd / nId0f pgsf ;fydf hfg' /
tf6sfsf] jw ug'{
>Ldxfb]j pjfr
sbflrTsf}lzsf]›Eofufbof]Wof+
Hjngk|eM .
b|¨'+ /fd+ k/fTdfg+ hft+ 1fTjf :jdfoof ..!..
>Ldxfb]jhLn]
eÙ'eof]– k/dfTdfnfO{ cfÇg} dfofn] /fd¿kdf k|s6 x'g'ePsf] xf] eÙ] hfg]/ pxfFsf]
bz{g ug{sf nflu clUgsf ;dfg t]h:jL dxlif{ ljàfldq Psk6s cof]Wofk'/Ldf cfP ..!..
b[¨\jf bz/yf] /fhf
k|To'Tyfoflr/]0f t' .
jl;©]g ;dfuDo
k"hloTjf oyfljlw ..@..
clejfB d'lg+ /fhf
k|f~hlne{lQmgd|wLM .
s[tfyf]{›l:d d'gLGb|fx+ Tjbfudgsf/0fft\ ..#..
pgnfO{
b]Vgf;fy dxf/fh bz/y t'?Gt} p7]/ v8f eP, clg jl;©hL;lxt cufl8 cfP/ pgsf] :jfut
u/] . o;kl5 oyfljlw k"hg tyf clejfbg u/]/ /fhfn] elQm–ljgd|–lrQn] xft
hf]8]/ d'lg;Fu eg]– æx] d'gLGb| ¤ xh'/sf] z'e cfudgn] cfh d s[ts[To ePsf] 5'
..@–#..
Tjlåwf ob\u[xd\ oflGt
tq}jfoflGt ;DkbM .
oby{dfutf]›l; Tj+
a|"lx ;To+ s/f]ld tt\ ..$..
h'g
3/df xh'/h:tf dxfg'efj kfNg'x'G5, To;df ;a} ;DklQ cfOxfNb5 . ca xh'/sf] z'efudg
s] p2]Zon] ePsf] xf] elglbg'xf];\, d xh'/;dIf ;To eGb5', xh'/sf cf1fsf] kfng
cjZo ug]{5' .Æ ..$..
ljàfldqf]›lk t+ k|LtM
k|To'jfr dxfdltM .
cx+ kj{l0f ;Dk|fKt]
b[¨\jf o¨'+ ;'/fg\ lktúg\ ..%..
obf›/e] tbf b}Tof
lj£g+ s'j{lGt lgTozM .
df/Lrá ;'afx'áfk/]
rfg'r/f:tof]M ..^..
dxfdlt
ljàfldqhLn] eg]– æha s'g} kj{sfn cfPsf] b]v]/ d b]j tyf lkt[u0fx¿sf nflu o1 ug{
cf/De ub{5', clg df/Lr, ;'afx' / ltgsf cg'ofoL b}Tou0f;d]t cfO{ To; o1sfo{df
lj£g kfb{5g\ ..
ct:tof]j{wfyf{o Ho]©+
/fd+ k|oR5 d] .
nId0f]g ;x e|fqf tj
>]of] eljiolt ..&..
To;sf/0f
ltgsf] jw ug{sf nflu ltdLn] cfÇgf 7"nf 5f]/f /fdnfO{ efO nId0f;lxt dnfO{
b]pm, o;af6 ltd|f] klg k/d sNof0f x'g]5 ..&..
jl;©]g ;xfdGœo bLotf+
olb /f]rt] .
kk|R5 u'?d]sfGt] /fhf
lrGtfk/fo0fM ..*..
o;
ljifodf jl;©hL;Fu ;Nnfx–;Ddlt u/]/ olb ltd|f] OR5f eof] eg] ltdL dnfO{ b'j}
s'df/x¿ b]pm .Æ /fhfn] lrlGtt eP/ PsfGtdf u'?hL;Fu ;f]w] ..*..
ls+ s/f]ld u'/f] /fd+
ToQm'+ gf]T;xt] dgM .
ax'jif{;x;|fGt]
s¨]gf]TkflbtfM ;'tfM ..(..
rTjf/f]›d/t'Nof:t]
t]iff+ /fdf]›ltjNneM .
/fdl:Tjtf] uR5lt r]Ù
hLjfld sy~rg ..!)..
x]
u'/f] ¤ xhf/f}F jif{ lat]kl5 aNn a8f] s¨n] dnfO{ oL b]jtfx¿h:tf rf/ k'q k|fKt
ePsf 5g\ . k'qx¿ ;a} a/fa/ t x'g\ t/ klg oLdWo] dnfO{ /fd Psbd} lk|o 5g\, ca d
s;f] u¿F < d]/f] dg t /fdnfO{ 5f]8\g tof/ g} 5}g . olb /fd oxfFaf6 uP eg] d
t afFRg klg ;lQmgF xf]nf ..(–!)..
k|TofVoftf] olb d'lgM
zfk+ bf:oTo;+zoM .
sy+ >]of]
ej]Gdèd;To+ rflk g :k[z]t\ ..!!..
t/
d}n] lg:tf] hafkm lbPF eg] t lglát 5, d'lgn] ;/fKg]5g\ . ctM d]/f] lxt s'g
pkfoaf6 xf]nf / d s;/L c;To–jrg af]Ngaf6 klg aRg ;S5' eÙ] s'/f atfOlbg'xf];\ .Æ
..!!..
jl;© pjfr
ð[0f' /fhg\ b]ju'è+
uf]kgLo+ k|oTgtM .
/fdf] g dfg'iff] hftM
k/dfTdf ;gftgM ..!@..
jl;©hLn]
eg]– æx] /fhg\ ¤ b]jtfx¿sf u'è nLnfx¿ ;'g . of] s'g} k|sf/n] klg cGoq k|s6
x'g'x'Fb}g . oL /fd dg'io xf]Ogg\, ;fIfft\ k'/f0fk'?if k/dfTdf g} cfÇgf] dfofn]
o; ¿kdf k|s6 ePsf x'g\ ..!@..
e"d]ef{/fjtf/fo
a|é0ff k|fly{tM k'/f .
; Pj hftf] ejg]
sf};Nofof+ tjfg3 ..!#..
x]
cg3 ¤ k"j{sfndf k[YjLsf] ef/ ptfg{sf nflu a|éfhLn] eujfg\;Fu k|fy{gf u/]sf
lyP . To;nfO{ k"0f{ ug{sf nflu pg} k/d]à/n] ltd|f] 3/df cfO{ sf};Nofsf]
ue{af6 hGd lnPsf x'g\ ..!#..
Tj+ t' k|hfkltM
k"j{+ sZokf] a|é0fM ;'tM .
sf};Nof rflbltb]{jdftf
k"j{+ ozl:jgL ..!$..
ejGtf} tk pu|+ j}
t]kfy] ax'jT;/d\ .
cu|fDoljifof}
lji0f'k"hfWofg}stTk/f} .
tbf k|;Ùf] eujfg\
j/bf] eQmjT;nM ..!%..
j[0fLij j/ldTo'Qm] Tj+
d] k'qf] ejfdn .
Olt Tjof oflrtf]›;f}
eujfg\ e"tefjgM ..!^..
ty]To'STjf›B k'q:t]
hftf] /fdM ; Pj lx .
z]if:t' nId0ff] /fhg\
/fdd]jfGjkBt ..!&..
k"j{hGddf
ltdL a|éfhLsf k'q k|hfklt sZok lyof} / ozl:jgL sf};Nof b]jdftf clblt lyOg\ .
To; ;dodf ltdLx¿ b'j}n] w]/} jif{;Dd u|fDo ljifox¿af6 /lxt Pjd\ Psdfq eujfg\
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tf+ rfkZoQkf]wgfd\ ..#^..
x]
/fd ¤ ca ltdLn] a|xfhLsL k'qL uf}tdkTgL cxNofsf] p4f/ u/ . d'lgj/ ljàfldqhLn]
o;f] eg]/ /3'gfyhLnfO{ kj|m]/ pxfFnfO{ pu| tkdf l:yt cxNofnfO{ b]vfP .
>L/fdrGb|hLn] cfÇgf r/0fn] To; lznfnfO{ :kz{ u/]/ tkl:jgL cxNofnfO{
x]g'{eof] ..#%–#^..
ggfd /f3jf]›xNof+
/fdf]›xldlt rfa|jLt\ .
ttf] b[¨\jf /3'>]©+
kLtsf}z]ojf;;d\ ..#&..
pgnfO{
b]v]/ eujfg\ /fdn] ‘d /fd x'F’ eg]/ k|0ffd ug'{eof] . cxNofn] /]zdL kLtfDa/
wf/0f ug'{ePsf >L/3'gfyhLnfO{ b]lvg\ ..#&..
rt'e{'h+ zÌrj|mubfkËhwfl/0fd\ .
wg'af{0fw/+ /fd+
nId0f]g ;dlGjtd\ ..#*..
pxfFsf
rf/} e'hfx¿df zÌ, rj|m, ubf / kß ;'zf]let lyP, sfFwdf wg'ifaf0f lj/fhdfg lyof]
tyf ;fydf >LnId0fhL lyP .#*..
l:dtjSq+ kßg]q+
>LjT;flËtjIf;d\ .
gLndfl0fSo;Ëfz+ Bf]toGt+ lbzf] bz ..#(..
pxfFsf]
d':sfgo'Qm d'vd08n, sdnbnsf ;dfg g]q / >LjT;fËn] ;'zf]let jIfM:yn lyof] . cfÇgf
gLndl0f;b[z Zofdlju|xn] pxfF b;} lbzfx¿ k|sflzt ul//xg'ePsf] lyof] ..#(..
b[¨\jf /fd+ /dfgfy+
xif{lj:kmfl/t]If0ff .
uf}td:o jrM :d[Tjf
1fTjf gf/fo0f+ k/d\ ..$)..
;Dk"Ho ljlwjb|fdd£of{lble/lglGbtf .
xiff{>'hng]qfGtf
b08jTk|l0fkTo ;f ..$!..
/dfgfy
>L/fdrGb|nfO{ b]v]/ cxNofsf g]q xif{n] kmj|m] . pgnfO{ d'lgj/ uf}tdsf
jfSox¿sf] :d/0f eP/ cfof] . pxfFnfO{ ;fIfft\ >Lgf/fo0f x'g'x'G5 eÙ] hfg]/ tL
clglGbtfn] c£o{ cflbn] pxfFsf] ljlwjt\ k"hg ul/g\ clg g]qx¿df cfgGbf>'
e/]/ ;f¨fÍ b08jt\ k|0ffd ul/g\ ..$)–$!..
pTyfo r k'gb{[¨\jf
/fd+ /fhLjnf]rgd\ .
k'nsflËt;jf{Íf lu/f ub\ubo}nt ..$@..
o;kl5
v8f eP/ pg} sdngog eujfg\ /fdnfO{ x]b}{ ;jf{Ídf k'nlst x'Fb} ububjf0fLn]
pxfFsf] :t'lt ug{ nflug\ ..$@..
cxNof]jfr
cxf] s[tfyf{l:d
hulÙjf; t]
kfbfAh;+nUg/hMs0ffbxd\
.
:k[zfld oTkßhzË/flble–
lj{d[Uot] /lGwtdfg;}M ;bf
..$#..
cxNofn]
elgg\– æx] hulÙjf; ¤ xh'/sf r/0fsdnx¿sf /hs0fsf] :kz{ u/]/ cfh d s[tfy{ ePsL 5'
. cxf] ¤ efUos} s'/f /x]5, xh'/sf h'g kfbf/ljGbx¿df a|éf / zË/ cflb b]jx¿
Psfu|lrQn] ;j{bf cg';Gwfg ug]{ ub{5g\ ltg}nfO{ cfh d :kz{ ul//x]sL 5' ..$#..
cxf] ljlrq+ tj /fd
r]l¨t+
dg'ioefj]g ljdf]lxt+
hut\ .
rn:oh;|+ r/0fflbjlh{tM
;Dk"0f{
cfgGbdof]›ltdflosM ..$$..
x]
/fd ¤ xh'/sf nLnfx¿ Psbd} ljlrq 5g\ . xh'/sf] dfg'ifefjn] ;Dk"0f{ hut\
df]lxt eO/x]sf] 5 . xh'/ k"0ff{gGbdo cf} clt dfofjL x'g'x'G5, lsgeg]
r/0fflbxLg eP/ klg xh'/ lg/Gt/ rnfodfg x'g'x'G5 ..$$..
oTkfbkËhk/fukljqufqf
efuL/yL
ejljl/l~rd'vfg\ k'gflt .
;fIffT; Pj dd
b[lUjifof] obf:t]
ls+ j0o{t] dd
k'/fs[tefuw]od\ ..$%..
h;sf
r/0fsdnsf k/fun] kljq ePsL >LuÍfhL lzj / a|éf cflb hubLà/x¿nfO{ ;d]t kljq ub{5g\,
cfh ;fIfft\ ltg} d]/f g]qx¿sf ljifo eO/x]sf 5g\ . d cfÇgf] k"j{s[t
k'0osd{x¿sf] s'g k|sf/n] j0f{g u¿F < ..$%..
dTof{jtf/] dg'hfs[lt+
xl/+
/fdflew]o+
/d0fLob]lxgd\ .
wg'w{/+ kßljzfnnf]rg+
ehfld lgTo+ g k/fg\
elhio] ..$^..
h;n]
k/d;'Gb/ dfgjb]x lnP/ dTo{nf]sdf cjtf/ lng'ePsf] 5, d pg} wg'ifwf/L sdnbn–nf]rg
eujfg\ /fdnfO{ ;j{bf eHb5' / cGo s;}nfO{ klg eHg rfxÙF ..$^..
oTkfbkËh/hM >'ltlelj{d[Uo+
oÙflekËhejM sdnf;gá .
oÙfd;f//l;sf] eujfg\
k'/fl/–
:t+ /fdrGb|dlgz+ Xlb efjofld ..$&..
h;sf
r/0fsdnx¿sf /hnfO{ >'lt klg vf]lh/xG5g\, h;sf gfleb]lv pTkÙ ePsf sdnaf6 a|éfhL
k|s6 x'g'ePsf] xf] tyf h;sf gfdfd[tsf] eujfg\ zË/ /l;s x'g'x'G5, pg}
>L/fdrGb|hLnfO{ d cfÇgf] Xbodf cxlg{z Wofg ub{5' ..$&..
o:ofjtf/rl/tflg
ljl/l~rnf]s]
ufolGt gf/bd'vf
ejkßhfBfM .
cfgGbhf>'kl/lifQms'rfu|;Ldf
jfuLà/L r tdx+ z/0f+
k|kB] ..$*..
h;sf]
cjtf/–rl/q gf/b cflb b]jlif{u0f, a|éf / dxfb]j cflb b]j]à/u0f tyf cfgGbf>'n]
h;sf] :tgd08n leh]sf] 5 To:tL jfuLà/L -;/:jtLhL_ klg a|énf]sdf lg/Gt/ ufg ug]{
ub{l5g\, d pg} k|e'sf] z/0fdf kb{5' ..$*..
;f]›o+ k/fTdf k'?ifM
k'/f0f
PsM :jo~Hof]lt/gGt
cfBM .
dfoftg'+
nf]sljdf]xgLof+
wQ] k/fg'u|x Pif /fdM
..$(..
pg}
k'/f0fk'?if k/dfTdf /fdn] ;+;f/nfO{ k/d cg'u|x ug{sf nflu :jod\k|sfz, cgGt /
;a}sf cflbsf/0f x'Fbfx'Fb} klg of] huGdf]xg dfofdo ¿k wf/0f ug'{ePsf] 5 ..$(..
co+ lx
ljàf]b\ej;+odfgf–
d]sM
:jdfofu'0flalDatf] oM .
ljl/l~rlji0jLà/gfde]bfg\
wQ] :jtGqM
kl/k"0f{ cfTdf ..%)..
hf]
Psdfq ;+;f/sf] pTklQ, l:ylt / gfzsf nflu cfÇgf] dfofsf u'0fx¿sf] cf>o lnP/
a|éf, lji0f' / dxfb]j gfds ljleÙ ¿k wf/0f ug'{x'G5, ltg} :jtGq tyf
kl/k"0f{ cfTdf xh'/ g} x'g'x'G5 .
gdf]›:t' t] /fd
tjfª\l3|kËh+
l>of w[t+ jIfl;
nflnt+ lk|oft\ .
cfj|mfGtd]s]g huTqo+
k'/f
Wo]o+ d'gLGb|}/ledfgjlh{t}M ..%!..
x]
/fd ¤ xh'/sf h'g r/0fsdnnfO{ nIdLhL cfÇgf] jIfM:yndf /fv]/ a8f] k|]dn]
nfl8g'x'G5, h;n] k"j{sfndf -aln–aGwgsf] ;dodf_ Ps} kfOnfdf ;Dk"0f{
lqnf]sLnfO{ gfKg'ePsf] lyof] tyf cledfgxLg d'lghg h;sf] lg/Gt/ Wofg ug]{ ub{5g\,
o:tf xh'/sf log} r/0fsdnnfO{ d gd:sf/ ub{5' ..%!..
hutfdflbe"t:Tj+
huŒj+ hubf>oM .
;j{e"t]ij;+o'Qm
Psf] eflt ejfg\ k/M ..%@..
x]
k|ef] ¤ xh'/ g} hut\sf cflbsf/0f, xh'/ g} hut\¿k / xh'/ g} o;sf] cf>o
x'g'x'G5, tyflk xh'/ ;d:t k|f0fLx¿eGbf k[ys\ x'g'x'G5 / clåtLo k/a|é¿kn]
k|sfzdfg x'g'x'G5 ..%@..
cf]Ëf/jfRo:Tj+ /fd jfrfdljifoM k'dfg\ .
jfRojfrse]b]g ejfg]j
huGdoM ..%#..
x]
/fd ¤ xh'/ çsf/sf jfRo x'g'x'G5 tyf xh'/ g} jf0fLsf cuf]r/ k/d k'?if x'g'x'G5 .
x] k|ef] ¤ jfRo–jfrs -zAb / cy{sf]_ e]baf6 xh'/ g} ;Dk"0f{ hut\–¿k
x'g'x'G5 ..%#..
sfo{sf/0fst{[Tjkmn;fwge]btM
.
Psf] ljefl; /fd Tj+
dfoof ax'¿kof ..%$..
x]
/fd ¤ xh'/ Psdfq ax'–¿kdoL dfofsf] cf>on] sfo{, sf/0f, st{[Tj, kmn clg ;fwg
cflbsf e]bn] cg]s ¿kx¿df k|sfzdfg eO/xg'ePsf] 5 ..%$..
TjGdfofdf]lxtlwo:Tjf+
g hfglGt tŒjtM .
dfg'if+ TjfledGoGt]
dflog+ k/d]à/d\ ..%%..
xh'/sf
dfofn] h;sf] a'l4 df]lxt eO/x]sf] 5, tL sf]xL xh'/sf] jf:tljs ¿k hfÙ ;Qm}gg\ .
dfofklt k/d]à/ xh'/nfO{ tL d"9hgx¿ ;fwf/0f dg'io eG7fG5g\ ..%%..
cfsfzjŒj+ ;j{q
alx/Gtu{tf]›dnM .
c;Íf] èrnf] lgToM
z'4f] a'4M ;bJooM ..%^..
xh'/
cfsfzsf ;dfg aflx/–leq ;j{q lj/fhdfg, lgd{n, c;Í, crn, lgTo, z'4, ;To:j¿k clg
cJoo x'g'x'G5 ..%^..
of]lifGd"9f›xd1f
t] tŒj+ hfg] sy+ ljef] .
t:dfQ] ztzf] /fd
gd:s'of{dgGowLM ..%&..
x]
ljef] ¤ d d"9 / c1fgL :qLhflt x'F, xh'/sf tŒjx¿ s;/L hfGb5' / < ctM x]
/fd ¤ d cgGoefjn] xh'/nfO{ ;of}Fk6s s]jn gd:sf/ dfq ul//xG5' ..%&..
b]j d] oq s'qflk
l:ytfof clk ;j{bf .
TjTkfbsdn] ;Qmf
elQm/]j ;bf›:t' d] ..%*..
x]
b]j ¤ d hxfF;'s} eP klg, ToxLF ;j{bf xh'/sf r/0fsdnx¿df d]/f] cf;lQmk"0f{
elQm /lx/xf];\ ..%*..
gd:t] k'?iffWoIf gd:t]
eQmjT;n .
gd:t]›:t' XifLs]z
gf/fo0f gdf]›:t't] ..%(..
x]
k'?iffWoIf ¤ xh'/nfO{ gd:sf/ 5 . x] eQmjT;n ¤ xh'/nfO{ gd:sf/ 5 . x] XifLs]z ¤
xh'/nfO{ gd:sf/ 5 . x] gf/fo0f ¤ xh'/nfO{ af/Daf/ gd:sf/ 5 ..%(..
ejeox/d]s+
efg'sf]l6k|sfz+
s/w[tz/rfk+
sfnd]3fjef;d\ .
sgs?lr/j:q+
/TgjTs'08nf9Ø+
sdnljzbg]q+ ;fg'h+
/fddL8] ..^)..
hf]
;+;f/sf Psdfq eo b"/ ug]{jfnf x'g'x'G5, s/f]8f}F ;"o{x¿sf ;dfg
k|sfzdfg x'g'x'G5, s/sdnx¿df wg'if / af0f wf/0f ug'{ePsf] 5, Zofdd]3sf ;dfg
cfefo'Qm x''g'x'G5, ;'j0f{sf ;dfg kLtj:q wf/0f ug'{ePsf] 5, /Tghl8t s'08nx¿n]
;'zf]let x'g'x'G5, tyf h;sf sdnbnsf ;dfg clt ;'Gb/ ljzfn g]q 5g\, efO;lxt To:tf
>L/3'gfyhLsf] d :t'lt ub{5' .Æ ..^)..
:t'Tj}j+ k'?if+ ;fIffb|f3j+ k'/tM l:ytd\ .
kl/j|mDo k|0fDofz'
;f›g'1ftf oof} kltd\ ..^!..
cfÇgf]
;Dd'vdf v8f x'g'ePsf ;fIfft\ k/dk'?if >L/3'gfyhLsf] o; k|sf/n] :t'lt, kl/j|mdf
clg jGbgf u/]kl5 pxfFsf] cf1f kfO{ em§} pgL cfÇgf kltsf ;fydf uOg\ ..^!..
cxNoof s[t+ :tf]q+ oM
k7]b\elQm;+o'tM .
; d'Rot]›lvn}M kfk}M
k/+ a|éflwuR5lt ..^@..
h'g
k'?if cxNofn] u/]sf oL :tf]qx¿ elQmk"j{s k9\b5, p; ;d:t kfkx¿af6 d'Qm eP/
k/a|ékbdf k'Ub5 ..^@..
k'qfBy]{ k7]b\eSTof
/fd+ Xlb lgwfo r .
;+jT;/]0f net] jGWof
clk ;'k'qsd\ ..^#..
;jf{g\ sfdfgjfKgf]lt
/fdrGb|k|;fbtM ..^$..
h'g
aGWof :qLn] >L/fdrGb|hLnfO{ Xbodf wf/0f u/]/ k'qsf] sfdgfn] oL :tf]qx¿sf]
elQmk"j{s kf7 ub{5], p;nfO{ Ps jif{leqdf >]© k'q k|fKt x'g;Qm5 tyf
>L/fdrGb|hLsf s[kfn] p;sf ;d:t sfdgfx¿ k"0f{ x'g]5g\ ..^#–^$..
a|é£gf] u'?tNkuf]›lk
k'?ifM :t]oL ;'/fkf]›lk jf
dft[e|ft[ljlx+;sf]›lk
;tt+ ef]u}sa4ft'/M .
lgTo+ :tf]qldb+ hkg\
/3'klt+ eSTof Xlb:y+ :d/g\
WofoGd'lQmd'k}lt ls+
k'g/;f} :jfrf/o'Qmf] g/M ..^%..
a|fé0fsf]
jw ug]{, u'?:qL ef]u ug]{, rf]/, dBk, dftflktf / efOsf] lx+;f ug]{ tyf lg/Gt/
ef]uf;Qm /xg] k'?ifn] klg olb cfÇgf] Xbodf lj/fhdfg >L/3'gfyhLsf] elQmk"j{s
lgTo :d/0f u¥of] eg] / pxfFsf] Wofg ub}{ oL :tf]qsf] kf7 u¥of] eg] d'Qm x'g]5 .
olt eg]kl5 :jwd{k/fo0f k'?ifx¿sf] ljifodf t s] elg/xg'knf{ / <..^%..
Olt
>LdbWofTd/fdfo0f] pdfdx]à/;+jfb] afnsf08] cxNof]4/0f+ gfd k~rdM ;u{M ..%..
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
if© ;u{
wg'e{Í
/ ljjfx
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ljàfldqf]›y t+ k|fx
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uR5fdf] jT; ldlynf+
hgs]gflekflntfd\ ..!..
;"thLn]
eÙ'eof]– To;kl5 ljàfldqhLn] nId0f;lxt >L/fdrGb|hLnfO{ eÙ'eof]– æjT; ¤ ca
xfdL dxf/fh hgsaf6 kflnt ldlynfk'/Ldf hfg]5f}F ..!..
b[¨\jf j|mt'j/+
káfbof]Wof+ uGt'dx{l; .
OTo'STjf k|oof}
uÍfd'Qt{'+ ;x/f3jM .
tl:dg\ sfn] gfljs]g
lglif4f] /3'gGbgM ..@..
ToxfFsf]
o1f]T;j x]/]/ km]l/ ltdL cof]Wofk'/L kms{g ;Sg]5f} .Æ o;f] eg]/ pgL /3'gfyhLsf
;fy uÍfhL kf/ ug{sf nflu t6df cfP . t/ gfljsn] /3'gfyhLnfO{ gfpdf r9\gaf6
/f]Sof] ..@..
gfljs pjfr
Iffnofld tj kfbkËh+
gfy bf?b[ifbf]M
lsdGt/d\ .
dfg'ifLs/0fr"0f{dl:t
t]
kfbof]l/lt syf k|yLo;L
..#..
gfljsn]
eGof]– æx] gfy ¤ xh'/sf r/0fx¿df dfg'ifLs/0f ul/lbg] s'g} r"0f{ 5 eÙ] s'/f
k|l;4 5 . sf7 / lznfdf s] km/s 5 / < ctM gf}sfdf r9\g'cufl8 d xh'/sf r/0fsdn
w'g]5' ..#..
kfbfDa'h+ t] ljdn+ lx
s[Tjf
káfTk/+ tL/dx+ gofld .
gf] r]Q/L ;B'jtL dn]g
:ofRr]låef] ljl4
s'6'DaxflgM ..$..
o;/L
d xh'/sf r/0fx¿ lgd{n kf/]/ d xh'/nfO{ >LuÍfhLsf kfl/ nu"Fnf . gq t x]
ljef] ¤ xh'/sf r/0f–/hsf] :kz{n] olb d]/f] gf}sf o'jtL eOlbO{ eg] d]/f
kl/jf/hgsf] cfhLljsf g} dg]{5 .Æ ..$..
OTo'STjf Ifflntf}
kfbf} k/+ tL/+ ttf] utfM .
sf}lzsf] /3'gfy]g
;lxtf] ldlynf+ oof} ..%..
o;f]
elg;s]kl5 To; s]j6n] pxfFsf r/0f wf]of] / clg dfq p;n] pxfFx¿nfO{ uÍfhL
tfl/lbof] . ToxfFaf6 /fd / nId0f;lxt >LljàfldqhL ldlynfk'/Ltkm{ nfu] ..%..
ljb]x:o k'/+
k|ftC{lifjf6+ ;dfljzt\ .
k|fKt+ sf}lzsdfs0o{
hgsf]›ltd'bflGjtM ..^..
k"hfb|Jofl0f ;ª\u[è ;f]kfWofoM ;dfoof} .
b08jTk|l0fkTofy
k"hofdf; sf}lzsd\ ..&..
k|ftMsfn
x'gf;fy pgLx¿ ljb]xgu/df k'u]/ Clifx¿sf lgjf;:yfgdf a;] . Toltv]/} ljàfldqhLsf]
cfudgsf] ;"rgf kfP/ hgshL cToGt k|;Ùtfk"j{s k"hg;fdu|L lnP/ cfÇgf
k'/f]lxtsf ;fy ToxfF uP . pgn] ;f¨fÍ b08jt\ u/]/ d'lgj/ sf}lzssf] k"hf u/]
..^–&..
kk|R5 /f3jf} b[¨\jf
;j{nIf0f;+o'tf} .
Bf]toGtf} lbzM ;jf{áGb|;"of{ljjfk/f} ..*..
clg
;fIfft\ ;"o{ / rGb|dfsf ;dfg cfÇgf t]hn] ;Dk"0f{ lbzfx¿nfO{ b]bLKodfg
ul//x]sf tL ;j{nIf0f;DkÙ /3's'df/x¿nfO{ b]v]/ ;f]w]– ..*..
s:o}tf}
g/zfb{"nf} k'qf} b]j;'tf]kdf} .
dgMk|Llts/f} d]›B
g/gf/fo0ffljj ..(..
æoL
b]jk'qsf ;dfg b'O{ g/zfb"{n s;sf k'q x'g\ < oL d]/f] Xbodf clxn] g/ /
gf/fo0fsf ;dfg k|Llt pTkÙ ul//x]sf 5g\ .Æ ..(..
k|To'jfr d'lgM k|Ltf]
xif{og\ hgs+ tbf .
k'qf} bz/y:o}tf}
e|ft/f} /fdnId0ff} ..!)..
d'lgj/
ljàfldqhLn] dxf/fh hgsnfO{ cfglGbt ub}{ k|;Ùtfk"j{s eg]– æoL b'j} efO /fd
/ nId0f sf]zng/]z bz/yhLsf k'q x'g\ ..!)..
dv;+/If0ffyf{o
dofgLtf} lkt'M k'/ft\ .
cfuR5g\ /f3jf] dfu]{
tf6sf+ ljà3fltgLd\ ..!!..
z/]0f}s]g xtjfÙf]lbtf]
d]›ltljj|mdM .
ttf] ddf>d+ uTjf dd
o1ljlx+;sfg\ ..!@..
;'afx'k|d'vfg\ xTjf
df/Lr+ ;fu/]›lIfkt\ .
ttf] uÍft6] k'0o]
uf}td:of>d+ z'ed\ ..!#..
uTjf tq lznf¿kf
uf}td:o jw"M l:ytf .
kfbkËh;+:kzf{Ts[tf dfg'if¿lk0fL ..!$..
d}n]
logLx¿nfO{ cfÇgf] o1sf] /Iffsf nflu cof]Wofaf6 lnP/ cfPsf] lyPF . dfu{df cfpFb}
ubf{ d]/f] k|]/0ffn] oL clt k/fj|mdL /3'gfyhLn] Ps} af0fn] ljà3fltgL tf6sfnfO{
dfl/lbP . clg d]/f] cf>ddf cfOk'u]/ d]/f] o1 ljWj+; ug]{ ;'afx' cflb
/fIf;x¿nfO{ df/] . To;kl5 df/LrnfO{ ;d'b|df ÇofFlslbP . To;kl5 oL uÍft6df
dxlif{ uf}tdsf] k'gLt cf>ddf cfP clg ToxfF lznf¿kn] /x]sL uf}tdkTgLnfO{
b]v]/ cfÇgf r/0fsdnsf] :kz{n] pgnfO{ dg'io¿k agfOlbP ..!!–!$..
b[¨\jfxNof+ gd:s[To
tof ;DoSk|k"lhtM .
ObfgL+ b|¨'sfd:t] u[x] dfx]à/+ wg'M ..!%..
cxNofnfO{
b]v]/ /fdhLn] ltgnfO{ gd:sf/ u/] clg km]l/ pgLaf6 /fd|/L k"hf u|x0f u/] .
To;kl5 pgL clxn] ltdLsxfF zË/sf] wg'if x]g{sf nflu cfPsf 5g\ ..!%..
k"lht+ /fhleM
;j}{b{[¨ldTog'z'>'j] .
ctf] bz{o /fh]Gb| z}j+ rfkdg'Qdd\ .
b[¨\jf›of]Wof+
lhuldif'M lkt/+ b|¨'ldR5lt ..!^..
oxfF
ltdLsxfF To; wg'ifsf] eJo k"hf x'G5 / cg]s /fhfx¿ To;nfO{ x]g{ cfPsf 5g\ eÙ]
d}n] ;'g]F . ctM x] /fh]Gb| ¤ ltdLn] dxfb]jhLsf] Tof] pQd wg'if lognfO{
b]vfOb]pm, lsgeg] To;sf] bz{g u/]/ t'?Gt} logL cfÇgf dftflktfsf] bz{gfy{
cof]Wof kmsL{ hfg rfxG5g\ .Æ ..!^..
OTo'Qmf] d'lggf /fhf
k"hfxf{ljlt k"hof .
k"hofdf; wd{1f]
ljlwb[¨]g sd{0ff .
ttM ;Dk|]ifofdf;
dlGq0f+ a'l4dQ/d\ ..!&..
d'lgj/
ljàfldqn] o;f] eg]kl5 wd{1 /fhf hgsn] /fd / nId0fnfO{ k"hgLo x'g\ eÙ]
a'em], clg pgn] pgLx¿sf] ljlwk"j{s k"hf u/] ..!&..
hgs pjfr
zL3|dfgo ljà]zrfk+
/fdfo bz{o ..!*..
To;kl5
cfÇgf a'l4dfg\ dGqLnfO{ t'?Gt} >Lljà]à/sf] Tof] wg'if NofP/ /fdrGb|hLnfO{
b]vfpg cfb]z lbP/ k7fP ..!*..
ttf] ut] dlGqj/] /fhf
sf}lzsda|jLt\ .
olb /fdf] wg'w{[Tjf
sf]6Øfdf/f]ko]b\u'0fd\ ..!(..
dGqL
uPkl5 /fhfn] ljàfldqhLnfO{ eg]– æolb /fdrGb|hLn] To; wg'ifnfO{ p7fP/ To;df
tfFbf] r9fOlbg'eof] eg] === ..!(..
tbf dof››Tdhf ;Ltf
bLot] /f3jfo lx .
ty]lt sf}lzsf]›Kofx
/fd+ ;+jLIo ;l:dtd\ ..@)..
d
pxfFnfO{ g} d]/L cfÇgL sGof ;Ltfsf] ljjfx ul/lbg]5' .Æ of] ;'g]/ ljàfldqhLn]
/fdhLsf tkm{ x]b}{ d':s'/fP/ eg]– æ7Ls 5 ..@)..
zL3|+ bz{o rfkfu|Ø+
/fdfofldtt]h;] .
Pj+ a|'jlt df}gLz
cfutfáfkjfxsfM ..@!..
rfk+ u[xLTjf alngM
k~r;fx;|;ª\VosfM .
306fzt;dfo'Qm+
dl0fjh|flbe"liftd\ ..@@..
x]
/fhg\ ¤ ltdLn] em§} Tof] >]© wg'if cldt t]h:jL /3'gfyhLnfO{ b]vfOlbg'k¥of]
.Æ d'gLà/n] o;f] eÙf;fy Psbd anjfg\ kfFr xhf/ wg'ifjfxsx¿ pQm wg'if>]©nfO{
lnP/ ToxfF cfOk'u] . To; wg'ifdf ;}s8f}F 306Lx¿ afFlwPsf lyP . Tof] xL/f / dl0f
cflb /Tgx¿n] ;';lHht lyof] ..@!–@@..
bz{ofdf; /fdfo dGqL
dGqotf+ j/M .
b[¨\jf /fdM k|X¨fTdf
ab\Wjf kl/s/+ b[9d\ ..@#..
u[xLTjf jfdx:t]g nLnof
tf]nog\ wg'M .
cf/f]kofdf; u'0f+
kZoT:jlvn/fh;' ..@$..
clg
k/fdz{bftfx¿dWo]sf >]© tL dGqLj/n] /fdnfO{ Tof] wg'if b]vfOlbP . k|;ÙlrQ
>L/fdhLn] To;nfO{ b]Vgf;fy b[9tfk"j{s sDd/ s;]/ To; wg'ifnfO{ nLnf
ug'{x'Fb} afofF xftn] p7fP/ yfDg'eof] . ;a} /fhfx¿n] x]bf{x]b}{ pxfFn] To;df
tfFbf] r9fOlbg'eof] ..@#–@$..
O{ifbfsif{ofdf;
kfl0fgf blIf0f]g ;M .
ae~hflvnXT;f/f] lbzM
zAb]g k"/og\ ..@%..
To;kl5
;a}sf Xbo–;j{:j eujfg\ /fdn] cfÇgf] bfofF xftn] To; wg'ifnfO{ clnslt tfÙ'eof] /
b;} lbzfnfO{ u'~hfodfg kfb}{ efFlrlbg'eof] ..@%..
lbzá ljlbzá}j :ju{+
dTo{+ /;ftnd\ .
tbb\e'tde"Qq
b]jfgf+ lblj kZotfd\ ..@^..
lbzf,
ljlbzf, :ju{nf]s, dTo{nf]s tyf /;ftn cflb ;d:t kftfnx¿df Tof] zAb u'lGhof] .
:ju{nf]saf6 b]ju0fn] x]bf{x]b}{ of] Ps a8f] cfáo{em}F eof] ..@^..
cfR5fboGtM
s';'d}b]{jfM :t'ltle/Ll8/] .
b]jb'Gb'eof]
g]b'g{g[t'áfK;/f]u0ffM ..@&..
b]jtfx¿n]
k'ikjiff{ u/]/ eujfg\nfO{ 9flslbP / b'Gb'le cflb afhf ahfpFb} pxfFsf] :t'lt u/]
. cK;/fx¿ g[To ug{ nfu] ..@&..
låwf eUg+ wg'b{[¨\jf
/fhf››lnª\Uo /3"åxd\ .
lj:do+ n]le/]
;Ltfdft/f]›GtMk'/flh/] ..@*..
wg'if
b'O{ v08 eO{ efFlrPsf] b]v]/ dxf/fh hgsn] /3'gfyhLnfO{ cflnÍg u/] clg
cGtMk'/sf] cfFugdf l:yt ;LtfhLsf dftfx¿ cToGt ljl:dt eP ..@*..
;Ltf :j0f{doL+ dfnf+
u[xLTjf blIf0f] s/] .
l:dtjSqf :j0f{j0ff{
;jf{e/0fe"liftf ..@(..
tTkáft\
;jf{nËf/lje"liftf, ;'j0f{j0ff{ >L;LtfhL cfÇgf] bflxg] xftdf ;'j0f{doL
dfnf lnP/ dGbdGb d':sfpFb} ToxfF cfpg'eof] ..@(..
d'Qmfxf/}M s0f{kq}M
Sj0fRr/0fg"k'/f .
b's"nkl/;+jLtf
j:qfGtJo{l~ht:tgL ..#)..
pxfF
d'Qmfxf/, s0f{k"mn / 5d5d ul//x]sf kfph' cflb cfe"if0fx¿n]
lje"liftf x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFn] z/L/df clt pQd ;f8L nufpg'ePsf] lyof] h;af6
pxfFsf k'¨ :tgx¿ emlNs/x]sf lyP ..#)..
/fd:of]kl/ lglIfKo :dodfgf
d'b+ oof} .
ttf] d'd'lb/] ;j]{
/fhbf/fM :jnª\s[td\ ..#!..
ujfIfhfn/Gb|]Eof] b[¨\jf nf]sljdf]xgd\ .
ttf]›a|jLGd'lg+ /fhf
;j{zf:qljzf/bM ..#@..
;LtfhL
gd|tfk"j{s d':sfpFb} Tof] hodfnf /fdrGb|hLsf pk/ nufOlbP/ k|;Ù x'g'eof] . pQm
cj;/df >L/fdrGb|hLsf ;jf{nËf/lje"lift e'jgdf]xg ¿knfO{ cfFlv‰ofnx¿af6 x]/]/
;d:t /fgLx¿ clt cfglGbt eP . clg ;j{zf:q1 dxf/fh hgsn] d'lgj/ ljàfldqnfO{ eg]– ..#!–#@..
ef] sf}lzs d'lg>]©
kq+ k|]ifo ;Tj/d\ .
/fhf bz/yM zL3|dfuR5t'
;k'qsM ..##.
ljjfxfy{+ s'df/f0ff+ ;bf/M
;xdlGqleM .
ty]lt k|]ifofdf;
b"tfG:Tjl/tljj|mdfg\ ..#$..
æd'lgj/
sf}lzshL ¤ xh'/n] t'?Gt} dxf/fh bz/ysf ;dIf kq k7fpg'xf];\ . pxfF s'df/x¿sf]
ljjfxf]T;jsf nflu em§} k'q, /fgLx¿ tyf dGqLx¿sf ;fy oxfF cfOlbg'xf];\ .Æ of]
;'g]/ ljàfldqhLn] ‘cTo'Qd’ egL ;f] sfdsf nflu zL3|ufdL b"tx¿nfO{ k7fP
..##–#$..
t] uTjf
/fhzfb{"n+ /fd>]of] Goj]bog\ .
>'Tjf /fds[t+ /fhf
xif]{0f dxtfKn'tM ..#%..
b"tx¿n]
uP/ /fhzfb"{n bz/ynfO{ /fdsf] s'znIf]d eg] . pgLx¿af6 /fdrGb|hLsf cb\e't
s[Tosf] j[QfGt ;'g]/ dxf/fh k/d cfgGbdf 8'a] ..#%..
ldlynfudgfyf{o
Tj/ofdf; dlGq0fM .
uR5Gt' ldlynf+ ;j]{
uhfà/ykQoM ..#^..
o;kl5
ldlynfk'/L hfg] cfÇgf] ofqfsf nflu xtf/ ub}{ dGqLx¿nfO{ eg]– æxfQL, 3f]8f, /y /
k}bn l;kfxL;lxt ;a} hgf ldlynfk'/L hfcf}F ..#^..
/ydfgo d] zL3|+
uR5fDoB}j df lr/d\ .
jl;©:Tju|tf] oft'
;bf/M ;lxtf]›lUgleM ..#&..
/fddftúM ;dfbfo
d'lgd]{ eujfg\ u'?M .
Pj+ k|:yfKo ;sn+
/fhlif{lj{k'n+ /yd\ ..#*..
dxTof ;]gof ;fw{df?è
Tjl/tf] oof} .
cfut+ /f3j+ >'Tjf
/fhf xif{;dfs'nM ..#(..
k|To'Hhufd hgsM
ztfgGbk'/f]w;f .
oyf]Qmk"hof
k"Ho+ k"hofdf; ;Ts[td\ ..$)..
d]/f]
/y klg em§} Nofcf] . l9nf] gu/ . d klg cfh} lxF8\g]5' . clUgx¿sf ;fy d]/f u'?
d'lg>]© eujfg\ jl;©hL /fdsL dftfx¿nfO{ lnP/ ;a}eGbf cl3 nfUg'xf];\ .Æ
o;k|sf/ ;a}sf] ofqf ;'? u/fP/ Ps ljzfn /ydf cf¿9 ePsf /fhlif{ bz/yhL 7"nf]
bnan;lxt zL3|tfk"j{s ldlynfk'/Lsf nflu ;jf/ eP . /3's'nltns bz/yhL cfPsf]
;'g]/ dxf/fh hgs xif{k"j{s k'/f]lxt ztfgGbhLnfO{ lnP/ pgnfO{ lng uP .
hgsn] tL k"hgLo /fhfsf] oyf]lrt /Lltn] ;Tsf/ u/]/ k"hg u/]
..#&–$)..
/fd:t' nId0f]gfz'
jjGb] r/0ff} lkt'M .
ttf] X¨f] bz/yf] /fd+
jrgda|jLt\ ..$!..
To;kl5
nId0f;lxt /fdhLn] lktfsf r/0fdf k|0ffd ug'{eof] . /fhf bz/yn] k|;Ù eP/ /fdnfO{
eg]– ..$!..
lb¨Øf kZofld t] /fd
d'v+ k'mNnfDa'hf]kdd\ .
d'g]/g'u|xfT;j{+ ;DkÙ+
dd zf]egd\ ..$@..
æx]
/fd ¤ cfh 7"nf] efUon] aNn d}n] ltd|f] kmj|m]sf] sdnh:tf] d'v b]Vg kfPF .
d'lgj/sf] cg'u|xn] ;a} k|sf/n] d]/f] sNof0f g} eof] .Æ ..$@..
OTo'STjf››3|fo
d"wf{gdflnª\Uo r k'gM k'gM .
xif]{0f dxtf››lj¨f]
a|éfgGb+ utf] oyf ..$#..
o;f]
eg]/ pgn] pxfFnfO{ k'gMk'gM Xbodf nufP clg pxfFsf] lz/ ;'F3]/ cToGt xif{n] a|éfgGbdf
8'a]em}F eP ..$#..
ttf] hgs/fh]g dlGb/]
;lÙj]lztM .
zf]eg] ;j{ef]uf9Ø]
;bf/M ;;'tM ;'vL ..$$..
To;kl5
dxf/fh hgsn] pgnfO{ /fgLx¿ / /fhs'df/x¿;lxt ;d:t ef]u–;fdu|Lx¿n] k"0f{ Ps
k/d ;'Gb/ dxndf ;'vk"j{s /fv] ..$$..
ttM z'e] lbg] nUg]
;'d'x"t]{ /3"Qdd\ .
cfgofdf; wd{1f] /fd+
;e|ft[s+ tbf ..$%..
clg
To;kl5 z'e lbgdf z'e d'x"t{ / nUgsf] ;dodf wd{1 hgshLn] efOx¿;lxt /fdnfO{
lgdGq0ff u/] ..$%..
/Tg:tDe;'lj:tf/]
;'ljtfg] ;'tf]/0f] .
d08k] ;j{zf]ef9Ø]
d'Qmfk'ikkmnflGjt] ..$^..
j]bljb\leM ;';Dafw]
a|fé0f}M :j0f{e"lift}M .
;'jfl;gLleM kl/tf]
lgiss07Lle/fj[t] ..$&..
e]/Lb'Gb'lelg3f]{if}uL{tg[To}M
;dfs'n] .
lbJo/Tgfl~rt]
:j0f{kL7] /fd+ Goj]zot\ ..$*..
csf]{
Ps ;j{zf]ef;DkÙ lj:tL0f{ d08kdf /Tghl8t :tDe, ;'Gb/ kG8fn, dgf]x/ df]tLx¿sf
tf]/0f tyf df]tLx¿sf k'ik / kmn nfu]sf lyP . ;'j0f{e"if0f–e"lift
j]bkf7L a|fé0fx¿n] Tof] d08k vrfvr el/Psf] lyof] clg ;'Gb/ j:q wf/0f u/]sf
pT;'s lgiss07L -;wjf_ gf/Lx¿n] 9fs]sf] lyof] . >L/fdrGb|hLnfO{ Ps lbJo
/Tghl8t ;'j0f{ l;+xf;gdf a;fOof] . To; ;dodf e]/L / b'Gb'le cflb afhfx¿ tyf
g[To / uLt cflbsf] a8f] t'd'n sf]nfxn eO/x]sf] lyof] ..$^–$*..
jl;©+ sf}lzs+ r}j
ztfgGbM k'/f]lxtM .
oyfj|md+ k"hloTjf
/fd:of]eokfà{of]M ..$(..
:yfkloTjf ; tqflUg+
HjfnloTjf oyfljlw .
;LtfdfgLo zf]ef9Øf+ gfgf/Tglje"liftfd\
..%)..
;efof]{ hgsM k|fofb|fd+ /fhLjnf]rgd\ .
kfbf} k|IffNo
ljlwjQbkf] d"WGo{wf/ot\ ..%!..
To;kl5
k'/f]lxt ztfgGbn] >Ljl;© / ljàfldqhLnfO{ j|mdzM k"hg u/]/ pgLx¿nfO{
/fdrGb|hLsf b'j}tkm{ a;fP . clg ToxfF ljlwk"j{s clUg k|Hjlnt ul/of] / gfgf
/Tglje"liftf ;LtfnfO{ ;fydf lnP/ dxf/fgL;lxt dxf/fh hgshL sdngog /fdhLsf
;dIf cfP . pgn] ljlwk"j{s pgsf r/0f wf]P/ cfÇgf] lz/df r/0ff]bs /fv]
..$(–%!..
of w[tf d"lWg{
zj]{0f a|é0ff d'lgleM ;bf .
ttM ;Ltf+ s/] w[Tjf
;fIftf]bsk"j{sd\ ..%@..
/fdfo k|bbf} k|LTof
kfl0fu|xljwfgtM .
;Ltf sdnkqfIfL
:j0f{d'Qmflbe"liftf ..%#..
bLot] d] ;'tf t'Eo+
k|Ltf] ej /3"Qd .
Olt k|Lt]g dg;f ;Ltf+
/fds/]›k{og\ ..%$..
d'df]b hgsf] nIdL+
IfL/flAwl/j lji0fj] .
pld{nf+ rf}/;L+ sGof+
nId0ffo bbf} d'bf ..%%..
h;nfO{
lzj, a|éf / cGofGo d'lghgx¿ klg ;bf cfÇgf] lz/df wf/0f ub{5g\ To:tf
>L/fdrGb|hLsf s/sdndf hgsn] ;LtfhLsf] xft kj|m]/ To;df hn / cIftf;lxt
kfl0fu|x0fsf] ljlwn] k|Lltk"j{s /flvlbP . /fhf hgsn] eg]– æx] /3'>]© ¤
d ;'j0f{ Pjd\ d'Qmf cflbn] lje"liftf cfÇgL k'qL sdnnf]rgf ;Ltf tkfO{FnfO{
;'DkG5', xh'/ k|;Ù x'g'xf];\ .Æ o; /Lltn] ;LtfhLnfO{ k|;Ùtfk"j{s
>L/fdrGb|hLsf s/sdnx¿df ;'Dk]/ hgshL o:t/L cfgGbdUg x'g uP h;/L IfL/;fu/
>Llji0f' eujfg\sf s/sdnx¿df nIdLnfO{ ;'Dk]kl5 ePsf lyP . clg pgLx¿n] k|;Ùtfk"j{s
cfÇgL cf}/;L sGof pld{nfnfO{ nId0fhL;Fu ljjfx ul/lbP ..
ty}j >'ltsLlt{+ r
df08jL+ e|ft[sGos] .
e/tfo bbfj]sf+
zq'£gfofk/f+ bbf} ..%^..
o;}
u/L pgn] cfÇgf efOsf 5f]/Lx¿ df08jL / >'ltsLlt{nfO{ j|mdzM e/t / zq'£gnfO{
lbP ..%^..
rTjf/f] bf/;DkÙf
e|ft/M z'enIf0ffM .
lj/]h'M k|eof ;j]{
nf]skfnf Ojfk/] ..%&..
o;k|sf/
;'nIf0f;DkÙ rf/} efO kTgLx¿;lxt ;fIfft\ nf]skfnx¿sf ;dfg cfÇgf] k|sfzn]
;'zf]let eP ..%&..
ttf]›a|jLål;©fo
ljàfldqfo d}lynM .
hgsM :j;'tf]bGt+
gf/b]gfleefliftd\ ..%*..
o;kl5
ldlynfklt dxf/fh hgsn] k'qL hfgsLsf] ljifodf b]jlif{ gf/bh] h]–hlt eg]sf lyP
;f] ;a} j[QfGt jl;© / ljàfldqnfO{ ;'gfP ..%*..
o1e"ldljz'4Øy{+
sif{tf] nfÍn]g d] .
;Ltfd'vfT;d'TkÙf sGosf
z'enIf0ff ..%(..
pgn]
eg]– æPskN6 d o1e"ldsf] z'l4sf nflu xnf] hf]lt/x]sf] lyPF, To;}a]nf d]/f]
xnfsf] kmfnLaf6 oL z'enIf0ff sGof k|s6 eOg\ ..%(..
tfdb|fIfdx+ k|LTof k'lqsfefjefljtfd\ .
clk{tf lk|oefof{o}
z/RrGb|lgefggf ..^)..
ha
d}n] lognfO{ b]v]F, ddf logLk|lt k'qLjt\ k|Llt eof] . o;sf/0f d}n] oL
rGb|d'vLnfO{ cfÇgL lk|o kTgL;dIf ;'lDklbPF ..^)..
Psbf
gf/bf]›EofuflåljQm] dlo ;+l:yt] .
/0foGdxtLd\ jL0ff+
ufoÙf/fo0f+ lje'd\ ..^!..
Ps
lbg d PsfGtdf al;/x]sf] lyPF, To;a]nf dxlif{ gf/bhL cfÇgf] dxtL gfdsf] jL0ff
ahfpFb} / ;j{Jofks >Lxl/sf u'0f ufpFb} d]/f] glhs cfP ..^!..
k"lhtM ;'vdf;Lgf]
dfd'jfr ;'vflGjtM .
ð[0f'ij jrg+ u'è+
tjfEo'bosf/0fd\ ..^@..
d}n]
k"hf;Tsf/flb ul/;s]kl5 pgn] ;'vk"j{s a;]/ dnfO{ eg]– æx] /fhg\ ¤ cfÇgf]
sNof0fsf] sf/0f¿k of] k/du'è jrg ;'g ..^@..
k/dfTdf XifLs]zf]
eQmfg'u|xsfDoof .
b]jsfof{y{l;4Øy{+
/fj0f:o jwfo r ..^#..
hftf] /fd Olt Voftf]
dfofdfg'ifj]ifw[s\ .
cf:t]
bfz/lye{"Tjf rt'wf{ k/d]à/M ..^$..
k/dfTdf
XifLs]z eQmx¿dfly s[kf, b]jtfx¿sf sfo{l;l4 / /fj0fsf] jw ug{sf nflu
dfof–dfgj¿kn] cjtL0f{ eP/ /fd gfdn] ljVoft x'g'ePsf] 5 . pxfF k/d]à/ cfÇgf rf/}
c+zn] bz/ysf k'q eP/ cof]Wofdf /xg'x'G5 ..^#–^$..
of]udfof›lk ;Lt]lt
hftf j} tj j]Zdlg .
ct:Tj+ /f3jfo}j b]lx
;Ltf+ k|oTgtM ..^%..
gfGo]EoM
k"j{efo}{iff /fd:o k/dfTdgM .
OTo'STjf k|oof}
b]jult+ b]jd'lg:tbf ..^^..
clg
otflt/ of]udfofn] ltdLsxfF ;Ltfsf] ¿kn] hGd lng'ePsf] 5 . ctM ltdLn]
k|oTgk"j{s oL ;Ltfsf] kfl0fu|x0f /3'gfyhLsf ;fyd} ug"{, c¿ s;}sf ;fy
xf]Og– lsgeg] ;Ltf klxn]af6} k/dfTdf /fds} efof{ x'g'x'G5 .Æ o;f] eg]/ b]jlif{
gf/bhL cfsfzdfu{af6 hfg'eof] ..^%–^^..
tbf/Eo dof ;Ltf
lji0ff]n{IdLlj{efJot] .
sy+ dof /f3jfo bLot]
hfgsL z'ef ..^&..
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nf]s] :qLjfrs+
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è'Qm+ /fdfleif]rgd\ ..#(..
obf tb}j gu/] >'Tjf
sláTk'dfg\ huf} .
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;'gfOlbg'eof] . h'g a]nf dxf/fh bz/y jl;©hL;Fu /fdrGb|hLsf] cleif]ssf ljifodf af]ln/x]sf
lyP To;}a]nf s'g} k'?ifn] of] ;dfrf/ ;'g]/ ;Dk"0f{ gu/df ;'gfOlbof], /
/fddftf sf};Nof tyf ;'ldqfnfO{ klg of] ;"rgf lbof] ..#(–$)..
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xif{;Dk"0f]{ bbt'xf{/d'Qdd\ .
t:d} ttM k|LtdgfM
sf};Nof k'qjT;nf ..$!..
nIdL+ ko{r/2]jL+
/fd:ofy{k|l;4o] .
;TojfbL bz/yM s/f]To]j
k|lt>'td\ ..$@..
pgLx¿
b'j}n] ;'Ùf;fy clt xif{k"0f{ eP/ To;nfO{ Ps cTo'Qd xf/ lbP . tb'k/fGt
k'qjT;nf sf};Nofn] /fdrGb|hLsf] O¨l;l4sf nflu nIdLb]jLsf] k"hg ul/g\ .
‘/fhf bz/y ;TojfbL 5g\ / pgsf ljifodf of] k|l;4 5 ls pgL cfÇgf] k|lt1fsf] kfng
ub{5g\ ..$!–$@..
s}s]oLjzuM lsGt'
sfd'sM ls+ sl/iolt .
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b'uf{+ b]jLdk"hot\ ..$#..
lsGt'
pgL sfdL / s}s]oLsf jzLe"t 5g\, o:tf] cj:yfdf s] pgL o; k|lt1fnfO{
k"0f{ ug{ ;Snfg\ <’ o; k|sf/sf] lrGtfn] Jofs'n eP/ pgL b'uf{b]jLsf]
k"hg ug{ nflug\ ..$#..
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e"nf]sdf cof]Wofk'/Ldf hfpm ..$$..
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s}s]oL+ r ttM k/d\ ..$%..
/
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dGy/fdf k|j]z u/ clg km]l/ s}s]oLdf ..$%..
ttf] lj£g] ;d'TkÙ]
k'g/]lx lbj+ z'e] .
ty]To'STjf tyf rj|m]
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k|f;fbfu|dyf?xt\ .
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;j{tM ;dnª\s[td\ ..$&..
clg
tLg :yfgdf 6]9L / s'k|L Tof] dGy/f dxnsf] c§flnsfdf r9L . p;n] b]vL– gu/
;a}lt/af6 ;hfOPsf] 5 ..$&..
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ljl:dtf k'g/fudt\ ..$*..
ltgdf
gfgf k|sf/sf k"mnkftLn] agfOPsf
emNn/ afFlwPsf 5g\, lrqljlrq ktfsfx¿ ;'zf]let eO/x]sf 5g\ / ;a}lt/ pT;j
eO/x]sf] 5 . of] b]v]/ pm cToGt ljl:dtf eP/ tn cf]nL{ ..$*..
wfqL+ kk|R5 dftM ls+
gu/+ ;dnª\s[td\ .
gfgf]T;j;dfo'Qmf
sf};Nof rfltxlif{tf ..$(..
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j:qfl0f ljljwflg r .
tfd'jfr tbf wfqL /fdrGb|fleif]rgd\ ..%)..
àf] eljiolt t]gfB
;j{tf]›nª\s[t+ k'/d\ .
tRÕ'Tjf Tjl/t+ uTjf
s}s]oL+ jfSoda|jLt\ ..%!..
clg
p;n] wfO{nfO{ ;f]wL– æd}ofF ¤ cfh gu/ lsg ;hfOPsf] xf] < clg dxf/fgL sf};Nof
klg cg]s k|sf/n] pT;j dgfpFb} cToGt xif{k"j{s a|fé0fx¿nfO{ ljljw
j:qfe"if0f lsg lbO/x]sL 5g\ <Æ wfO{n] p;nfO{ egL– æef]ln >L/fdhLsf]
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t'?Gt} s}s]oL eP7fpF uO{ ..$(–%!..
ko{Ë:yf+ ljzfnfIfLd]sfGt] ko{jl:ytfd\ .
ls+ z]if] b'e{u]
d"9] dxb\eod'kl:ytd\ ..%@..
ljzfnfIfL
s}s]oL To; ;do PsfGtdf knªdf a;]sL lyOg\ . pgL;Fu dGy/fn] egL– æx] ceflugL
d"9 ¤ s;/L ;'lt/x]sL 5f} xF < ltd|f nflu Psbd 7"nf] ;Ë6 pkl:yt
ePsf] 5 ..%@..
g
hfgLif]›lt;f}Gbo{dflggL dQufldgL ..%#..
x]
dfbs rfnjfnL ¤ ltdLnfO{ cfÇgf] ;'Gb/tfsf] 7"nf] 3dG8 5, o;sf/0f ltdLnfO{
s'g} s'/fsf] yfxfkQ} x'Fb}g ..%#..
/fd:ofg'u|xfb|f1M àf]›leif]sf] eljiolt .
tRÕ'Tjf ;x;f]Tyfo
s}s]oL lk|ojflbgL ..%$..
x]/,
dxf/fhsf] s[kfn] ef]ln /fdsf] /fHofleif]s x'g} nfu]sf] 5 .Æ of] ;'g]/
lk|ojflbgL s}s]oL ;x;f pl7g\ ..%$..
t:o} lbJo+ bbf}
:j0f{g"k'/+ /Tge"liftd\ .
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sYot] eodfutd\ ..%%..
clg
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e/tfblwsf] /fdM
lk|os[Gd] lk|o+jbM .
sf};Nof+ df+ ;d+ kZog\
;bf z'>"ift] lx dfd\ ..%^..
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t e/tsf] ck]Iff dnfO{ clws k|]d ug]{ / dw'/efifL 5g\, pgL t sf};Nof tyf dnfO{
;dfg efjn] b]Vt5g\ / ;bf g} d]/f] ;]jf ub{5g\ ..%^..
/fdfb\eo+ lsdfkÙ+ tj
d"9] jb:j d] .
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s'Ahf›sf/0fj}l/0fL ..%&..
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ljgfsf/0f j}/ ug]{ :jefjsL dGy/f ljiffb ug{ nfuL ..%&..
ð[0f' dårg+ b]lj oyfy{+ t] dxb\eod\ .
Tjf+ tf]ifog\ ;bf /fhf
lk|ojfSoflg efift] ..%*..
p;n]
egL– æx] b]jL ¤ d]/f s'/f ;'g, jf:tjdf ltd|f nflu 7"nf] ;Ë6 pkl:yt ePsf] 5
. /fhf ltdLnfO{ ;Gt'¨ ug{sf nflu ;bf lrKnf s'/f ul//xG5g\ ..%*..
sfd'sf]›tYojfbL r Tjf+
jfrf kl/tf]ifog\ .
sfo{+ s/f]lt t:of j}
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pgL
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k|]ifofdf; t] ;'td\ .
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k|]ifofdf; ;fg'hd\ ..^)..
cfÇgf]
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..^)..
;'ldqfofM ;dLrLg+
eljiolt g ;+zoM .
nId0ff] /fddGj]lt
/fHo+ ;f]›g'eljiolt ..^!..
o;af6
;'ldqfsf nflu t lg:;Gb]x g} ;a}yf]s 7Ls} xf]nf, lsgls nId0f /fdsf cg'ufdL 5g\ /
o;sf/0f pgL t /fHo ef]Ug] g} 5g\ ..^!..
e/tf] /f3j:ofu|] lsË/f] jf eljiolt .
ljjf:ot] jf
gu/fTk|f0f}jf{ xfKot]›lr/ft\ ..^@..
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e/tnfO{ of t /fdsf bf; eP/ /xg'knf{ of pgnfO{ tTsfn} gu/af6 lgsflnlbOg]5 cyjf
pgsf] k|f0ff3ft ul/g]5 ..^@..
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lgTo+ kl/rl/iol; .
ttf]›lk d/0f+ >]of]
oT;kTGofM k/fejM ..^#..
clg
ltdLn] bf;Lsf ;dfg ;bf sf};Nofsf] ;]jf ug'{kg]{5 . o;k|sf/ ;f}tfaf6 ckdflgt eP/
/xg'eGbf t dg'{ g} 7Ls x'G5 ..^#..
ctM zL3|+ ot:jfB
e/t:ofleif]rg] .
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jiff{l0f gj k~r r ..^$..
o;sf/0f
ca ltdLn] zL3| g} e/tsf] /fHofleif]s / /fdsf nflu rf}w jif{;Dd jgjf;sf nflu
k|oTg u/ ..^$..
ttf] ¿9f]›eo] k'q:tj
/fl1 eljiolt .
pkfo+ t] k|jIofld
k"j{d]j ;'lglátd\ ..^%..
x]
/fgL ¤ o;f] ePkl5 ltd|f k'q e/t lge{o / lgis06s x'g]5g\ . o;sf nflu d}n] hf]
klxn]b]lv g} ;f]lr/fv]sf] 5', Tof] pkfo ltdLnfO{ atfpFb5' ..^%..
k'/f b]jf;'/] o'4]
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k"j{sfndf
b]jf;'/ ;ª\u|fdsf] ;dodf :jod\ OGb|n] wg'w{/ dxf/yL /fhf bz/y;Fu ;xfotfsf nflu
k|fy{gf u/]sf lyP ..^^..
hufd ;]gof ;fw{+ Tjof
;x z'efgg] .
o'4+ k|s'j{t:t:o /fIf;}M
;x wlGjgM ..^&..
tbfIfsLnf]
GoktlR5Ù:t:o g j]b ;M .
Tj+ t' x:t+ ;dfj]Zo
sLn/Gw|]ltw}o{tM ..^*..
x]
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wg'w{/ dxf/fh bz/y /fIf;x¿;Fu o'4 ug{df lgdUg lyP, To;}a]nf pgsf] v} s'g
sf/0fn] xf] /ysf] w'/Lsf] sLnf] lg:s]/ v;]5 . To;a]nf ltdLn] cToGt
w}o{k"j{s cfÇgf] xft To; sLnfsf] l5b|df nufPsL lyof} ..^&–^*..
l:ytjTol;tfkflÍ
kltk|f0fk/LK;of .
ttf] xTjf;'/fg\ ;jf{g\
bbz{ Tjfdl/GbdM ..^(..
clg
x] s[i0ffIfL ¤ kltsf] k|f0f/Iffsf nflu ltdL w]/}a]/;Dd To:t} l:yltdf /lx/èf} .
To;kl5 ;d:t b}Tox¿nfO{ dfl/;s]kl5 zq'bdg dxf/fh bz/yn] ltdLnfO{ b]v] ..^(..
cfáo{+ k/d+ n]e]
Tjfdflnª\Uo d'bflGjtM .
j[0fLij oQ] dgl;
jfl~5t+ j/bf]›:Doxd\ ..&)..
ltdLnfO{
To:tf] l:yltdf b]v]/ pgnfO{ clt cfáo{ eof] . clg clt k|;Ùtfk"j{s ltdLnfO{
unf nufP/ pgn] eg]– æd ltdLnfO{ j/ lbg rfxG5' . ltdLnfO{ h] OR5f 5 Tof] dfu
..&)..
j/åo+ j[0fLij Tjd]j+
/fhfjbT:jod\ .
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olb bQ+ j/åod\ ..&!..
o;
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¤ xh'/n] k|;Ùtfk"j{s dnfO{ b'O{ j/ lbg rfxg'x'G5 ..&!..
Tjøo]j lt©t' lr/+
Gof;e"t+ ddfg3 .
obf d]›j;/f]
e"ofQbf b]lx j/åod\ ..&@..
To;f]
xf] eg] x] cg3 ¤ d]/f] of] w/f]x/ w]/} ;do;Dd xh'/n] g} /fVg'xf]nf . h'g ;dodf
o;sf] cj;/ cfpnf, To; ;dodf xh'/n] oL b'j} j/ dnfO{ lbg'xf]nf .Æ ..&!..
ty]To'STjf :jo+ /fhf
dlGb/+ j|h ;'j|t] .
TjQM >'t+ dof
k"j{ldbfgL+ :d[ltdfutd\ ..&#..
clg
/fhfn] ltdLnfO{ eg]– æcTo'Qd ¤ x] ;'j|t] ¤ ca 3/ hfcf}F . dxf/fgLhL ¤ of]
;Dk"0f{ j[QfGt klxn] ltdLaf6} d}n] ;'g]sL lyPF, o; ;dodf dnfO{ Tof] :d/0f
eP/ cfPsf] 5 ..&#..
ctM zL3|+ k|ljZofB
j|mf]wfuf/+ ?ifflGjtf .
ljd'Ro ;jf{e/0f+
;j{tf] ljlgsLo{ r ..&$..
e"dfj]j zofgf Tj+
t"i0fLdflt© efldlg .
ofjT;To+ k|lt1fo
/fhfeL¨+ s/f]lt t] ..&%..
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tQbf s]soglGbgL .
tYod]jflvn+ d]g]
b'M;Íflxtlje|df ..&^..
ctM
x] efldgL ¤ ca ltdL em§} /f]ifk"j{s sf]kejgdf hfpm / cfÇgf ;d:t
cfe"if0f ptf/]/ otfptf 5l/b]pm tyf ha;Dd ;To k|lt1fk"j{s /fhf ltd|f]
ceL¨ sfo{ ug{sf nflu tTk/ x'Fb}gg\ ta;Dd r'krfk e"lddf nl8/xg" .Æ lqjj|mf
dGy/fsf oL s'/f ;'g]/ b'M;Íjz a'l4 e|¨ ePsf sf/0f b'¨f s}s]oLn] To; ;dodf p;sf]
syg ;j{yf 7Ls dflglnOg\ . pgn] dGy/fnfO{ elgg\– ætFnfO{ o:tf] a'l4 sxfFaf6
cfof] < ..&$–&^..
tfdfx s}s]oL b'¨f
s't:t] a'l4/Lb[zL .
Pj+ Tjf+ a'l4;DkÙf+ g
hfg] jj|m;'Gbl/ ..&&..
e/tf] olb /fhf d]
eljiolt ;'tM lk|oM .
u|fdfg\ zt+ k|bf:ofld
dd Tj+ k|f0fjNnef .
OTo'STjf sf]kejg+
k|ljZo ;x;f ?iff ..&*..
c/]
jj|m;'Gb/L ¤ dnfO{ tF olt a'l4dtL 5];\ eÙ] nfu]s} lyPg . olb d]/f lk|o k'q e/t
/fhf eP eg] d tFnfO{ ;o ufpF lbpFnf . tF t dnfO{ k|f0fx¿sf ;dfg Kof/L eO;\ .Æ
o;f] eg]/ s}s]oLn] /f]ifk"j{s sf]kejgdf k|j]z ul/g\ ..&&–&*..
ljd'Ro ;jf{e/0f+
kl/sLo{ ;dGttM .
e"df} zofgf dlngf
dlngfDa/wfl/0fL ..&(..
k|f]jfr ð[0f' d] s'Ah]
ofjb|fdf] jg+ j|h]t\ .
k|f0ff+:ToIo]›y jf
jj|m] zloio] tfjb]j lx ..*)..
clg
cfÇgf ;a} j:qfe"if0f ptf/]/ otfptf 5l/lbOg\ tyf d}nfw}nf j:q nufP/ clt
dlng bzfdf k[YjLdf /x]/ af]lng\– æc/] s'Ah] ¤ ;'g\, ha;Dd /fd jgdf hfFb}gg\, a?
k|f0f} hfcf];\, d o:t} lsl;dn] /lx/xg]5' .Æ ..&(–*)..
lgáo+ s'? sNofl0f
sNof0f+ t] eljiolt .
OTo'STjf k|oof} s'Ahf
u[x+ ;f›lk tyf›s/f]t\ ..*!..
clg
s'Ahfn] egL– æx] sNof0fL ¤ ltdLn] lgM;Gb]x o:t} ul//xg" . o;af6 cjZo
ltd|f] sNof0f x'g]5 .Æ olt ;DemfPkl5 pm cfÇgf] 3/ uO{ / s}s]oLn] klg To:t}
ul//lxg\ ..*!..
wL/f]›ToGtboflGjtf]›lk
;u'0ffrf/flGjtf] jf›yjf
gLlt1f]
ljlwjfbb]lzsk/f] ljBfljj]sf]›yjf .
b'¨fgfdltkfkefljtlwof+
;Í+ ;bf r]b\eh]t\
tb\a'4Øf kl/efljtf]
j|hlt tt\ ;fDo+ j|md]0f :k'm6d\ ..*@..
;fFrf]
xf], s'g} k'?if cToGt w}o{jfg\, bofn', ;b\u'0fL, ;bfrf/L, gLlt1, st{Jolg© /
u'?sf] eQm, cyjf ljBf–ljj]s;DkÙ g} lsg gxf];\ olb lg/Gt/ cToGt kfka'l4 b'¨
k'?ifx¿sf] ;Ít u5{ eg] cjZo g} j|mdzM ltg}sf] a'l4af6 k|efljt eP/ ltg}sf a/fa/
eOxfNb5 ..*@..
ctM ;ÍM kl/TofHof]
b'¨fgf+ ;j{b}j lx .
b'M;ÍL Rojt]
:jfyf{By]o+ /fhsGosf ..*#..
o;sf/0f
;w}F g} b'¨ k'?ifx¿sf] ;ª\taf6 k/} a:g'kb{5 . b'M;Íaf6 k'?if oL /fhsGof
s}s]oLsf ;dfg k'?iffy{Ro't x'g k'Ub5 ..*#..
Olt >LdbWofTd/fdfo0f] pdfdx]à/;+jfb] cof]Wofsf08] låtLoM ;u{M
..@..
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cflbZo dlGqk|s[tLM
;fgGbf] u[xdfljzt\ ..!..
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eÙ'eof]– To;kl5 dxf/fh bz/yn] /fdrGb|hLsf] cEo'bosf nflu k|hfju{ / dGqLx¿nfO{
dfÍlns sfo{x¿sf nflu cf1f lbP/ cfgGbk"j{s cfÇgf] /lgjf;df k|j]z u/] ..!..
tqfb[¨\jf lk|of+ /fhf
lsd]tlblt ljênM .
of k'/f dlGb/+ t:ofM
k|lj¨] dlo zf]egf ..@..
x;GtL dfd'kfoflt ;f
ls+ g}jfB b[Zot] .
OTofTdGo]j ;l~rGTo
dg;fltljb"otf ..#..
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cfÇgL lk|of s}s]oLnfO{ gb]v]kl5 pgL cToGt ljên eP/ dgdg} eÙ nfu]– æs] sf/0f
xf]nf, hf] klxn]klxn] cfÇgf] dxndf 3':t}v]l/ ;bf xfF:t}xfF:t} d]/f] ;fd'
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o;k|sf/ ;f]Rt};f]Rt} ====..@–#..
kk|R5 bf;Llgs/+ s'tf]
jM :jfldgL z'ef .
gfoflt df+ oyfk"j{+
dlTk|of lk|obz{gf ..$..
pgn]
bf;Lx¿nfO{ ;f]w]– æcfh ltdLx¿sL z'enIf0ff :jfldgL sxfF l5g\ < tL lk|obz{gf
lk|of cfh ;w}Fsf em}F d]/f] ;fd'df lsg cfOgg\ <Æ ..$..
tf pmr'M j|mf]wejg+
k|lj¨f g}j ljßx] .
sf/0f+ tq b]j Tj+ uR5
lgá]t'dx{l; ..%..
bf;Lx¿n]
eg]– æx] b]j ¤ sf/0f t yfxf ePg, lsGt' cfh pxfF sf]k–ejgdf hfg'ePsf] 5 . xh'/
cfkm}Fn] ToxfF uP/ ;a} xfnsf] hfgsf/L lng'xf]nf .Æ ..%..
OTo'Qmf] eo;Gq:tf]
/fhf t:ofM ;dLkuM .
pkljZo zg}b]{x+
:k[zGj} kfl0fgfa|jLt\ ..^..
bf;Lx¿n]
o;k|sf/ eg]kl5 /fhf eoeLt eP/ pgL eP7fpF uP . ToxfF /fgLsf] 5]pdf a;]/ pgsf]
z/L/df la:tf/}–la:tf/} xft 8'nfpFb} ;f]w] ..^..
ls+ z]if] j;'wfk[©]
ko{ËfbLg\ ljxfo r .
df+ Tj+ v]bo;] eL?
otf] df+ gfjefif;] ..&..
æP
8/5]?jL ¤ cfh knª cflbnfO{ 5f8]/ o;k|sf/ e'OFdf lsg k/]sL < ltdL dl;t s]xL
af]lNbgf}, o;af6 dnfO{ w]/} v]b eO/x]sf] 5 ..&..
cnËf/+ kl/ToHo e"df} dlngjf;;f .
lsdy{+ a|"lx ;sn+
ljwf:o] tj jfl~5td\ ..*..
;d:t
j:qfe"if0f 5f8]/ ltdL dlng j:q nufP/ e"lddf lsg k;fl/PsL < ltd|f]
h] OR5f 5 Tof] eg, d ;a} k"0f{ u¿Fnf ..*..
sf] jf tjflxt+ stf{
gf/L jf k'?iff]›lk jf .
; d] b08Øá jWoá
eljiolt g ;+zoM ..(..
ltd|f]
clg¨ ug]{ sf] xf] < Tof] :qL jf k'?if hf] eP klg d]/f] b08sf] kfq x'g]5 .
oltdfq xf]Og, To;sf] jw g} klg ug{ ;lsG5 . 9'Ss xf]pm ..(..
a|"lx b]lj oyf
k|Llt:tbjZo+ ddfu|tM .
tlbbfgL+ ;fwloio]
;'b'n{edlk If0fft\ ..!)..
x]
b]jL ¤ h'g k|sf/n] ltd|f] k|;Ùtf x'g]5, Tof] dnfO{ elgxfn . Tof] sfo{ cToGt
b'n{e /x]5 eg] klg d o;}a]nf Ps}l5gdf k"/f ul/lbpFnf ..!)..
hfgfl; Tj+ dd :jfGt+
lk|o+ df+ :jjz] l:ytd\ .
tyflk df+ v]bo;] j[yf
tj kl/>dM ..!!..
ltdL
d]/f] XbonfO{ t lrGb5f}, d ltd|f] cToGt lk|o / ltd|f] jzLe"t x'F . t/ klg
ltdL dnfO{ lsg lvÙ kfb{5f} < ltd|f] of] kl/>d Joy{ 5 ..!!..
a|"lx ls+ wlgg+
s'of{+ bl/b|+ t] lk|oË/d\ .
wlgg+ If0fdfq]0f
lgw{g+ r tjflxtd\ ..!@..
eg,
ltdLnfO{ Kof/f] ug]{ s'g sÍfnnfO{ d wgL agfOlbpmF, cyjf ltd|f] clk|osf/L s'g
wgkltnfO{ Ps}If0fdf sÍfn agfOlbpmF < ..!@..
a|"lx s+ jf
jlwiofld jwfxf]{ jf ljdf]Iot] .
lsdq ax'gf]Qm]g
k|f0ffg\ bf:ofld t] lk|o] ..!#..
eg,
s'g cjWonfO{ dfl/lbpmF / s'g jWonfO{ 5f]l8lbpmF < x] lk|o] ¤ o; ljifodf c¿
clws s] eg"F < d ltdLnfO{ cfÇgf] k|f0f klg lbg ;Qm5' ..!#..
dd k|f0fflTk|ot/f]
/fdf] /fhLjnf]rgM .
t:of]kl/ zk]
a|"lx Tjl4t+ tTs/f]Doxd\ ..!$..
sdngog
/fd dnfO{ k|f0fx¿eGbf klg clws lk|o 5g\ . d pg}sf] zky vfP/ eG5' ls ltd|f]
h]–hlt lk|o 5, d ToxL u¿Fnf .Æ ..!$..
Olt a|'jf0f+ /fhfg+
zkGt+ /f3jf]kl/ .
zg}lj{d[Ho g]q] ;f
/fhfg+ k|Toefift ..!%..
dxf/fh
bz/yn] /fdsf] lsl/of vfP/ O;k|sf/ eg]kl5 s}s]oLn] la:tf/}la:tf/} cfÇgf cfF;'
k'5]/ /fhfnfO{ elgg\ ..!%..
olb ;Tok|lt1f]›l; zky+
s'?if] olb .
ofR`f+ d] ;kmnf+ st{'+
zL3|d]j Tjdx{l; ..!^..
æx]
/fhg\ ¤ olb xh'/ ;Tok|lt1 x'g'x'G5 / zky klg vfg'x'G5 eg] t tTsfn} d h]–hlt
dfU5' Tof] ;kmn ug'{kg]{5 ..!^..
k"j{+ b]jf;'/]
o'4] dof Tj+ kl//lIftM .
tbf j/åo+ bQ+ Tjof d]
t'¨r]t;f ..!&..
k"j{sfndf
b]jf;'/ ;ª\u|fddf d}n] xh'/sf] /Iff u/]sL lyPF . To;a]nf k|;Ù eP/ xh'/n] dnfO{
b'O{ j/ lbG5' eÙ'ePsf] lyof] ..!&..
tb\åo+ Gof;e"t+
d] :yflkt+ Tjlo ;'j|t .
tq}s]g j/]0ffz' e/t+
d] lk|o+ ;'td\ ..!*..
PleM ;De[t;Def/}of}{j/fHo]›leif]ro
.
ck/]0f j/]0ffz' /fdf]
uR5t' b08sfg\ ..!(..
x]
;'j|t ¤ d}n] tL b'j} j/ xh'/sf] ;fydf w/f]x/sf] ¿kdf /fv]sL lyPF . ca tLdWo] Ps
al;{lbof] eg] t t'?Gt} d]/f lk|o k'q e/tnfO{ o; Pslqt ePsf] ;fdu|Ln] o'j/fh
kbdf clelifQm ul/lbg'xf];\ / csf]{n] t'?Gt} /fd b08s jgtkm{ hfpmg\ ..!*–!(..
d'lgj]ifw/M >Ldfg\
h6fjNsne"if0fM .
rt'b{z ;df:tq
sGbd"nkmnfzgM ..@)..
ToxfF
>Ldfg\ /fdn] h6f–jNsnflb wf/0f u/]/ sGbd"n–kmn vfFb} d'lgj]ifn] rf}w
jif{;Dd /xg'kg]{5 ..@)..
k'g/foft' t:ofGt] jg]
jf lt©t' :jod\ .
k|eft] uR5t' jg+ /fdf]
/fhLjnf]rgM ..@!..
To;kl5
cfÇgf] OR5fn] rfx] pgL cof]Wof kms]{/ cfpmg\ jf jg}df /x"g\, lsGt' sdngog
/fd ef]ln ;a]/} cjZo jgsf nflu hfpmg\ ..@!..
olb lsl~rlånDa]t
k|f0ff+:ToIo] tjfu|tM .
ej ;Tok|lt1:Tjd]tb]j
dd lk|od\ ..@@..
olb
o;df clnslt klg l9nfO eof] eg] d xh'/sf ;fd'Ù] g} cfÇgf] k|f0f Tofu ug]{5' .
xh'/n] cfÇgf] k|lt1f ;To ug'{xf];\, d]/f nflu lk|o sfo{ oxLdfq xf] .Æ ..@@..
>'Tj}t2f?0f+ jfSo+
s}s]øof /f]dxif{0fd\ .
lgkkft dxLkfnf] jh|fxt
OjfrnM ..@#..
s}s]oLsf
o:tf /f]df~rsf/L s7f]/ jrg ;'g]/ dxf/fh bz/y jh|fxt kj{tsf ;dfg 9n] ..@#..
zg}?GdLNo gog] ljd[Ho
k/of leof .
b'M:jKgf] jf dof b[¨f]
èyjf lrQlje|dM ..@$..
tTkáft\
la:tf/}–la:tf/} cfFvf vf]n]/ clt eok"j{s cfF;' k'5] clg dgdg} eÙ nfu]–
æof] d}n] s'g} b'M:jKg b]v]sf] x'Fnf, ls d]/f] lrQdf e|d ePsf] xf] <Æ ..@$..
OTofnf]So k'/M kTgL+
Jof3|Lldj k'/M l:ytfd\ .
lsldb+ efif;] eb|] dd k|f0fx/+ jrM ..@%..
o;}
;dodf cfÇgf] ;fd'Ù] l;+lxgLsf ;dfg a;]sL /fgL s}s]oLnfO{ x]/]/ eÙ nfu]– æx]
eb|] ¤ d]/f k|f0fx¿sf] x/0f ug]{ ltdL of] s] jrg af]ln/x]sL 5f} < ..@%..
/fdM sdk/fw+ t]
s[tjfg\ sdn]If0fM .
ddfu|] /f3ju'0ffg\
j0f{o:olgz+ z'efg\ ..@^..
sdngog
/fdn] ltd|f] s] ck/fw u/]sf 5g\ < ltdL t /ftf]lbg d]/f ;fd' /fdsf z'e u'0f
ufpg] ub{Yof} ..@^..
sf};Nof+ df+ ;d+ kZog\
z'>"iff s'?t] ;bf .
Olt a|'jGtL Tj+
k"j{ldbfgL+ efif;]›Goyf ..@&..
ltdL
t klxn] eÙ] ub{Yof}– æ/fd dnfO{ / sf};NofnfO{ ;dfg hfg]/ ;bf g} d]/f] ;]jf ug]{
ub{5g\ .Æ t/ o; ;dodf ltdL of] pN6f] s'/f s;/L elg/x]sL 5f} <..@&..
/fHo+ u[xf0f k'qfo
/fdl:t©t' dlGb/] .
cg'u[íLij df+ jfd]
/fdfÙfl:t eo+ tj ..@*..
ltdL
cfÇgf] k'qsf nflu /fHo n]pm, lsGt' /fdnfO{ 3/}df /xg b]pm . x] jfd] ltdL dpk/
s[kf u/, /fdaf6 ltdLn] s'g} eo dfÙ'kb}{g .Æ ..@*..
OTo'STjf>'k/LtfIfM
kfbof]lg{kkft x .
s}s]oL k|To'jfr]b+
;flk /QmfGtnf]rgf ..@(..
o;f]
eg]/ dxf/fh bz/y cfFvfdf cfF;' e/]/ s}s]oLsf r/0fx¿df k5fl/P . ta tL s}s]oLn]
cfFvf /ftf kf/]/ o;/L elgg\– ..@(..
/fh]Gb| ls+ Tj+ e|fGtf]›l; pQm+ tb\efif;]›Goyf .
ldYof s/f]lif r]T:jLo+
eflift+ g/sf] ej]t\ ..#)..
æx]
/fh]Gb| ¤ s] tkfO{Fsf] a'l4df e|d ePsf] 5 / cfÇgf] sygsf ljk/Lt af]ln/xg'ePsf]
5 < ofb /fVg'xf];\ olb tkfO{Fn] cfÇgf] k|lt1f eÍ ug'{eof] eg] tkfO{Fn] g/s
ef]Ug'kg]{5 ..#)..
jg+ g uR5]Blb /fdrGb|M
k|eftsfn]›lhgrL/o'QmM
.
pb\aGwg+ jf ljifeIf0f+
jf
s[Tjf dl/io]
k'/t:tjfxd\ ..#!..
;'Ùf];\,
olb ef]ln k|ftMsfnd} d[urd{ / jNsn–j:q wf/0f u/]/ /fd jgtkm{ uPgg\ eg] d}
tkfO{Fsf ;fd'Ù] kmfF;L nufP/ of ljif vfP/ dg]{5' ..#!..
;Tok|lt1f]›xldtLx
nf]s]
lj8Da;] ;j{;efGt/]if'
.
/fdf]kl/ Tj+ zky+ r
s[Tjf
ldYofk|lt1f] g/s+
k|oflx ..#@..
tkfO{F
;+;f/df ;a} ;efx¿df æd ;Tok|lt1 x'FÆ eg]/ dflg;x¿nfO{ wf]sfdf kfg]{ ug'{x'G5, ca
tkfO{F /fdsf] zky u/]/ vfPsf] k|lt1f klg tf]l8/xg'ePsf] 5 . ctM tkfO{Fn] g/sd}
hfg'kg]{5 ..#@..
OTo'QmM lk|oof bLgf]
dUgf] b'Mvf0f{j] g[kM .
d"lR5{tM klttf]
e"df} lj;~1f] d[tsf] oyf ..##..
cfÇgL
lk|ofsf o:tf s7f]/ jrg ;'g]/ dxf/fh b'Mv–;d'b|df 8'a]/ cToGt Jofs'n eP, clg
d[tssf em}F d"l5{t / ;+1fz"Go eP/ k[YjLdf k5fl/P ..##..
Pj+ /flqu{tf t:o
b'MvfT;+jT;/f]kdf .
c?0ff]bosfn] t'
jlGbgf] ufosf hu'M ..#$..
o;k|sf/
cToGt b'Mvsf sf/0f pgsf] Tof] /ft Ps jif{sf ;dfg laTof] . otf ;"of]{bo
x'gf;fy ufos / aGbLhg :t'ltufg ug{ nfu] ..#$..
lgjf/loTjf tfg\ ;jf{g\
s}s]oL /f]ifdfl:ytf .
ttM k|eft;do]
dWosIfd'kl:ytfM ..#%..
a|fé0ffM Iflqof j}Zof
CifoM sGosf:tyf .
5q+ r rfd/+ lbJo+ uhf]
jfhL ty}j r ..#^..
lsGt'
s}s]oLn] tL ;a}nfO{ /f]s]/ l/;n] a;]sL lyOg\ . k|ftMsfn ePkl5 a|fé0f, Iflqo, j}Zo,
Clifu0f, sGofx¿, lbJo 5q / rDd/ tyf xfQL / 3f]8f cflb ;a} cleif]sf]kof]uL j:t'x¿
dWoåf/df pkl:yt u/fOP ..#%–#^..
cGofá jf/d'Vof ofM
kf}/hfgkbf:tyf .
jl;©]g oyf››1Kt+
tT;j{+ tq ;+l:ytd\ ..#&..
o;afx]s
jl;©hLsf] cf1fcg';f/ d'Vod'Vo gu/jw"x¿ tyf k'/jf;L / hgkbjf;L klg ToxfF
pkl:yt eP ..#&..
l:qof] afnfá j[4fá
/fqf} lgb|f+ g n]le/] .
sbf b|Iofdx] /fd+ kLtsf}z]ojf;;d\ ..#*..
To;
/ft :qL, afns / j[4 s;}nfO{ klg lgb|f nfu]g . ;a}nfO{ oxL 56k6L lyof]– xfdLn]
/]zdL kLtfDa/ nufpg'ePsf eujfg\ /fdnfO{ slxn] b]vf}Fnf ..#*..
;jf{e/0f;DkÙ+
ls/L6s6sf]HHjnd\ .
sf}:t'efe/0f+ Zofd+
sGbk{zt;'Gb/d\ ..#(..
clelifQm+ ;dfoft+
uhf¿9+ l:dtfggd\ .
à]tR5qw/+ tq nId0f+
nIf0fflGjtd\ ..$)..
/fd+ sbf jf b|IofdM k|eft+ jf sbf ej]t\ .
OTo'T;'slwoM ;j]{
ae"j'M k'/jfl;gM ..$!..
hf]
;d:t cfe"if0fx¿n] ;';lHht, pHHjn ls/L6 / s6s nufpg'ePsf] 5, tyf
sf}:t'edl0fn] lje"lift clg ;of}F sfdb]jx¿sf ;dfg ;'Gb/ Zofdj0f{ x'g'x'G5
Pjd\ ;j{;'nIf0f;DkÙ >LnId0fhLn] h;dfly à]t5q cf]9fpg'ePsf] 5, o:tf
>L/fdnfO{ /fHofleif]ssf] aLrdf dGb d':sfgsf ;fy xfQLdf r9]/ cfpFb} x'g'ePsf]
xfdL slxn] b]vf}Fnf < Tof] dÍnk|eft slxn] xf]nf < o;k|sf/ ;a} k'/jf;Lx¿sf]
lrQ clt pTsl07t eO/x]sf] lyof] ..#(–$!..
g]bfgLd'lTytf] /fhf
lsdy{+ r]lt lrGtog\ .
;'dGqM zgs}M k|fofBq
/fhf›jlt©t] ..$@..
o;}a]nf
dGqLj/ ;'dGq dxf/fh cem;Dd s] eP/ p7\g'ePg eÙ] ;f]r]/ la:tf/} /fhf bz/y eP7fpF
uP ..$@..
jw{og\ hozAb]g k|0fdg\
lz/;f g[kd\ .
cltlvÙ+ g[k+ b[¨\jf
s}s]oL+ ;dk[R5t ..$#..
ToxfF
k'u]/ pgn] hohosf/ u/]/ /fhfnfO{ lz/ e'msfP/ k|0ffd u/] . pgn] /fhfnfO{ cToGt
lvÙ b]v]/ s}s]oL;Fu ;f]w]– ..$#..
b]lj s}s]lo jw{:j ls+
/fhf b[Zot]›Goyf .
tdfx s}s]oL /fhf /fqf}
lgb|f+ g nAwjfg\ ..$$..
æx]
b]jL s}s]oL ¤ xh'/sf] cEo'bo xf];\ . eÙ'xf];\, cfh dxf/fh s] eP/ To;} lvÙ
b]lvO/xg'ePsf] 5 <Æ s}s]oLn] pQ/ lbOg\– æcfh dxf/fhnfO{ /ftel/ k6Ss} lgb|f
k/]g ..$$..
/fd /fd]lt /fd]lt
/fdd]jfg'lrGtog\ .
k|hfu/]0f j} /fhf
è:j:y Oj nIot] .
/fddfgo zL3|+ Tj+ /fhf
b|¨'ldx]R5lt ..$%..
/ftel/
/fdsf] lrGtg ub}{ ‘/fd /fd /fd’ dfq /l6/xg'ePsf] 5 . o;k|sf/ hfu} /xg'sf]
sf/0fn] g} /fhf clns c:j:y blvg'ePsf] xf] . dxf/fh /fdnfO{ e]6\g rfxg'x'G5, o;sf/0f
ltdL em§} pgnfO{ oxfF lnP/ cfpm .Æ ..$%..
c>'Tjf /fhjrg+ sy+
uR5fld efldlg .
tRÕ'Tjf dlGq0ff] jfSo+
/fhf dlGq0fda|jLt\ ..$^..
;'dGqn]
eg]– æx] efldgL ¤ dxf/fhsf] cf1f gkfO{sg d s;/L hfg ;S5' / <Æ dGqLsf] of]
jrg ;'g]/ dxf/fhn] eg]– ..$^..
;'dGq /fd+ b|Iofld zL3|dfgo ;'Gb/d\ .
OTo'Qm:Tjl/t+ uTjf
;'dGqf] /fddlGb/d\ ..$&..
æx]
;'dGq ¤ d dgf]x/d"lt{ /fdnfO{ x]g{ rfxG5' . ltdL pgnfO{ em§} lnP/ cfpm .Æ
/fhfn] o;f] eÙf;fy ;'dGq t'?Gt /fdsf] dxnlt/ uP ..$&..
cjfl/tM k|lj¨f]›o+
Tjl/t+ /fdda|jLt\ .
zL3|dfuR5 eb|+ t] /fd /fhLjnf]rg ..$*..
lkt'u]{x+ dof ;fw{+
/fhf Tjf+ b|¨'ldR5lt .
OTo'Qmf] /ydf?è
;De|dfŒjl/tf] oof} ..$(..
clg
ljgf/f]s6f]s t'?Gt} leq uP/ /fd;Fu eg]– æsdngog /fd ¤ tkfO{Fsf] sNof0f xf];\ .
tkfO{F em§} d]/f ;fy lktfhLsf 3/ lxF8\g'xf];\, dxf/fh tkfO{FnfO{ e]6\g
rfxg'x'G5 .Æ of] ;'Ùf;fy /fd rlsth:tf eP/ t'?Gt} /ydf r9]/ ;jf/ x'g'eof]
..$*–$(..
/fdM ;f/lygf ;fw{+
nId0f]g ;dlGjtM .
dWosIf] jl;©fbLg\
kZoÙ]j Tj/flGjtM ..%)..
lkt'M ;dLk+ ;ÍDo ggfd
r/0ff} lkt'M .
/fddflnª\lut'+ /fhf
;d'Tyfo ;;De|dM ..%!..
afx" k|;fo{
/fd]lt b'MvfGdWo] kkft x .
xf x]lt /fd:t+
zL3|dflnª\UofË] Goj]zot\ ..%@..
;f/ly
/ nId0f;lxt eujfg\ /fdn] dWoåf/df lj/fhdfg jl;©flb u'?hgx¿sf] s]jn bz{gdfqn]
;Tsf/ u/]/ xtf/xtf/ lktfhL;dIf k'u]/ pgsf r/0fdf k|0ffd ug'{eof] . To; ;dodf
/fdnfO{ unfdf lngsf nflu ha p7]/ dxf/fh bz/yn] cfj]usf ;fy xft a9fP, pgL aLr}df
b'Mvk"j{s æxf /fd ¤ xf /fd ¤Æ eGbfeGb} k5fl/P . /fdrGb|hLn] xfxfsf/ ub}{
clt zL3|tfk"j{s pgnfO{ unfdf nufP/ cfÇgf] sfvdf lng'eof] ..%)–%@..
/fhfg+ d"lR5{t+
b[¨\jf r'j|'mz'M ;j{of]liftM .
lsdy{+ /f]bgldlt
jl;©f]›lk ;dfljzt\ ..%#..
dxf/fhnfO{
d"lR5{t b]v]/ /lgjf;sf ;d:t dlxnfx¿ ?g nfu] . of] /f]bg lsg eO/x]sf] 5 eÙ]
;f]r]/ jl;© klg ToxLF cfP ..%#..
/fdM kk|R5 lsldb+
/f1f] b'Mv:o sf/0fd\ .
Pj+ k[R5lt /fd] ;f
s}s]oL /fdda|jLt\ ..%$..
eujfg\
/fdn] s}s]oL;Fu ;f]Wg'eof]– ædxf/fhsf] o; b'Mvsf] sf/0f s] xf] < pxfFn]
o;k|sf/ ;f]Wg'x'Fbf s}s]oLn] elgg\– ..%$..
Tjd]j sf/0f+ èq /f1f]
b'Mvf]kzfGto] .
lsl~rTsfo{+ Tjof /fd
st{Jo+ g[kt]lx{td\ ..%%..
æx]
/fd ¤ dxf/fhsf] o; b'Mvsf] sf/0f ltdL g} xf}, ltdLn] pgsf b'MvnfO{ zfGt ug{sf
nflu pgn] rfx]sf s]xL lk|o sfo{ ug'{kg]{5 ..%%..
s'? ;Tok|lt1:Tj+
/fhfg+ ;Tojflbgd\ .
/f1f j/åo+ bQ+ dd
;Gt'¨r]t;f ..%^..
ltdL
;Tok|lt1 5f}, dxf/fhnfO{ klg ;TojfbL agfpm . pgn] k|;Ù eP/ dnfO{ b'O{ j/
lbg'ePsf] 5 ..%^..
TjbwLg+ t' tT;j{+
jQm'+ Tjf+ nHht] g[kM .
;Tokfz]g ;Da4+ lkt/+
qft'dx{l; ..%&..
t/
ltgsf] ;kmntf ltd|} cwLgdf 5 . dxf/fhnfO{ ltdL;Fu eÙdf ;Ëf]r ePh:tf] 5, lsGt'
ltdLn] ;Tokfzdf afFlwg'ePsf cfÇgf lktfhLsf] cjZo /Iff ug'{kb{5 ..%&..
k'qzAb]g r}tl4
g/sfTqfot] lktf .
/fd:tof]lbt+ >'Tjf
z"n]gflextf] oyf ..%*..
JolytM s}s]oL+ k|fx
ls+ dfd]j+ k|efif;] .
lkqy]{ hLljt+ bf:o]
lka]o+ ljifd'Na0fd\ ..%(..
lsgls
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.
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kfbof]M klttf] d'g]M .
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e/åfhfo d'go] 1fko:j
oyf]lrtd\ ..#@..
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hftof Tjb'kf;gft\ .
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.
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b"t}:t' ;fg'hM .
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Psf Tjldx ;+l:ytf ..^@..
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sbflrb|xl; l:ytM .
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t] lkt[jT;n ..^%..
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df+ Sj utf]›l; ef]M .
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d'Qmd"w{hd\ ..^&..
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s}s]oL k'qda|jLt\ .
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nId0f]lt k'gM k'gM .
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g[k;QdM .
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jh|fxt Oj b|'dM ..&&..
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sf};Nofejg+ oof} .
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e/tf]›lk tbf›?bt\ .
cflnª\Uo e/t+ ;fWjL
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5 == ..**..
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c?GwTof ;dlGjtd\ ..*(..
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ePsf e/tn] g} k7fPsf kf] /x]5g\ ..#!–#@..
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.
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la:tf/}la:tf/} /fd eP7fpF uP . o;} ;do z"Go b]v]/ /fj0f leIf'sf] j]if
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. ca Ps}l5gdf d]/f kltb]j cfOk'luxfNg'x'g]5 . olb xh'/sf] OR5f 5 eg] Psl5g
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leIf'?jfr
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oof} lIfk|+ ljxfo;f .
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gufu|fQLI0ft'08sM .
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.
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b'Mv]g
z'ioåbgf›ltljênf .
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ljnKodfgf
;Ltf l:ytf
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d}n] dg'iofjtf/ lnPsf] x'F, ctM d s]xL ;do k[YjLdf dg'io–efjn] g} /x"Fnf .
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/fIf;f]Qm+ >'t+ tof ..!)..
TjåfSo;b[z+ >'Tjf
df+ uR5]lt Tj/fa|jLt\ .
?bGtL ;f dof k|f]Qmf
b]lj /fIf;efliftd\ .
g]b+ /fd:o jrg+ :j:yf
ej z'lrl:dt] ..!!..
clg
nId0fhLn] xft hf]8]/ ?Fb} ;LtfhLn] af]Ng'ePsf b'jf{Ro ;'gfP . pgn] eg]– æxh'/sf
jfSoh:t} u/L /fIf;n] eg]sf] ‘xf nId0f ¤’ zAb ;'g]/ ;LtfhLn] clt cft'/tf;Fu ?Fb}
dnfO{ eÙ'eof]– æuOxfn .’ t/ d}n] ;DemfPF, x] b]jL ¤ of] /3'gfyhLsf] jfSo xf]Og,
/fIf;sf] zAb xf], x] z'lrl:dt] ¤ tkfO{F lgláGt /xg'xf];\ ..!)–!!..
OTo]j+ ;flGTjtf ;fWjL
dof k|f]jfr df+ k'gM .
ob'Qm+ b'j{rf] /fd g
jfRo+ k'/t:tj ..!@..
d}n]
o;k|sf/ 9f8; lbFbf klg ;fWjL ;LtfhLn] dnfO{ h:tf b'j{rg eÙ'eof], x] /3'gfyhL ¤
tL xh'/sf ;fd'Ù] eÙ of]Uo 5}gg\ ..!@..
s0ff}{ lkwfo lgu{To
oftf]›x+ Tjf+ ;dLlIft'd\ .
/fd:t' nId0f+ k|fx
tyfKog'lrt+ s[td\ ..!#..
ctM
d sfg y'g]/ ToxfFaf6 xh'/nfO{ vf]Hgsf nflu cfPF .Æ o; s'/fdf >L/fdrGb|hLn]
eÙ'eof]– ænId0f ¤ 7Ls} 5, tyflk ltdLn] plrt u/]gf} ..!#..
Tjof :qLeflift+ ;To+
s[Tjf ToQmf z'efggf .
gLtf jf elIftf jf›lk
/fIf;}gf{q ;+zoM ..!$..
ltdLn]
:qLsf s'/fnfO{ ;To dfg]/ z'efggf ;LtfnfO{ 5f]8Øf} ¤ ca /fIf;x¿n] kSs} pgnfO{
x/0f ul/;s] xf]nfg\ of t vfO;s] xf]nfg\ .Æ ..!$..
Olt lrGtfk/f] /fdM
:jf>d+ Tjl/tf] oof} .
tqfb[¨\jf hgshf+
ljnnfkfltb'MlvtM ..!%..
o;k|sf/
lrGtf ub}{ub}{ >L/fdrGb|hL Psbd zL3|tfk"j{s cfÇgf] cf>ddf cfpg'eof]
/ ToxfF hfgsLhLnfO{ gb]v]/ clt b'Mlvt eO{ ljnfk ug{ nfUg'eof]– ..!%..
xf lk|o] Sj utfl; Tj+
gfl; k"j{jbf>d] .
cyjf dlådf]xfy{+ nLnof
Sj ljnLo;] ..!^..
æxf
lk|o] ¤ cfh ltdL ;w}Fsf em}F cf>ddf b]lvO/x]sL 5}gf}, sxfF uPsL 5f} <
cyjf dnfO{ df]lxt ug{sf nflu /dfOnf] dfg]/ st} n's]sL kf] 5f} ls < ..!^..
OToflrGjg\ jg+ ;j{+
gfkZoHhfgsL+ tbf .
jgb]JoM s'tM ;Ltf+
a|'jGt' dd jNnefd\ ..!&..
d[ufá klIf0ff] j[Iff
bz{oGt' dd lk|ofd\ .
o;k|sf/
ljnfk ub}{ pxfFn] hfgsLhLnfO{ ;f/f jgdf vf]Hg'eof] t/ st} klg e]6\g'ePg . clg
pxfF eÙ nfUg'eof]– æx] jgb]jLx¿ xf] ¤ atfcf], d]/L k|f0fjNnef ;Ltf sxfF l5g\
< x] d[u, kIfL / j[Ifx¿ xf] ¤ ltdLx¿n] g} d]/L lk|ofnfO{ b]vfOb]cf] .Æ
..!& tyf cfwf !*..
OTo]j+ ljnkÙ]j /fdM
;Ltf+ g s'qlrt\ ..!*..
o;k|sf/
ljnfk ubf{ klg ;j{1 >L/3'gfyhLn] ;LtfhLsf] st} s]xL klg kQf] kfpg'ePg ..!*..
;j{1M ;j{yf Sjflk
gfkZob|3'gGbgM .
cfgGbf]›KoGjzf]rQfdrnf]›Kog'wfjlt
..!(..
lgd{df] lg/xËf/f]›Kov08fgGb¿kjfg\ .
dd hfo]lt ;Lt]lt
ljnnfkfltb'MlvtM ..@)..
cxf]
¤ eujfg\ /fdn] cfgGb:j¿k eP/ klg ;LtfhLsf nflu zf]s ug'{eof], lgán eP/ klg
pxfFsf] vf]hdf otfptf bf}l8Fb} ef}Ftfl/g'eof], tyf ddtf / cxËf/n] z"Go
cv08 cfgGb:j¿k eP/ klg cToGt b'Mlvt eO{ ‘x] d]/L lk|o] ¤ x] ;Lt] ¤’ eg]/ ljnfk
ug'{eof] ..!(–@)..
Pj+ dfofdg'r/Ù;Qmf]›lk
/3"QdM .
cf;Qm Oj d"9fgf+
eflt tŒjljbf+ g lx ..@!..
cgf;Qm
x'g'eP klg o;k|sf/ dfofsf] cg';/0f ug'{x'Fb} >L/3'gfyhL d"v{ k'?ifx¿sf
em}F cf;Qm k|tLt x'g'x'G5, lsGt' tŒj1fgLx¿nfO{ o:tf] e|d x'Fb}g ..@!..
Pj+ ljlrGjg\ ;sn+ jg+
/fdM ;nId0fM .
eUg+ /y+ 5qrfk+
s"a/+ kltt+ e'lj ..@@..
b[¨\jf nId0fdfx]b+ kZo
nId0f s]glrt\ .
gLodfgf+ hgshf+ t+
lhTjfGof] hxf/ tfd\ ..@#..
o;k|sf/
nId0f;lxt >L/fdrGb|hLn] ;Dk"0f{ jgdf ;LtfhLnfO{ w'OFw'OFtL vf]hL
ug'{x'Fbf Ps 7fpFdf 6'6]sf] /y5q, wg'if / s"a/ -/ysf] Tof] efu hxfF /yL a:5_ e'OFdf
nl8/x]sf] b]Vg'eof] . Tof] b]v]/ eujfg\ /fdn] nId0fhLnfO{ eÙ'eof]– ænId0f ¤ x]/,
oxfF ;LtfhLnfO{ nUbfv]l/ To; k'?ifnfO{ csf]{ s'g} k'?ifn] o'4df lht]/ pgnfO{
x/]/ nu]sf] b]lvG5 ..@@–@#..
ttM sl~rb\e'jf] efu+
uTjf kj{t;lÙed\ .
?lw/fQmjk'b{[¨\jf
/fdf] jfSodyfa|jLt\ ..@$..
clg
clns k/ hfFbf Ps kj{t;b[z z/L/ /utn] ntkt ePsf] b]v]/ /fdn] eÙ'eof]– ..@$..
Pif j} eIfloTjf tf+
hfgsL+ z'ebz{gfd\ .
z]t] ljljQm]›ltt[KtM
kZo xlGd lgzfr/d\ ..@%..
æx]/,
kSs} o;}n] d]/L z'ebz{gf ;LtfnfO{ vfP/ cToGt t[Kt eO{ oxfF PsfGtdf ;'lt/x]sf] 5,
d o; lgzfr/nfO{ clxNo} dfl/lbG5' ..@%..
rfkdfgo zL3|+ d] af0f+
r /3'gGbg .
tRÕ'Tjf /fdjrg+ h6fo'M
k|fx eLtjt\ ..@^..
x]
/3'>]© nId0f ¤ em§} d]/f] wg'ifaf0f Nofpm .Æ /fdsf] of] syg ;'g]/ h6fo'n]
eoeLt eP/ eGof]– ..@^..
df+ g df/o eb|+ t] ld|odf0f+ :jsd{0ff .
cx+ h6fo':t]
efof{xfl/0f+ ;dg'b|'tM ..@&..
/fj0f+ tq o'4+ d]
ae"jfl/ljdb{g .
t:o jfxfg\ /y+ rfk+
l5Œjfx+ t]g 3flttM ..@*..
klttf]›l:d huÙfy
k|f0ffG:ToIofld kZo dfd\ ..@(..
ædnfO{
xh'/n] gdfg'{xf];\, d cfÇg} sd{n] dl//x]sf] 5' . xh'/sf] sNof0f xf];\ . d h6fo'
x'F . d}n] xh'/sL efof{nfO{ lnP/ hfg] /fj0fsf] lk5f u/]sf] lyPF . x] zq'bdg ¤
d]/f] To;l;t 3f]/ o'4 eof] / d}n] p;sf /y, 3f]8f / wg'if cflb klg sfl6lbPF, lsGt'
ca d p;n] 3fon kf/]sfn] nl8/x]sf] 5' . x] huÙfy ¤ xh'/n] dtkm{ x]l/lbg'xf];\, d
o; df}sfdf k|f0f 5f]8\g rfxG5' .Æ ..@&–@(..
tRÕ'Tjf /f3jf] bLg+
s07k|f0f+ bbz{ x .
x:tfEof+ ;+:k[zg\
/fdf] b'Mvf>'j[tnf]rgM ..#)..
of]
;'g]/ >L/3'gfyhLn] h6fo'sf glhsdf uP/ x]g'{eof] . h6fo' s07ut k|f0f / clt
bLg cj:yfdf /x]5 . pxfFn] cfFvfdf cfF;' l6nlkn kfg'{x'Fb} p;nfO{ xftn] 5'Fb}
eÙ'eof]– ..#)..
h6fof] a|"lx d]
efof{ s]g gLtf z'efggf .
dTsfof{y{+ xtf]›l;
Tjdtf] d] lk|oafGwjM ..#!..
æx]
h6fo' ¤ eg, d]/L z'efggf efof{ ;LtfhLnfO{ s;n] nu]sf] 5 < cxf] ¤ ltdL d]/f
sfo{sf nflu dfl/of} ¤ ctM cjZo g} ltdL d]/f lk|o aGw' xf} .Æ ..#!..
h6fo'M ;Ùof jfrf jSqfb|Qm+ ;d'ådg\ .
pjfr /fj0ff] /fd
/fIf;f] eLdljj|mdM ..#@..
cfbfo d}lynL+ ;Ltf+
blIf0ffled'vf] oof} .
Otf] jQm'+ g d] zlQmM
k|f0ff+:ToIofld t]›u|tM ..##..
h6fo'n]
/Qmjdg ub}{ nv{/fpFbf] af]nLdf eGof]– æx] /fd ¤ dxfk/fj|mdL /fIf;/fh /fj0fn]
ldlyn]zglGbgL ;LtfnfO{ blIf0f lbzftkm{ lnP/ uPsf] 5 . ca clws eÙ] zlQm ddf 5}g
. d clxNo} xh'/s} cufl8 k|f0f 5f]8\g rfxG5' ..#@–##..
lb¨Øf b[¨f]›l; /fd Tj+
ld|odf0f]g d]›g3 .
k/dfTdfl; lji0f':Tj+
dfofdg'h¿kw[s\ ..#$..
x]
/fd ¤ x] cg3 ¤ xh'/ dfofdfgj¿k ;fIfft\ k/dfTdf lji0f' g} x'g'x'G5 . cfh
7"nf] efUon] d}n] db}{ ePsf avt xh'/nfO{ b]Vg kfPsf] 5' ..#$..
cGtsfn]›lk b[¨\jf Tjf+
d'Qmf]›x+ /3';Qd .
x:tfEof+ :k[z df+ /fd
k'gof{:ofld t] kbd\ ..#%..
x]
/3'>]© ¤ To;f] t cGTo ;dodf xh'/sf] bz{g ugf{n] g} d d'Qm ePsf] 5', tyflk
xh'/n] dnfO{ cfÇgf s/sdnn] :kz{ ul/lbg'xf];\ . clg d xh'/sf] k/dkbdf hfg]5' .Æ
..#%..
ty]lt /fdM k:kz{ tbÍ+
kfl0fgf :dog\ .
ttM k|f0ffg\ kl/ToHo
h6fo'M klttf] e'lj ..#^..
o;kl5
/fdrGb|hLn] d':s'/fpFb} ‘pQd’ eGg'x'Fb} p;sf] z/L/ cfÇgf s/sdnn] 5f]Olbg'eof] .
tTkáft\ h6fo' k|f0f 5f8]/ e"lddf 9Nof] ..#^..
/fd:tdg'zf]lrTjf
aGw'jt\ ;f>'nf]rgM .
nId0f]g ;dfgføo sf©flg
k|bbfx td\ ..#&..
/fdrGb|hLn]
cfFvfel/ cfF;' kf/]/ p;sf nflu cfÇgf :jhgsf ;dfg zf]s ug'{eof] . o;kl5 k|e'n]
nId0fnfO{ sf7bfp/f dufpg'eP/ To;sf] bfxsd{ ug'{eof] ..#&..
:gfTjf b'Mv]g /fdf]›lk
nId0f]g ;dlGjtM .
xTjf jg] d[u+ tq
df+;v08fg\ ;dGttM ..#*..
zfån] k|flIfkb|fdM k[ys\ k[yug]swf .
eIfGt' klIf0fM ;j]{
t[Ktf] ejt' klIf/f6\ ..#(..
OTo'STjf /f3jM k|fx
h6fof] uR5 dTkbd\ .
dT;f¿Ko+ eh:jfB
;j{nf]s:o kZotM ..$)..
tTkáft\
/fdhLn] nId0f;lxt b'MlvtlrQn] :gfg ug'{eof] clg jgdf Ps d[u df/]/ 3fF;df ;a}lt/
To;sf cnucnu df+;v08 5l/lbg'eof] . ‘o;nfO{ ;a} kIfLu0fn] vfpmg\ / To;n] kIfL/fh
h6fo' t[Kt xf];\ .’ o;f] eg]/ /3'gfyhLn] eÙ'eof]– æx] h6fo' ¤ ltdL d]/f]
k/dkbdf hfpm / cfh ;a}n] x]bf{x]b}{ d]/f] ;f¿Ko k|fKt u/ .Æ ..#*–$)..
ttf]›gGt/d]jf;f}
lbJo¿kw/M z'eM .
ljdfgj/df?è ef:j/+
efg';lÙed\ ..$!..
To;kl5
Tof] t'?Gt} ;'Gb/ lbJo ¿k wf/0f u/]/ Ps ;"o{em}F k|sfzdfg ljdfgdf r9\of]
..$!..
zÌrj|mubfkßls/L6j/e"if0f}M
.
Bf]tog\ :jk|sfz]g
kLtfDa/w/f]›dnM ..$@..
To;a]nf
p;n] ;'Gb/ kLtfDa/ wf/0f u/]/ zÌ, rj|m, ubf, kß / ls/L6 cflb >]©
cfe"if0fx¿n] ;lxt cfÇgf] k|sfzn] ;Dk"0f{ lbzfx¿nfO{ k|sflzt ul//x]sf]
lyof] ..$@..
rt'le{M
kfif{b}lj{i0ff]:tfb[z}/lek"lhtM .
:t"odfgf]
of]luu0f}M /fddfefio ;Tj/M .
s[tf~hlnk'6f]
e"Tjf t'¨fj /3'gGbgd\ ..$#..
To:t}
j]ife"iff ePsf rf/ lji0f'kfif{b\x¿ p;sf] ;]jf ul//x]sf lyP, tyf of]uLu0f
p;sf] :t'lt ul//x]sf lyP . To;kl5 pm xft hf]8]/ >L/3'gfyhLnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/]/
pxfFsf] :t'lt ug{ nfUof] ..$#..
h6fo'?jfr
cul0ftu'0fdk|d]odfB+
;snhulT:ylt;+odflbx]t'd\
.
pk/dk/d+
k/fTde"t+
;ttdx+ k|0ftf]›l:d /fdrGb|d\ ..$$..
h6fo'n]
eGof]– æhf] cul0ft u'0fzfnL x'g'x'G5, ck|d]o x'g'x'G5, hut\sf cflbsf/0f
x'g'x'G5, tyf To;sf] l:ylt / no cflbsf] x]t' x'g'x'G5, pg} k/d zfGt:j¿k k/dfTdf
>L/fdrGb|hLsf] d lg/Gt/ jGbgf ub{5' ..$$..
lg/jlw;'vldlGb/fs6fIf+
Iflkt;'/]Gb|rt'd{'vflbb'Mvd\ .
g/j/dlgz+ gtf]›l:d
/fd+
j/bdx+ j/rfkaf0fx:td\
..$%..
hf]
c;Ld cfgGbdo / >Lsdnfb]jLsf s6fIfsf] cf>o x'g'x'G5 tyf hf] a|éf / OGb|
cflb b]ju0fx¿sf b'Mv lgjf/0f ug'{x'G5, To:tf wg'ifwf/L j/bfos g/>]©
>L/fdrGb|hLnfO{ d /ftf]lbg k|0ffd ub{5' ..$%..
lqe'jgsdgLo¿kdL8Ø+
/ljztef;'/dLlxtk|bfgd\
.
z/0fbdlgz+
;'/fud"n]
s[tlgno+ /3'gGbg+
k|kB] ..$^..
hf]
lqnf]sLdf ;a}eGbf clws ¿kjfg\ x'g'x'G5, ;a}sf :t'To x'g'x'G5, ;}s8f}F
;"o{x¿sf ;dfg t]h:jL x'g'x'G5 tyf jfl~5t kmn lbg] x'g'x'G5, pg} z/0fk|b
Pjd\ /fufl>t Xbodf /xg'x'g] >L/3'gfyhLnfO{ d cxf]/fq k|0ffd ub{5' ..$^..
ejljlkgbjflUggfdw]o+
ejd'vb}jtb}jt+ bofn'd\
.
bg'hklt;x;|sf]l6gfz+
/ljtgof;b[z+ xl/+
k|kB] ..$&..
h;sf]
gfd ;+;f/¿k jgsf nflu bfjfgnsf ;dfg 5, hf] dxfb]j cflb b]jtfx¿sf klg k"Ho
b]j x'g'x'G5 tyf hf] s/f]8f}F bfgj]Gb|x¿sf] ;+xf/
ug'{x'g] / >Lod'gfhLsf ;dfg Zofdj0f{ x'g'x'G5, pg} bofdo >Lxl/nfO{ d
k|0ffd ub{5' ..$&..
clj/tejefjgfltb"/+
ejljd'v}d{'lgleM ;b}j
b[Zod\ .
ejhnlw;'tf/0ffª\l3|kf]t+
z/0fdx+ /3'gGbg+ k|kB]
..$*..
hf]
;+;f/df lg/Gt/ jf;gf /fVg]x¿af6 cToGt 6f9} x'g'x'G5 / j}/fuL d'lghgx¿sf ;b}j
b[l¨uf]r/ /xg'x'G5, tyf h;sf r/0f¿k hxfh ;+;f/–;fu/af6 kf/ u/fpg] 5g\, pg}
/3'gfyhLsf] d z/0fdf kb{5' ..$*..
lul/zlul/;'tfdgf]lgjf;+
lul/j/wfl/0fdLlxtfle/fdd\
.
;'/j/bg'h]Gb|;]ljtfª\l3|+
;'/j/b+ /3'gfos+ k|kB]
..$(..
hf]
>Ldxfb]j / kfj{tLhLsf] dgdlGb/df lgjf; ug'{x'G5, h;sf nLnfx¿ clt dgf]xfl/0fL
5g\ tyf b]j / c;'/kltu0f h;sf r/0fsdnx¿sf] ;]jf ub{5g\, pg} lul/j/wf/L
;'/j/bfos /3'gfossf] d z/0fdf kb{5' ..$(..
k/wgk/bf/jlh{tfgf+
k/u'0fe"ltif'
t'¨dfg;fgfd\ .
k/lxtlg/tfTdgf+
;';]Jo+
/3'j/dDa'hnf]rg+ k|kB]
..%)..
hf]
k/wg / k/:qLaf6 ;bf b"/ /xg'x'G5, tyf k/fof u'0f / k/fof lje"ltnfO{
b]v]/ k|;Ù x'g'x'G5 pg} lg/Gt/ k/f]ksf/–k/fo0f dxfTdfx¿n] ;';]ljt sdngog
>L/3'gfyhLsf] d z/0fdf kb{5' ..%)..
l:dt?lr/ljsfl;tfggfAh–
dlt;'ne+
;'//fhgLngLnd\ .
l;thn?xrf?g]qzf]e+
/3'kltdLzu'/f]u{'?+
k|kB] ..%!..
h;sf]
d'vsdn dgf]x/ d':sfgn] ;'zf]let eO/x]sf] 5, hf] eQmx¿sf nflu clt ;'ne x'g'x'G5,
h;sf z/L/sf] sflGt OGb|gLndl0fsf ;dfg ;'Gb/ gLnj0f{ 5, tyf h;sf dgf]x/ g]q
à]tsdnsf em}F zf]efo'Qm 5g\, pg} dxfb]jhLsf k/d u'? >L/3'gfyhLsf] d z/0fdf
kb{5' ..%!..
xl/sdnhzDe'¿ke]bf–
Œjldx ljefl;
u'0fqofg'j[QM .
/ljl/j
hnk"l/tf]bkfq]–
ijd/klt:t'ltkfqdLzdL8]
..%@..
x]
k|ef] ¤ hnn] e/]sf kfqx¿df h;/L Ps} ;"o{ cg]s ¿k k|ltlalDat x'G5g\, p;}
u/L ;Œj, /h / td oL tLg} u'0fx¿sf j[lQsf sf/0f xh'/ g} lji0f', a|éf /
dxfb]j¿kn] b[Zodfg x'g'x'G5 . x] O{z ¤ xh'/ b]j/fh OGb|sf] klg :t'ltsf kfq
x'g'x'G5, To:tf xh'/nfO{ d lgTo :t'lt ub{5' ..%@..
/ltkltztsf]l6;'Gb/fÍ+
ztkyuf]r/efjgfljb"/d\
.
oltkltXbo] ;bf ljeft+
/3'kltdflt{x/+ k|e'+
k|kB] ..%#..
xh'/sf]
lbJo z/L/ s/f]8f}F sfdb]jx¿sf] eGbf klg ;'Gb/ 5 . ;of}F dfu{df kmF;]sf
dflg;x¿af6 xh'/ cToGt cnUu x'g'x'G5 / olt>]©x¿sf Xbodf xh'/ ;bf g} b[Zodfg
x'g'x'G5 . o:tf cflt{x/ -b'Mvx¿sf] x/0f ug'{x'g']_
k|e' /3'kltsf] z/0fdf kb{5' .Æ ..%#..
OTo]j+ :t'jt:t:o
k|;Ùf]›e"b|3"QdM .
pjfr uR5 eb|+ t] dd lji0ff]M k/+ kbd\ ..%$..
h6fo'n]
o;k|sf/ :t'lt u/]kl5 >L/3'gfyhL To;l;t k|;Ù eP/ eÙ'eof]– æx] h6fo' ¤ ltd|f]
sNof0f xf];\ . ltdL d]/f] k/dwfd lji0f'nf]sdf hfpm ..%$..
ð[0ff]lt o Ob+ :tf]q+
lnv]åf lgotM k7]t\ .
; oflt dd ;f¿Ko+ d/0f]
dT:d[lt+ ne]t\ ..%%..
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t'?Gt p;sf] jIfM:yndf k|xf/ u/] ..%–&..
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<Æ ..!^..
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z'Snnf]lxts[i0fflg uto:tT;dfgtM .
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;[l¨sfn] k'gM k"j{jf;gfdfg;}M ;x .
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km]l/ pTkÙ x'G5 ..@&..
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o;sf] lrQ d]/f tkm{ nfUb5 ..@*..
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ttM :j¿klj1fgdgfof;]g hfot] ..@(..
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o;nfO{ cgfof;} d]/f] :j¿ksf] 1fg x'G5 ..@(..
tbfrfo{k|;fb]g jfSofy{1fgtM If0fft\ .
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:jfTdfg'ejtM ;TodfgGbfTdfgdåod\ .
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jf:tljs ;To ltdLnfO{ elglbPF ..#)–#!..
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Tjbf1fsfl/0fM ;j]{
kmnd"nfzgfM k|ef] .
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jfo'k'qf]›ltt]h:jL
dGqL a'l4dtf+ j/M .
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z/ef] d}Gbjá}j uhM kg;
Pj r .
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k|ef] ¤ oL ;a} xh'/sf] cf1f kfng ug]{ / kmn–d"n cflb dfq vfg] x'g\ .
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hfDajfg\ Psbd} 7"nf jL/ / a'l4dfg\ 5g\ . oL Ps s/f]8 efn'x¿sf e'm08klt
x'g\ / d]/f dGqLx¿df cu|u0o 5g\ . cfÇgf dxfg\ an / k/fj|mdsf nflu ;j{q ljVoft
oL k/d t]h:jL kjgk'q xg'dfg\hL x'g\ . oL a'l4dfg\x¿df >]© / d]/f k|d'v dGqL
x'g\ . logsf cltl/Qm x] /fdhL ¤ gn, gLn, ujo, ujfIf, uGwdfbg, z/e, d}Gbj, uh, kg;,
jnLd'v, blwd'v, ;'if]0f, tf/ tyf xg'dfg\sf lktf dxfanL clg k/d wL/ s]z/L– oL
d]/f k|wfg–k|wfg o"yklt x'g\, o;}n] xh'/nfO{ ;a} of] atfPF ..!!–!%..
dxfTdfgf] dxfjLof{M
zj|mt'Nok/fj|mdfM .
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sf]l6sf]l6jfg/o"ykfM ..!^..
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s/f]8f}F jfg/x¿sf o"ysf clwklt x'g\ ..
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;a} xh'/sf cf1fsf/L tyf b]jtfx¿sf c+zaf6 pTkÙ ePsf x'g\ . oL jfnLsf k'q k/d
ljVoft >Ldfg\ cÍbhL x'g\ ..!&..
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ToQmhLljtfM ..!*..
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of]4f/M kj{tfu|}á
lgk'0ffM zq'3ftg] .
cf1fko /3'>]© ;j]{
t] jzjlt{gM ..!(..
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/fdM ;'u|Ljdflnª\Uo
xif{k"0ff{>'nf]rgM .
k|fx ;'u|Lj hfgfl;
;j{+ Tj+ sfo{uf}/jd\ ..@)..
clg
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æ;'u|Lj ¤ ltdL d]/f] sfo{sf] sl7gtfsf] ljifodf hfGb5f} g} ..@)..
dfu{0ffy{+ lx hfgSof
lgo'ª\Ij olb /f]rt] .
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;'u|LjM k|Ltdfg;M ..@!..
k|]ifofdf; alngf]
jfg/fg\ jfg/if{eM .
lbIf' ;jf{;' ljljwfg\
jfg/fg\ k|]io ;Tj/d\ ..@@..
blIf0ff+ lbzdToy{+
k|oTg]g dxfanfg\ .
o'j/fh+ hfDajGt+
xg"dGt+ dxfand\ ..@#..
gn+ ;'if]0f+ z/e+ d}Gb+ låljbd]j r .
k|]ifofdf; ;'u|Ljf] jrg+ r]bda|jLt\ ..@$..
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blIf0f lbzfdf clws k|oTgsf ;fy dxfanL o'j/fh cÍb, hfDajfg\, xg'dfg\, gn, ;'if]0f,
z/d, d}Gb / låljb cflbnfO{ k7fP, clg pgnfO{ o;k|sf/ eg]– ..@!–@$..
ljlrGjGt' k|oTg]g ejGtf] hfgsL+ z'efd\ .
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æd]/f]
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dlxgfleqd} kmsL{ cfcf] ..@%..
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df;fb"Wj{+ lbg+ ej]t\ .
tbf k|f0fflGts+ b08+
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gTjf rf]kljj]z ;M ..@&..
tL
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cle1fgfy{d]tGd] èª\u'nLosd'Qdd\
..@*..
dÙfdfIf/;+o'Qm+ ;Ltfo}
bLotf+ /xM .
cl:dg\ sfo]{ k|df0f+
lx Tjd]j slk;Qd .
hfgfld ;Œj+ t] ;j{+
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ltdL d]/f] of] cf}F7L lnP/ hfpm . o;df d]/f] gfdfIf/ s'FlbPsf] 5 . o;nfO{
cfÇgf] kl/rosf nflu ltdLn] PsfGtdf ;LtfhLnfO{ lbg" . x] slk>]© ¤ o;
sfo{df ltdL dfq ;dy{ 5f} . d ltd|f] a'l4an /fd|/L hfGb5' . nf} t, hfpm . ltd|f]
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lj;[¨fM kl/dfu{0f] .
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ae|d':tq tq x ..#)..
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htftt} ljr/0f ug{ nfu] ..#)..
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bb[z'M kj{tf]kdd\ .
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3'Db}3'Db}
pgLx¿n] ljGWofrnsf] uxg jgdf Ps kj{tfsf/ eoË/ /fIf;nfO{ b]v], Tof] hÍnsf d[u /
xfQLx¿ kj|mLkj|mL vfO/x]sf] lyof] ..#!..
/fj0ff]›oldlt 1fTjf s]lråfg/k'ÍjfM .
h£g'M lsnlsnfzAb+ d'~rGtf] d'l¨leM If0fft\ ..#@..
s]xL
jfg/x¿n] of] /fj0f g} xf] eG7fg]/ vnan–zAb ub}{ To;nfO{ Ps}l5gdf 3':;fx¿n]
dfl/lbP ..#@..
gfo+ /fj0f OTo'STjf oo'/GoGdxågd\ .
t[ifftf{M ;lnn+ tq gfljGbg\ xl/k'ÍjfM ..##..
km]l/
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ToxfF pgLx¿nfO{ Psbd} ltvf{ nfUof] . t/ k]o hn sxLF klg b]lvO/x]sf] lyPg ..##..
lje|dGtf] dxf/0o] z'iss07f]©tfn'sfM .
bb[z'u{ê/+ tq t[0fu'Ndfj[t+ dxt\ ..#$..
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eoË/ jgdf 3'Db}3'Db} pgLx¿sf s07, cf]7 / tfn' ;'s] . crfgs pgLx¿n] ToxfF t[0f, emf8L
/ ntf cflbn] 9flsPsf] Ps ljzfn u'kmf b]v] ..#$..
cfb{|kIffg\ j|mf}~rx+;flÙM;[tfg\ bb[z':ttM .
cqf:t] ;lnn+ g"g+ k|ljzfdf] dxfu'xfd\ ..#%..
OTo'STjf xg'dfgu|] k|ljj]z tdGjo'M .
;j]{ k/:k/+ w[Tjf afx"g\ afx'le?T;'sfM ..#^..
To;af6
pgLx¿n] leh]sf] kv]6f ePsf j|mf}~r -s¥ofªs'?ª_ / xfF;x¿nfO{ lgl:s/x]sf] b]v] .
‘nf} hfcf}F, o; u'kmfleq k;f}F, o;leq kSs} hn xf]nf’ eGb} ;a}eGbf cufl8 xg'dfg\hL
To;df k;], pgsf kl5kl5 cGo ;a} jfg/ klg Ps–csf{sf] xftdf xft /fv]/
pT;'stfk"j{s To;df 3';] ..#%–#^..
cGwsf/] dxb\b"/+ uTjfkZog\ skLà/fM .
hnfzofg\ dl0flgetf]ofg\ sNkb|'df]kdfg\ ..#&..
j[Iffg\ kSjkmn}g{d|fg\ dw'b|f]0f;dlGjtfg\ .
u[xfg\ ;j{u'0ff]k]tfg\ dl0fj:qflbk"l/tfg\ ..#*..
lbJoeIofÙ;lxtfg\ dfg'if}M kl/jlh{tfg\ .
ljl:dtf:tq ejg] lbJo] sgslj¨/] ..#(..
k|eof bLKodfgf+ t' bb[z'M l:qod]ssfd\ .
WofoGtL+ rL/j;gf+ of]lugL+ of]udfl:ytfd\ ..$)..
w]/}
k/;Dd cGwsf/d} uPkl5 tL jfg/x¿n] b]v], ToxfF :kml6sdl0fsf ;dfg :jR5 hnn]
k"0f{ lgs}j6f ;/f]j/ /x]5g\, ltgsf 5]j}df kmnx¿sf ef/n] e'ms]sf sNkt?sf
;dfg ;'Gb/ j[If /x]5g\ h;df df}/Lsf dxdo 3f/ /x]5g\ . glhs} dl0fdo j:qfnËf/n]
o'Qm / lbJo eIo–ef]Ho cflb ;fdu|Lx¿n] k"0f{ ;j{u'0f;DkÙ lgh{g ejg klg /x]5
. To;df Ps lbJo ejgdf pgLx¿n] clt cfáo{rlst eP/ Ps /d0fLnfO{ PSn}
;'j0f{l;+xf;gdf lj/fhdfg b]v] . tL ;'Gb/ of]ufEof;df tTk/ Ps of]lugL lyOg\ .
ltgL cfÇgf] t]hn] To; :yfgnfO{ k|sflzt ul//x]sL lyOg\ . pgLx¿ k'u]sf] ;dodf
ltgL z/L/df rL/j:q wf/0f u/L Wofg ul//x]sL lyOg\ ..#&–$)..
k|0f]d':tf+ dxfefuf+ eSTof eLTof r jfg/fM .
b[¨\jf tfg\ jfg/fg\ b]jL k|fx o"o+ lsdfutfM ..$!..
s'tf] jf s:o b"tf jf dT:yfg+ ls+ k|wif{y .
tRÕ'Tjf xg'dfgfx ð[0f' jIofld b]lj t] ..$@..
tL
dxfefuf o'jtLnfO{ b]v]/ jfg/x¿n] eo / k|Lltn] ltgnfO{ k|0ffd u/] . clg tL
b]jLn] ltgLx¿lt/ x]/]/ elgg\– æltdLx¿ lsg / sxfFaf6 cfPsf xf} < ltdLx¿ s;sf
b"t xf} < tyf d]/f] :yfgnfO{ lsg e|¨ ul//x]sf 5f} <Æ of] ;'g]/ xg'dfg\hLn]
eg]– æx] b]jL ¤ d xh'/;dIf ;a} j[QfGt lgjb]g ub{5', ;'Ù'xf];\– ..$!–$@..
cof]WoflwkltM >Ldfg\ /fhf bz/yM k|e'M .
t:o k'qf] dxfefuf] Ho]©f] /fd Olt >'tM ..$#..
k/d
P]ào{;DkÙ dxf/fh bz/y cof]Wofsf clwklt x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFsf dxfefUozfnL Ho]©
k'q gfd /fdn] ljVoft x'g'x'G5 ..$#..
lkt'/f1f+ k'/:s[To ;efo{M ;fg'hf] jgd\ .
ut:tq Xtf efof{ t:o ;fWjL b'/fTdgf ..$$..
/fj0f]g ttf] /fdM ;'u|Lj+ ;fg'hf] oof} .
;'u|Ljf] ldqefj]g /fd:o lk|ojNnefd\ ..$%..
d[uoWjldlt k|fx ttf] jod'kfutfM .
ttf] jg+ ljlrGjGtf] hfgsL+ hnsfª\lIf0fM ..$^..
k|lj¨f uê/+ 3f]/+ b}jfbq ;dfutfM .
Tj+ jf lsdy{dqfl; sf jf Tj+ jb gM z'e] ..$&..
pxfF
cfÇgf lktfsf] cf1f dfg]/ cfÇgL efof{ / efO;lxt jgdf cfpg'ePsf] lyof] . oxfF
pxfFsL k/d ;fWjL kTgLnfO{ b'/fTdf /fj0fn] x/]/ nUof] . clg pxfF cfÇgf cg'h;lxt
jfg//fh ;'u|Lj eP7fpF cfpg'eof] . ;'u|Ljn] pxfF;Fu ldqefj x'g uPsfn] xfdLnfO{
cf1f lbg'ePsf] 5– ltdLx¿ /fdsL k|f0flk|ofsf] vf]hL u/ . ctM xfdL ToxLFaf6 cfPsf
xf}F . oxfF jgdf hfgsLnfO{ vf]Hb}vf]Hb} xfdLnfO{ hnsf] cfjZostf eof] . o;sf/0f
xfdL o; eoË/ sGb/fdf 3':of}F / b}jof]un] oxfF cfof}F . x] z'e] ¤ xh'/ oxfF s]sf
nflu a:g'x'G5 / sf] x'g'x'G5, of] xfdLnfO{ atfpg'xf];\ .Æ ..$$–$&..
of]lugL r tyf b[¨\jf jfg/fg\ k|fx X¨wLM .
oy]¨+ kmnd"nflg hUWjf kLTjfd[t+ koM ..$*..
cfuR5t ttf] jIo] dd j[QfGtdflbtM .
ty]lt e'STjf kLTjf r X¨f:t] ;j{jfg/fM ..$(..
b]JofM ;dLk+ uTjf t] a4f~hlnk'6fM l:ytfM .
ttM k|fx xg"dGt+ of]lugL lbJobz{gf ..%)..
of]
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æklxn] ltdLx¿ OR5fcg';f/ kmn–d"nflb vfP/ cd[tdo hn kfg u/ . clg kmsL{ d
eP7fpF cfpg", clg d cf/Deb]lv g} ltdLx¿nfO{ cfÇgf] ;a} j[QfGt ;'gfpg]5' .Æ
clg tL jfg/x¿n] ‘a];’ eg]/ oy]¨ kmn–d"nflb vfP/ hn lkP, clg km]l/ k|;ÙlrQ
eO{ tL b]jL eP7fpF cfP/ xft hf]8]/ v8f eP . tTkáft\ tL lbJobz{gf of]lugLn] xg'dfg\nfO{
o;k|sf/ eÙ nflug\– ..$*–%)..
x]df gfd k'/f
lbJo¿lk0fL ljàsd{0fM .
k'qL dx]z+ g[To]g
tf]ifofdf; efldgL ..%!..
æk"j{sfndf
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>Ldxfb]jnfO{ k|;Ù ul/g\ ..%!..
t'¨f] dx]zM k|bbfljb+ lbJok'/+ dxt\ .
cq l:ytf ;f ;'btL jiff{0ffdo'tfo'td\ ..%@..
k|;Ù
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bfFt ePsL ljàsdf{–k'qL xhf/f}F jif{;Dd al;g\ ..%@..
t:of cx+ ;vL lji0f'tTk/f df]Ifsfª\lIf0fL .
gfDgf :joDk|ef lbJouGwj{tgof k'/f ..%#..
uR5GtL a|énf]s+ ;f dfdfx]b+ tká/ .
cq}j lgj;GtL Tj+ ;j{k|fl0fljjlh{t] ..%$..
d
pgsL ;vL lbJo gfds uGwj{sL k'qL x'F . d]/f] gfd :jod\k|ef xf] . dnfO{ df]Ifsf]
OR5f 5 ctM d ;j{bf lji0f' eujfg\sf] pkf;gfdf tTk/ /xG5' . k"j{sfndf ha pgL
a|énf]s hfg tof/ eOg\, pgn] dnfO{ elgg\– ‘ltdLn] ;a} k|sf/sf k|f0fLx¿n] /lxt o;
:yfgd} a;]/ tk:of u/ ..%#–%$..
q]tfo'u] bfz/lye{"Tjf gf/fo0ff]›JooM .
e"ef/x/0ffyf{o ljrl/iolt sfgg] ..%%..
q]tf
o'udf ;fIfft\ cJoo gf/fo0f /fhf bz/ysf] 3/df hGd lnP/ k[YjLsf] ef/ ptfg{sf nflu
jgdf ljr/0f ug'{x'g]5 ..%%..
dfu{Gtf] jfg/f:t:o
efof{dfoflGt t] u'xfd\ .
k"hloTjfy tfg\
gTjf /fd+ :t'Tjf k|oTgtM ..%^..
oftfl; ejg+
lji0ff]of]{luuDo+ ;gftgd\ .
Otf]›x+ uGt'ldR5fld
/fd+ b|¨'+ Tj/flGjtf ..%&..
pxfFsL
efof{nfO{ vf]Hb}vf]Hb} s]xL jfg/ ltd|f] u'kmfdf cfpg]5g\ . pgLx¿nfO{ /fd|f]
lsl;dn] ;Tsf/ u/]/ ltdL /fdrGb|hLsf ;dLk uP/ k|oTgk"j{s jGbgf / :t'lt u/]/
eujfg\ lji0f'sf] lgTo wfd hfg]5f} . ;f] :yfg of]uLx¿sf nflu dfq k|fKt x'g of]Uo
5 .’ d]/L ;vLsf] eljiojf0fL k"/f eof] . ca d t'?Gt} eujfg\ /fdsf] bz{g
ug{sf nflu hfg rfxG5' ..%^–%&..
o"o+ lkbWjdIfLl0f
uldioy alxu{'xfd\ .
ty}j rj|'m:t]
j]ufb\utfM k"j{l:yt+ jgd\ ..%*..
ltdLx¿
ca cfÇgf–cfÇgf cfFvf aGb u/, t'?Gt} u'kmfaflx/ k'luxfNg]5f} .Æ pgLx¿n] o;} u/],
/ t'?Gt} klxn]sf] jgdf k'u] ..
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tq /fd+ ;;'u|Lj+
nId0f+ r bbz{ x ..%(..
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tL of]lugL klg To; u'kmfnfO{ 5f]8]/ tTsfn
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..%(..
s[Tjf k|blIf0f+ /fd+
k|0fDo ax'zM ;'wLM .
cfx ub\ubof jfrf
/f]dfl~rttg"?xf ..^)..
tL
a'l4dtLn] >L/fdrGb|hLnfO{ k|blIf0ff u/]/ pxfFnfO{ af/Daf/ k|0ffd ul/g\ clg
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bf;L tjfx+ /fh]Gb| bz{gfy{ldxfutf .
ax'jif{;x;|fl0f tKt+
d] b'á/+ tkM ..^!..
u'xfof+ bz{gfy{+ t]
kmlnt+ d]›B tQkM .
cB lx Tjf+ gd:ofld
dfofofM k/tM l:ytd\ ..^@..
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alx/Gt/jl:ytd\ .
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dfg'iflju|xM ..^#..
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z}n"if Oj ¿kw[s\ .
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cjtL0ff]{›l; eujg\ sy+
hfgfld tfd;L .
nf]s] hfgft' oM sláQj
tŒj+ /3"Qd ..^%..
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eg]/ hfDajfg\n] ToxfF al;/x]sf xg'dfg\nfO{ eg]– æx] xg'dfg\ ¤ o:tf] dxfg\ sfo{
pkl:yt eP/ klg tkfO{F o;k|sf/ cghfgsf ;dfg r'krfk PsfGtdf lsg al;/xg'ePsf] <
x] dxfjL/ ¤ tkfO{F ;fIfft\ kjgb]jsf k'q x'g'x'G5 / pxfFs} ;dfg k/fj|mdL
x'g'x'G5, cfh cfÇgf] ;fdYo{ b]vfOlbg'xf];\ ..!^–!&..
/fdsfof{y{d]j Tj+
hlgtf]›l; dxfTdgf .
hftdfq]0f t]
k"j{+ b[¨\jf]BGt+ ljefj;'d\ ..!*..
kSj+ kmn+
lh3[IffdLTo'TKn't+ afnr]¨of .
of]hgfgf+ k~rzt+
klttf]›l; ttf] e'lj ..!(..
dxfTdf
jfo'n] /fdsfo{sf nflu g} tkfO{FnfO{ pTkÙ ug'{ePsf] xf] . h'g ;dodf tkfO{Fsf]
hGd eof], To;} ;dodf tkfO{Fn] ;"o{nfO{ pbo x'Fb} u/]sf] b]v]/ ‘of] kfs]sf]
kmnnfO{ l6Kg'knf{’ eÙ] OR5fn] afnnLnfn] g} kfFr ;o of]hg dfly pk|m]/ k[YjLdf
v:g'ePsf] lyof] ..!*–!(..
ct:Tjb\andfxfTDo+ sf]
jf zSgf]lt jl0f{t'd\ .
plQ© s'? /fd:o sfo{+
gM kflx ;'j|t ..@)..
ctM
tkfO{Fsf] ansf] dfxfTDo j0f{g ug{ ;Sg] oxfF sf] 5 / < x] ;'j|t ¤ tkfO{F v8f
x'g'xf];\ / of] /fdsfo{ u/]/ xfdL ;a}sf] /Iff ug'{xf];\ .Æ ..@)..
>'Tjf hfDajtf]
jfSo+ xg"dfgltxlif{tM .
rsf/ gfb+ l;+x:o
a|éf08+ :kmf]6olÙj ..@!..
hfDajfg\sf
oL jrg ;'g]/ xg'dfg\hL clt k|;Ù eP clg pgn] ;d:t a|éf08nfO{ dfgf}F sDkfodfg ub}{
3f]/ l;+xgfb u/] ..@!..
ae"j
kj{tfsf/l:qljj|md Ojfk/M .
nÎloTjf hnlglw+ s[Tjf
nËf+ r e:d;ft\ ..@@..
/fj0f+ ;s'n+
xTjf››g]io] hgsglGbgLd\ .
oåf ab\Wjf un] /HHjf
/fj0f+ jfdkfl0fgf ..@#..
nËf+ ;kj{tf+ w[Tjf /fd:ofu|] lIfkfDoxd\ .
oåf b[¨\j}j of:ofld
hfgsL+ z'enIf0ffd\ ..@$..
lqljj|md
eujfg\sf ;dfg pgL kj{tfsf/ eP, clg eÙ nfu]– æx] jfg/x¿ xf] ¤ d ;d'b|nfO{ gf3]/
nËf e:d ug]{5' clg /fj0fnfO{ p;sf] s'n;lxt df/]/ >LhfgsLhLnfO{ lnP/ cfpg]5'
. cyjf eG5f} eg] /fj0fnfO{ unfdf 8f]/Ln] afFw]/ clg nËfnfO{ lqs"6 kj{t;lxt
afofF xftdf p7fP/ eujfg\ /fdsf ;fd' nu]/ /flvlbpFm < cyjf s]jn z'enIf0ff
hfgsLhLnfO{ e]6]/ g} kmsL{ cfpmF < ..@@–@$..
>'Tjf xg'dtf] jfSo+
hfDajflgbda|jLt\ .
b[¨\j}jfuR5 eb|+ t] hLjGtL+ hfgsL+ z'efd\ ..@%..
xg'dfg\sf
oL jrg ;'g]/ hfDajfg\n] eg]– æx] jL/ ¤ ltd|f] z'e xf];\ . ltdL s]jn z'enIf0ff
hfgsLhLnfO{ hLljt e]6]/ kmsL{ cfpm ..@%..
káfb|fd]0f ;lxtf] bz{loiol; kf}?ifd\ .
sNof0f+ ejtfb\eb| uR5t:t] ljxfo;f ..@^..
clg
/fdrGb|hLsf] ;fydf uP/ cfÇgf] k'?iffy{ b]vfpg" . x] eb| ¤ cfsfzdfu{af6
hfFb} ubf{ ltd|f] sNof0f xf];\ ..@^..
uR5Gt+ /fdsfof{y{+
jfo':Tjfdg'uR5t' .
OTofzLle{M ;dfdGœo
lj;[¨M Knjuflwk}M ..@&..
dx]Gb|flb|lz/f] uTjf
ae"jfb\e'tbz{gM ..@*..
/fd–sfo{sf
nflu hfFbfv]l/ jfo'n] ltd|f] cg'udg u¿g\ .Æ o;k|sf/ cfzLjf{bx¿n] clegGbg ub}{
jfg/–o"ygfyx¿n] labf u/]kl5 xg'dfg\hL dx]Gb|kj{tsf] lzv/df r9] . ToxfF
pgn] cb\e't ¿k wf/0f u/] ..@&–@*..
dxfgu]Gb|k|ltdf] dxfTdf ;'j0f{j0ff]{›?0frf?jSqM .
dxfkm0fLGb|fe;'bL3{afx'jf{tfTdhf]›b[Zot ;j{e"t}M ..@(..
To;a]nf
;d:t k|f0fLx¿nfO{ jfo'k'q dxfTdf xg'dfg\hL ljzfn kj{t/fhsf ;dfg ljzfnsfo, ;'j0f{j0f{
c?0f -afn;"o{_sf em}F dgf]x/ d'v–d08no'Qm / dxfg\ ;k{/fhsf em}F nfdf xftx¿
ePsf b]lvg nfu] ..@(..
Olt
>LdbWofTd/fdfo0f] pdfdx]à/;+jfb] lslisGwfsf08] gjdM ;u{M ..(..
.. ;dfKtldb+ lslisGwfsf08d\ ..
cWofTd/fdfo0f] ;'Gb/sf08d\
k|yd ;u{
xg'dfg\hLsf] ;d'b|f]NnÎg / nËf–k|j]z
>Ldxfb]j pjfr
ztof]hglj:tL0f{+ ;d'b|+ ds/fnod\ .
lnnÎloif'/fgGb;Gbf]xf]
df?tfTdhM ..!..
WofTjf /fd+
k/fTdfgldb+ jrgda|jLt\ .
kZoGt' jfg/fM ;j]{ uR5Gt+
df+ ljxfo;f ..@..
cdf]3+ /fdlgd{'Qm+
dxfaf0fldjflvnfM .
kZofDoB}j /fd:o kTgL+
hgsglGbgLd\ ..#..
>Ldxfb]jhLn]
eÙ'eof]– x] kfj{tL ¤ cfgGb3g >Lxg'dfg\hLn] ;o of]hg;Dd km}lnPsf] / uf]xL
cflb b'¨ hnhGt'n] k"0f{ ;d'b|nfO{ gf£gsf nflu tDtof/ eP/ k/dfTdf /fdsf]
:d/0f ub}{ o;k|sf/ eg]– æx] jfg/u0f ¤ ltdLx¿ ;a} otf x]/ . d eujfg\n]
5f]8\g'x'g] cdf]3 af0fsf em}F cfsfzdfu{ eP/ hfg]5' . d cfh} /fdlk|of hgsglGbgL
>L;LtfhLnfO{ e]6\g]5' ..!–#..
s[tfyf]{›x+
s[tfyf]{›x+ k'gM kZofld /f3jd\ .
k|f0fk|of0f;do] o:o
gfd ;s[T:d/g\ ..$..
g/:tLTjf{
ejfDef]lwdkf/+ oflt tTkbd\ .
ls+ k'g:t:o
b"tf]›x+ tbÍfª\u'lnd'lb|sM ..%..
td]j Xbo] WofTjf
nÎofDoNkjfl/lwd\ .
OTo'STjf xg'dfg\
afx" k|;fof{otjfnlwM ..^..
Ch'u|Ljf]Wj{b[l¨M
;Ùfs'l~rtkbåoM .
blIf0ffled'v:t"0f{+
k'Kn'j]›lgnljj|mdM ..&..
lgáo
g} ca d s[tsfo{ eP/ dfq k'gM >L/3'gfyhLsf] bz{g ug]{5' . k|f0f–k|of0fsf]
;dodf h'g gfd Psk6s :d/0f ugf{n] g} dg'ion] ckf/ ;+;f/–;fu/ kf/ u/]/ pgsf
k/dwfddf k'Ub5, d}n] pg}sf] b"t ag]/ pgs} cͿkL cf}Fnfsf] cf}F7L lnP/
cfÇgf] Xbodf pg}sf] Wofg ub}{ o; t'R5 ;d'b|nfO{ gfl3lbPF eg] of] s'g 7"nf]
s'/f eof] / <Æ o;f] eg]/ >Lxg'dfg\hLn] cfÇgf xft km}nfP / k'R5/nfO{ ;f]emf]
kf/] tyf t'?Gt} 3fF6L ;Lwf Pjd\ b[l¨nfO{ pFef]lt/ kf/L kfp v'DRofP clg
blIf0flt/ d'v kmsf{P/ jfo'j]un] p8fg ;'? u/] ..$–&..
cfsfzfŒjl/t+
b]j}jL{Iodf0ff] hufd ;M .
b[¨\jf›lgn;'t+ b]jf
uR5Gt+ jfo'j]utM ..*..
k/LIf0ffy{+ ;Œj:o
jfg/:o]bda|'jg\ .
uR5To]if dxf;Œjf]
jfg/f] jfo'ljj|mdM ..(..
Toltv]/
pgL b]jtfx¿n] x]bf{x]b}{ cfsfzdfu{ eP/ a8f] tLj|ultn] uO/x]sf lyP . kjgk'q xg'dfg\hLn]
o;/L jfo'j]udf hfFb} b]v]/ b]jtfx¿n] pgsf] ;fdYo{sf] k/LIffsf nflu cfk;df o;f]
eg]– æoL dxfzlQmzfnL jfg/ jfo'sf ;dfg tLj| j]un] hfFb} 5g\ ..*–(..
nËf+ k|j]¨'+ zQmf] jf g jf hfgLdx] and\ .
Pj+ ljrfo{ gfufgf+
dft/+ ;'/;flewfd\ ..!)..
ca|jL2]jtfj[GbM
sf}t"xn;dlGjtM .
uR5 Tj+ jfg/]Gb|:o lsl~rlå£g+ ;dfr/ ..!!..
1fTjf t:o an+ a'l4+
k'g/]lx Tj/flGjtf .
OTo'Qmf ;f oof} zL3|+
xg'dlå£gsf/0fft\ ..!@..
t/
logn] nËfdf k:g ;Sg] x'g\ ls g;Sg] x'g\ yfxf 5}g . ctM logsf] ansf] kQf]
nufpg'kb{5 .Æ k/:k/df o:tf] ljrf/ u/]/ pgLx¿n] s't"xnjz gfudftf ;'/;fnfO{
eg]– æ;'/;] ¤ ltdL clxNo} hfpm / oL jfg/>]©sf] dfu{df s]xL cj/f]w v8f u/ /
logsf] ana'l4 kQf nufP/ t'?Gt} kmsL{ cfpm .Æ b]jtfx¿n] o;f] eg]kl5 pgL t'?Gt} xg'dfg\hLnfO{
lj£g pkl:yt ug{sf nflu uOg\ ..!)–!@..
cfj[To dfu{+ k'/tM
l:yTjf jfg/da|jLt\ .
Plx d] jbg+ zL3|+
k|ljz:j dxfdt] ..!#..
b]j}:Tj+ slNktf] eIoM
If'wf;DkLl8tfTdgM .
tfdfx xg'dfg\ dft/x+
/fd:o zf;gft\ ..!$..
uR5fld hfgsL+ b|¨'+ k'g/fuDo ;Tj/M .
/fdfo s'zn+ t:ofM
syloTjf Tjbfggd\ ..!%..
lgj]Io] b]lx d] dfu{+
;'/;fo} gdf]›:t' t] .
OTo'Qmf k'g/]jfx ;'/;f
If'lwtf:Doxd\ ..!^..
k|ljZo uR5 d] jSq+ gf]
r]Œjf+ eIfofDoxd\ .
OTo'Qmf] xg'dfgfx d'v+
zL3|+ ljbf/o ..!&..
k|ljZo jbg+ t]›B
uR5fld Tj/oflGjtM .
OTo'STjf of]hgfofdb]xf]
e"Tjf k'/M l:ytM ..!*..
pgL
xg'dfg\sf] dfu{df ;fd'Ù] cfO{ v8f eOg\ clg elgg\– æx] dxfdt] ¤ cfpm, tTsfn}
d]/f] d'vdf k|j]z u/, d ef]sn] cfn;tfn; lyPF, ctM b]jtfx¿n] ltdLnfO{ d]/f] eIo
agfPsf x'g\ .Æ of] ;'g]/ xg'dfg\n] ltgnfO{ eg]– æx] dftf ¤ d >L/fdrGb|hLsf]
cf1fn] hfgsLhLnfO{ e]6\gsf nflu uO/x]sf] 5' . ToxfFaf6 tTsfn} kms]{/
>L/3'gfyhLnfO{ pxfFsf] s'zn–;dfrf/ ;'gfP/ clg cfO{ ltd|f] d'vdf k|j]z u¿Fnf
. x] ;'/;] ¤ d ltdLnfO{ k|0ffd ub{5', ltdL d]/f] af6f] 5fl8b]pm .Æ ;'/;fn]
elgg\– ædnfO{ cToGt ef]s nfu]sf] 5 . ctM Psk6s d]/f] d'vdf k|j]z u/ clg km]l/
hfg" . x}g eg] t d ltdLnfO{ hah{:tL vfg]5' .Æ clg xg'dfg\hLn] eg]– æTo;f]
eP 7Ls} 5, ltd|L cfÇgf] d'v vf]lnxfn . d clxNo} ltd|f] d'vdf k;]/ lg:sL t'?Gt}
g} nËftkm{ hfg]5' .Æ o;f] eg]/ xg'dfg\hLn] cfÇgf] z/L/ Ps of]hg nDafO–rf}8fOsf]
agfP/ ;fd'Ù] v8f eP ..!#–!*..
b[¨\jf xg"dtf]
¿k+ ;'/;f k~rof]hgd\ .
d'v+ rsf/ xg'dfg\
låu'0f+ ¿kdfbwt\ ..!(..
xg'dfg\hLsf]
of] ¿k b]v]/ ;'/;fn] cfÇgf] d'v kfFr of]hg km}nfOg\, clg xg'dfg\hLn] cfÇgf]
z/L/ To;eGbf bf]Aa/ agfP ..!(..
ttásf/ ;'/;f of]hgfgf+
r lj+zltd\ .
jSq+ rsf/
xg'df+l:q+zBf]hg;lDdtd\ ..@)..
;'/;fn]
of] b]v]/ cfÇgf] d'v aL; of]hgsf] agfOg\ . xg'dfg\n] cfÇgf] b]x tL; of]hgsf]
agfOlbP ..@)..
ttásf/ ;'/;f
k~rfzBf]hgfotd\ .
jSq+ tbf
xg"df+:t' ae"jfª\u'©;lÙeM ..@!..
k|ljZo jbg+ t:ofM
k'g/]To k'/M l:ytM .
k|lj¨f] lgu{tf]›x+ t]
jbg+ b]lj t] gdM ..@@..
o:tf]
b]vL ;'/;fn] cfÇgf] d'v krf; of]hg km}nfOg\ clg xg'dfg\hL cf}Fnf]hqf] ;fgf]
cfsf/sf eP / tTsfn ltgsf] d'vdf k;]/ aflx/ lgl:sxfn] . clg ltgsf] ;fd'df v8f
eP/ eg]– æx] b]jL d ltd|f] d'vdf k;]/ lg:sL cfPF, ca ltdLnfO{ gd:sf/ 5 .Æ
..@!–@@..
Pj+ jbGt+ b[¨\jf ;f
xg"dGtdyfa|jLt\ .
uR5 ;fwo /fd:o sfo{+
a'l4dtf+ j/ ..@#..
b]j}M ;Dk|]liftfx+ t]
an+ lh1f;'leM sk] .
b[¨\jf ;Ltf+ k'gu{Tjf
/fd+ b|Iol; uR5 ef]M ..@$..
xg'dfg\hLnfO{
o;k|sf/ af]Ng'ePsf] b]v]/ ;'/;fn] elgg\– æx] a'l4dfg\x¿df >]© ¤ hfpm, >L/fdrGb|hLsf]
sfo{ l;4 u/ . x] jfg/ ¤ b]jtfx¿ ltd|f] an hfÙ rfxGy] . ctM pgLx¿n] dnfO{ ltdL
eP7fpF k7fPsf x'g\ . dnfO{ lgáo eof], ltdL ;LtfhLnfO{ e]6]/ kmsL{ em§}
/3'gfyhLsf] bz{g ug{ ;Sg]5f} . ca ltdL hfpm .Æ ..@#–@$..
OTo'STjf ;f oof}
b]jnf]s+ jfo';'tM k'gM .
hufd jfo'dfu]{0f
u?Tdflgj klIf/f6\ ..@%..
o;f]
eg]/ ;'/;f b]jnf]stkm{ nflug\ / >Lxg'dfg\hL km]l/ cfsfzdfu{ eP/ kIfL/fh
u?8sf ;dfg hfg nfu] ..@%..
;d'b|f]›Kofx d}gfs+
dl0fsf~rgkj{td\ .
uR5To]if dxf;Œjf]
xg"dfGdf?tfTdhM ..@^..
/fd:o sfo{l;4Øy{+ t:o
Tj+ ;lrjf] ej .
;u/}j{l4{tf]
o:dfTk'/fx+ ;fu/f]›ejd\ ..@&..
o;}
;dodf ;d'b|n] klg ;'j0f{ / dl0fx¿n] o'Qm d}gfs kj{tnfO{ eg]– æx]/, oL dxfzlQmzfnL
kjgk'q xg'dfg\hL /fd–sfo{sf nflu uO/x]sf 5g\, ltdL pgnfO{ ;xfotf u/ .
k"j{sfndf dnfO{ ;u/k'qx¿n] x'sf{Psf lyP, o;sf/0f dnfO{ ;fu/ elgPsf] xf]
..@^–@&..
t:ofGjo] ae"jf;f}
/fdf] bfz/lyM k|e'M .
t:o sfof{y{l;4Øy{+ uR5To]if
dxfslkM ..@*..
oL
bz/ygGbg eujfg\ /fd pg}sf] j+zdf k|s6 ePsf 5g\ / oL slk/fh pg}sf] sfo{ l;4
ug{sf nflu uO/x]sf 5g\ ..@*..
Tjd'lQ© hnfQ"0f{+
Tjlo lj>Do uR5t' .
; ty]lt
k|fb'/e"HhndWofGdxf]ÙtM ..@(..
gfgfdl0fdo}M ð[Í}:t:of]kl/ g/fs[ltM .
k|fx ofGt+
xg"dGt+ d}gfsf]›x+ dxfsk] ..#)..
;d'b|]0f ;dflb¨:Tjlå>fdfo df?t] .
cfuR5fd[tsNkflg hUWjf
kSjkmnflg d] ..#!..
ltdL
t'?Gt} hnaf6 dfly p7, h;af6 oL ltd|f dfly s]xLa]/ lj>fd u/]/ cufl8 hfpmg\ .Æ
d}gfs kj{tn] ‘a]; eÙ'eof]’ eg]/ t'?Gt} cfÇgf cg]s dl0fdo lzv/x¿;lxt kfgLaf6
dfly w]/} cUnf] eP/ lg:s] . clg tL r'Rrfdfly dg'iofsf/n] l:yt eP/ pgn] hfFb}
u/]sf xg'dfg\hLnfO{ eg]– æx] dxfsk] ¤ d d}gfs x'F . x] df?t] ¤ ;d'b|n]
dnfO{ ltdLnfO{ lj>fd lbg eg]/ cf1f lbPsf 5g\ . cfpm, d]/f oL cd[tt'No kmn
vfpm ..@(–#!..
lj>Dofq If0f+
káfb\uldiol; oyf;'vd\ .
Pjd'Qmf]›y t+ k|fx
xg"dfGdf?tfTdhM ..#@..
s]xLa]/
oxfF lj>fd u/ . To;kl5 km]l/ cfgGbk"j{s hfg" .Æ d}gfsn] o;f]
eg]kl5 kjgk'q xg'dfg\n] hafkm lbP– ..#@..
uR5tf] /fdsfof{y{+
eIf0f+ d] sy+ ej]t\ .
lj>fdf] jf sy+ d] :ofb\uGtJo+
Tjl/t+ dof ..##..
/fd–sfo{sf
nflu hfFb} 5' d, ef]hg cflb s;/L ug{ ;S5' / < clg dnfO{ Psbd l5§} hfg' 5, ctM
lj>fdsf] km';{t klg sxfF 5 / <Æ ..##..
OTo'STjf :k[¨lzv/M
s/fu|]0f oof} slkM .
lsl~rb\b"/+
ut:of:o 5fof+ 5fofu|xf]›u|xLt\ ..#$..
o;f]
eg]/ slk>]© xg'dfg\hL d}gfssf] dfg /fVgsf nflu ltgsf] lzv/nfO{ s]jn cf}Fnfn]
5f]P/ cl3 a9] . pgL clnslt dfq cl3 a9]sf lyP, pgsf] 5fof Ps 5fofu|xn] klj|mlbof]
..#$..
l;+lxsf gfd ;f 3f]/f
hndWo] l:ytf ;bf .
cfsfzufldgf+
5fofdfj|mDofs[io eIfo]t\ ..#%..
Tof]
l;+lxsf gfdsL Ps 3f]/ /fIf;L lyO{ . pm ;bf hndf /x]/ cfsfzdf uO/x]sf hLjx¿sf]
5fof kj|m]/ ltgnfO{ tfGbyL / vfg] ub{yL ..#%..
tof u[xLtf]
xg'df+láGtofdf; jLo{jfg\ .
s]g]b+ d] s[t+
j]u/f]wg+ lj£gsfl/0ff ..#^..
b[Zot] g}j sf]›Koq
lj:dof] d] k|hfot] .
Pj+ ljlrGTo xg'dfgwf]
b[l¨+ k|;f/ot\ ..#&..
tq b[¨\jf dxfsfof+
l;+lxsf+ 3f]/¿lk0fLd\ .
kkft ;lnn] t"0f{+
kb\Eofd]jfxgb|'iff ..#*..
To;n]
kj|m]kl5 dxfk/fj|mdL >L xg'dfg\hL ;f]Rg nfu]– æd]/f] j]u /f]Sg] o:tf] s'g
lj£gsf/s 5 < oxfF sf]xL b]lvFb} klg 5}g, o;n] ubf{ dnfO{ 7"nf] cfáo{
eO/x]sf] 5 .Æ o:tf] ;f]Rt};f]Rt} pgn] cfÇgf] b[l¨ tn kmØfFs] . ToxfF Psbd
ljs/fn ¿k / :y"n z/L/ ePsL l;+lxsf /fIf;L b]vf k/L . p;nfO{ b]Vgf;fy pgL
t'?Gt} hndf kmfn xfg] / Psbd l/;n] To;nfO{ nft xfg]/ dfl/lbP ..#^–#*..
k'g?TKn'To
xg"dfg\ blIf0ffled'vf] oof} .
ttf] blIf0fdf;fB
s"n+ gfgfkmnb|'dd\ ..#(..
tTkáft\
xg'dfg\hL km]l/ pk|m]/ blIf0ftkm{ hfg nfu] . clg ;d'b|sf] blIf0fL t6df k'u], hxfF
gfgf k|sf/sf kmno'Qm j[If nfu]sf lyP ..#(..
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1ft'+ /fd:o Xb\utd\ .
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eP/ dnfO{ pxfFx¿sf] cfzo a'‰gsf nflu k7fP . clg d a|érf/Lsf] j]if agfP/
/fdhLsf] glhs cfPF ..@&–@*..
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;'u|Lj:o Xtf efof{
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;'u|Lj+ jfg/f0ff+ ;
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;'u|LjsL
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jfg/x¿sf] /fHokbdf clelifQm ul/lbg'eof] . clg ;'u|Ljn] xh'/sf] vf]hLsf nflu
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cfÇgf]
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eg]/ pxfFn] cfÇgf] cf}Fnfaf6 lems]/ Tof] cf}F7L dnfO{ lbg'eof] . d}n] Tof]
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..#%..
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hf]8]/ clns k/} v8f /lx/x] ..#^..
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k"0f{ ljàf; 5 ..#*..
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dd b'Mvflbs+ Tjof ..#(..
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hfot] bof .
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¤ ca d]/f] k|f0f c¿ b'O{ dlxgf dfq /xg]5 ..|$)..
gfuldiolt r]b|fdf] eIfloiolt df+ vnM .
ctM zL3|+ skLGb|]0f ;'u|Lj]0f ;dlGjtM ..$!..
jfg/fgLsk}M ;fw{+ xTjf
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tQ:o ;b[z+ jLo{+ jL/
j0f{o jl0f{td\ .
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tyf ot:j xg'dg\ jfrf
wd{djfKg'lx .
xg'dfglk tfdfx b]lj
b[¨f] oyf dof ..$$..
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zL3|dfuldiolt ;fo'wM .
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xg"dfgfx d]
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jfg/]à/M .
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/Iff}3f+:TjTs[t] gfq ;+zoM .
cg'1f+ b]lx d] b]lj
uR5fld Tj/oflGjtM ..$(..
b|¨'+ /fd+ ;x e|fqf Tj/ofld tjflGtsd\ .
b]lj lsl~rble1fg+ b]lx
d] o]g /f3jM ..%)..
ljà;]Gdf+ k|oTg]g ttf]
uGtf ;d'T;'sM .
ttM lsl~rlårfof{y ;Ltf
sdnnf]rgf ..%!..
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cg]g ljà;]b|fd:Tjf+ skLGb| ;nId0fM ..%@..
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jfg//fh ;'u|Lj;lxt cGo jfg/ o"ykltx¿nfO{ lnP/ t'?Gt} /fj0fnfO{ k'q /
;]gf;lxt ;ª\u|fddf df/]/ dnfO{ 5'6fpg'eof] eg] dfq pxfFsf] of] k'?iffy{
rrf{of]Uo x'g]5 . clgdfq ltdLn] oxfF j0f{g u/]em}F k'?iffy{sf] j0f{g ug"{
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/fj0fnfO{ ank"j{s df/]/ xh'/nfO{ cof]Wof nUg'x'g]5 . x] b]jL ¤ o;df s'g}
k|sf/sf] ;+zo 5}g .Æ
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t'?Gt} cg'h;lxt eujfg\ >L/fdsf] bz{g ug{sf nflu hfG5' / pxfFnfO{ t'?Gt
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pT;'stfk"j{s pxfFsf ;dIf hfg]5' .Æ
clg
sdnnf]rgf ;LtfhLn] s]xL ;f]rljrf/ u/]/ cfÇgf] s]zkfzdf l:yt r"8fdl0f
lgsfNg'eof] / Tof] xg'dfg\hLnfO{ lbP/ eÙ'eof]– æx] slkj/ ¤ o;af6 eujfg\ /fd /
nId0fn] ltdLnfO{ ljàf; ug'{x'g]5 ..$!–%@..
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tj ;'j|t .
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b[¨\jf kfb+ s[tj|0fd\ .
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..%%..
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k'/tf]›kZoåfo;+ df+ k'gM k'gM .
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e|dg\ k'gM .
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kfbof]/u|]›ktb\eLTof boflgw]M .
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b]v]kl5 >L/fdrGb|hLn] p;nfO{ eÙ'eof]– ..%&–%(..
cdf]3d]tb:q+ d] bTj}sfIfldtf]
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kf}?ifjfglk ..^)..
pk]Ift] lsdy{+
dfldbfgL+ ;f]›lk /f3jM .
xg"dfglk tfdfx
>'Tjf ;Ltfg'efliftd\ ..^!..
b]lj Tjf+ olb hfgflt
l:ytfdq /3"QdM .
sl/iolt If0ffb\e:d nËf+ /fIf;dl08tfd\ ..^@..
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of] c:q cdf]3 -slxNo} v]/ ghfg]_ vfnsf] xf] . ctM tF cfÇgf] Pp6f cfFvf] dfq
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e:d ul/lbg'x'g]5 .Æ ..^)–^@..
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Tj+ of]T:o;]›;'/}M .
clt;"Idjk'M ;j]{
jfg/fá ejfb[zfM ..^#..
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k"j{¿kdbz{ot\ .
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k|fx t+ slks'~h/d\ ..^%..
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slk>]©nfO{ eÙ nfUg'eof]– ..^%..
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dfu{ sNof0fdo xf];\ ..^^..
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bz{gfTkf/0f+ dd .
eljiolt kmn}M ;j}{:tj
b[¨f} l:yt}lx{ d] ..^&..
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kbfy{_ ug]{ OR5f ePsf] 5 .Æ ..^&..
ty]To'QmM ; hfgSof
eIfloTjf kmn+ slkM .
ttM
k|:yflktf]›uR5HhfgsL+ k|l0fkTo ;M .
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sfof{y{dfutf]
b"tM :jfldsfof{lj/f]wtM .
cGolTsl~rb;DkfB
uR5Towd Pj ;M ..^(..
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b"t cfÇgf :jfdLsf] sfo{sf nflu cfP/ To;df s'g} k|sf/sf] lj£g gkfg]{ vfnsf]
s'g} sfo{ gu/L To;} kmsL{ hfG5, Tof] cwd g} xf] ..^(..
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bz{gfy{ hfpFnf .Æ ..&)..
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j[Ifv08fg\ dxfanM .
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lgj{[Iffds/f]TIf0fft\ ..&!..
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j[IfxLg agfOlbP ..&!..
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jg+ z"Go+ rsf/ ;M .
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b[¨\jf /fIf;of]liftM ..&@..
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jfg/fs[lt?b\e6M ..&#..
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s] hfg"F < ..&$..
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xg"dtf s[t+ ;j{+
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st'{t ;'gfP ..&%..
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jfg/fs[ltb]xe[t\ .
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pTkf6Ø r}Tok|f;fb+
ae~hfldtljj|mdM ..&^..
k|f;fb/lIf0fM ;jf{g\
xTjf tq}j tl:yjfg\ .
tRÕ'Tjf
t"0f{d'Tyfo jgeÍ+ dxf›lk|od\ ..&&..
lsË/fg\ k|]ifofdf; lgo't+ /fIf;flwkM .
lgeUgr}Tok|f;fbk|ydfGt/;+l:ytM
..&*..
xg'dfg\ kj{tfsf/f]
nf]x:tDes[tfo'wM .
lsl~rNnfª\u"nrngf]
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pgLx¿
eÙ nfu]– æx] b]j ¤ Ps 7"nf] k/fj|mdL jfg/fsf/ k|f0fLn] ;LtfhL;Fu ;Defif0f
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.
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s]g jf s0f{kLo'if+
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s'? s[kflGjtM ..%%..
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b'Mv]g dxtf››j[tM .
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k/dfTdf ;gftgM .
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;lGt lrbfTdlg .
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b]x:o lrbfTdgM ..%@..
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cljgfzL eujfg\ /fdsf] t s] s'/f ef] / < b'Mv, xif{, eo, j|mf]w, nf]e, df]x /
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a'4]/]j g ;+zoM ..%#..
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. ctM o;df ;+zo 5}g, oL b'Mvflb ;a} a'l4s} wd{ x'g\ ..%#..
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k'/f0ff]
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lg/LxM .
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;'vL of b'MvLh:tf b]lvg'x'G5 .
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–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
låtLo ;u{
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/fj0f eP7fpF cfP/ /xg yfn] . o; ;do /fj0fsf] b"t¿kn] nId0f;lxt eujfg\
/fdsf] bz{g u/]kl5 tyf /fj0fnfO{ tŒj1fgsf] pkb]z lbPkl5 pgL t'?Gt} k"j{jt\
a|fé0f–z/L/ eP/ jfgk|:yx¿sf ;fydf /xg nfu] ..@!–@$..
ttM ;dfudb\j[4f]
dfNojfg\ /fIf;f] dxfg\ .
a'l4dfÙLltlgk'0ff]
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z's
uPkl5 /fhf /fj0fsL dftfsf] lk|o lktf clt a'l4dfg\ / gLltlgk'0f j[4 /fIf;
dfNojfg\ ToxfF cfof] ..@%..
k|fx t+ /fIf;+ jL/+
k|zfGt]gfGt/fTdgf .
ð[0f' /fhg\ jrf] d]›B >'Tjf s'? oy]lK;td\ ..@^..
p;n]
zfGtlrQn] /fIf;jL/ /fj0fnfO{ eGof]– æx] /fhg\ ¤ d]/f] k|fy{gf ;'Ù'xf];\, clg
cfÇgf] h:tf] OR5f x'G5 ;f]xL ug'{xf]nf ..@^..
obf k|lj¨f gu/L+ hfgsL
/fdjNnef .
tbflb k'of{+ b[ZoGt]
lgldQflg bzfgg ..@&..
3f]/fl0f
gfzx]t"lg tflg d] jbtM ð[0f' .
v/:tlgtlg3f]{iff d]3f
clteoË/fM ..@*..
zf]l0ft]gflejif{lGt nËfd'i0f]g ;j{bf .
?blGt b]jlnÍflg l:jBlGt
k|rnlGt r ..@(..
x]
bzfgg ¤ hab]lv gu/df /fd–efof{ hfgsLsf] k|j]z eof], To;} a]nfb]lv oxfF eoË/
gfzsf/L x]t'x¿ -sf/0fx¿_ b]lvO/x]sf 5g\, To;sf/0f d
xh'/nfO{ atfpFb5', ;'Ù'xf];\– clt eoË/ d]3u0f tLI0f cfjfhdf ulh{/x]sf 5g\ clg
;j{bf nËfdfly tftf]–tftf] /utsf] jiff{ u5{g\ . b]jd"lt{x¿ ?G5g\, ltgsf
z/L/df kl;gf cfpF5 / tL cfÇgf] :yfgaf6 v:g] u5{g\ ..@&–@(..
sflnsf kf08'/}b{Gt}M
k|x;Tou|tM l:ytf .
v/f uf]if' k|hfoGt]
d"ifsf gs'n}M ;x ..#)..
dfhf{/]0f t' o'4ØlGt
kÙuf u?8]g t' .
s/fnf] ljs6f] d'08M
k'?ifM s[i0flkÍnM ..#!..
sfnf] u[xfl0f ;j]{iff+
sfn] sfn] Tjj]Ift] .
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lgldQfGo'b\ejlGt r ..#@..
sflnsf
b]jLx¿ /fIf;x¿sf cufl8 cfÇgf kx]Fnf bfFt lgsfn]/ xfF:5g\, ufO{x¿af6 uwf pTkÙ
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ctM s'n:o /Iffy{+
zflGt+ s'? bzfgg .
;Ltf+ ;Ts[To ;wgf+
/fdfofz' k|oR5 ef]M ..##..
ctM
x] b;–lz/ ¤ cfÇgf] s'nsf] /Iffsf nflu logsf] zflGtz'l4 ug'{xf];\, / t'?Gt}
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/fd+ gf/fo0f+ ljl4
ljå]if+ Toh /f3j] .
oTkfbkf]tdfl>To
1flggf] ej;fu/d\ ..#$..
t/lGt
elQmk"tfGtf:ttf] /fdf] g dfg'ifM .
eh:j elQmefj]g /fd+
;j{Xbfnod\ ..#%..
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xh'/n] ;fIfft\ gf/fo0f g} x'g'x'G5 eÙ] a'‰g'xf];\ . o;sf nflu pxfF;Fu å]ifefj
5f]8\g'xf];\ . oL /3'gfyhLsf r/0fsdn¿k gf}sfsf] cf>o lnP/ elQmn] kljq
cGtMs/0f ePsf of]uLhgx¿ ;+;f/–;fu/af6 kf/ eP/ hfG5g\ . ctM oL s'g} ;fwf/0f
k'?if xf]Ogg\ . oL ;a}sf cGtMs/0fx¿df lj/fhdfg 5g\, xh'/n] elQmefjk"j{s
/3'gfyhLs} ehg ug'{xf];\ ..#$–#%..
oBlk Tj+ b'/frf/f]
eSTof k"tf] eljiol; .
dåfSo+ s'? /fh]Gb| s'nsf}znx]tj] ..#^..
xh'/sf]
cfr/0f /fd|f] t 5}g, tyflk pxfFsf] elQmn] xh'/ kljq x'g'x'g]5 . x] /fh]Gb| ¤
cfÇgf] s'nsf] s'zntfsf nflu d]/f oL jrg dfÙ'xf];\ .Æ ..#^..
tQ' dfNojtf] jfSo+
lxtd'Qm+ bzfggM .
g dif{olt b'¨fTdf
sfn:o jzdfutM ..#&..
t/
dfNojfg\sf oL lxtsf/L jfSo b'¨lrQ /fj0fnfO{ ;xg ePg, lsgls pm sfnsf] jzLe"t
eO/x]sf] lyof] ..#&..
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zfvfd[uf>od\ .
;dy{+ dGo;] s]g xLg+
lkqf d'lglk|od\ ..#*..
p;n]
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s]jn jgjf;L d'lghgx¿sf] dfq Kof/f] 5 ..#*..
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g"g+ efif;] Tjdgu{nd\ .
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;f]9+ ;j{+ Tjof]lbtd\ ..#(..
ltdLnfO{
/fdn] k7fPsf] h:tf] nfU5, ToxL eP/ ltdL o:tf p6k6Øfª s'/f eG5f} . hfpm, ltdL
a"9f eof}, cfÇgf] gftf;DaGwsf k¥of}, To;}n] dfq d}n] ltd|f ;a} s'/f
;lxlbPF ..#(..
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bxTo]tår:tj .
OTo'STjf ;j{;lrj}M
;lxtM k|l:yt:tbf ..$)..
t/
ca ltd|f jrgn] d]/f sfg kf]Ng yfn] .Æ o;f] eg]/ pm cfÇgf ;d:t dGqLx¿;lxt
ToxfFaf6 lxF8Øf] ..$)..
k|f;fbfu|] ;df;LgM
kZog\ jfg/;}lgsfg\ .
o'4fofof]hoT;j{/fIf;fg\
;d'kl:ytfg\ ..$!..
clg
cfÇgf] /fhejgsf] ;a}eGbf dflyNnf] tnfdf a;]/ jfg/ ;}lgsx¿nfO{ x]b}{ cfÇgf]
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nId0f]g ;dfXtd\ .
b[¨\jf /fj0fdf;Lg+ sf]k]g
sn'ifLs[tM ..$@..
otf
/fdrGb|hLn] /fj0fnfO{ al;/x]sf] b]v]/ l/;n] clt cft'/ eO{ nId0fhLn] NofPsf]
wg'if p7fpg'eof] ..$@..
ls/Ll6g+ ;df;Lg+
dlGqleM kl/j]l¨td\ .
zzfËfw{lge]g}j af0f]g}s]g /f3jM ..$#..
à]tR5q;x;|fl0f
ls/L6bzs+ tyf .
lrR5]b lgldiffw]{g tbb\e'tldjfejt\
..$$..
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lz/df d's'6 wf/0f u/]/ cfÇgf cg]sf}F dGqLx¿n] 3]l/P/ a;]sf] lyof], /fdn] cfwf
lgd]ifd} Ps cw{rGb|fsf/ af0fn] p;sf xhf/f}F à]t 5q / b;} d's'6 sfl6lbg'eof] .
of] a8f] cfáo{em}F eof] ..$#–$$..
nlHhtf]
/fj0f:t"0f{+ ljj]z ejg+ :jsd\ .
cfx"o /fIf;fg\
;jf{g\ k|x:tk|d'vfg\ vnM ..$%..
jfg/}M ;x o'4fo
gf]bofdf; ;Tj/M .
ttf] e]/Ld[bÍfB}M
k0fjfgsuf]d'v}M ..$^..
dlxiff]¨«}M v/}M
l;+x}å{LlkleM s[tjfxgfM .
v8\uz"nwg'Mkfzol¨tf]d/zlQmleM
..$&..
nlIftfM ;j{tf] nËf+ k|ltåf/d'kfoo'M .
tTk"j{d]j /fd]0f
gf]lbtf jfg/if{efM ..$*..
o;af6
nlHht eP/ /fj0f t'?Gt} cfÇgf] 3/df k:of], clg To; b'¨n] tTsfn k|x:t cflb
d'Vod'Vo /fIf;x¿nfO{ af]nfP/ jfg/x¿sf ;fy o'4 ug]{ cf1f lbof] .
clg
/fIf;x¿ e]/L, d[bÍ, k0fj, cfgs / uf]d'v cflb afhf ahfpFb} e}F;L, pF6, uwf, l;+x
/ xfQLdf r9]/ v8\u, z"n, wg'if, kfz, ol¨ -nf7L_, tf]d/ / zlQm cflb
z:q–c:qx¿n] ;';lHht eP/ nËfsf k|To]s åf/df cfOk'u] . eujfg\ /fdn] jfg/x¿nfO{
klxNo} cf1f lbg'ePsf] lyof] ..$%–$*..
pBDo lul/ð[Ífl0f lzv/fl0f dxflGt r .
t¿+áf]Tkf6Ø ljljwfg\
o'4fo xl/o"ykfM ..$(..
k|]Ifdf0ff /fj0f:o
tfGogLsflg efuzM .
/f3jlk|osfdfy{+ nËfdf??x':tbf ..%)..
ctM
tL kj{tsf lznfx¿ tyf a8]a8] lzv/df r9]/ clg gfgf k|sf/sf j[If pv]n]/ o'4sf nflu
lxF8], clg /fj0fsf tL k[ys\–k[ys\ ;]gf b]v]/ /3'gfyhLsf] lk|o sfo{ ug{sf nflu
nËfdf r9] ..$(–%)..
t] b|'d}M kj{tfu|}á d'l¨leá KnjÍdfM .
ttM ;x;|o"yfá
sf]l6o"yfá o"ykfM ..%!..
sf]6Lzto'tfáfGo]
??w'g{u/+ e[zd\ .
cfKnjGtM KnjGtá uh{Gtá
KnjÍdfM ..%@..
tLdWo]
sf]xL ;x;| o"yklt, sf]xL sf]l6–o"yklt clg sf]xL ztsf]l6 o"ygfos
lyP . tL jfg/x¿n] pk|mFb}–bf}l8Fb} / ulh{Fb} j[If, kj{t–lzv/ clg d'¶L prfn]/
gu/nfO{ ;a}lt/af6 3]/] ..%!–%@..
/fdf] hoToltanf]
nId0fá dxfanM .
/fhf holt ;'u|Ljf]
/f3j]0ffg'kflntM ..%#..
OTo]j+ 3f]ifoGtá ;d+
o'o'lw/]›l/leM .
xg"dfgÍbá}j
s'd'bf] gLn Pj r ..%$..
gná z/eá}j d}Gbf]
låljb Pj r .
hfDajfg\ blwjSqá s];/L
tf/ Pj r ..%%..
cGo] r alngM ;j]{
o"ykfá KnjÍdfM .
åf/f0o'TKn'To nËfofM ;j{tf] ??w'e{[zd\ .
tbf j[If}d{xfsfofM kj{tfu|}á
jfg/fM ..%^..
lgh£g':tflg /Iff+l;
gv}b{Gt}á j]lutfM .
/fIf;fá tbf eLdf
åf/]EoM ;j{tf] ?iff ..%&..
lgu{To lelGbkfn}á
v8\u}M z"n}M k/àw}M .
lgh£g'jf{g/fgLs+
dxfsfof dxfanfM ..%*..
‘dxfanL
/fd / jL/j/ nId0fsf] ho xf];\, /3'gfyLaf6 ;'/lIft /fhf ;'u|Ljsf] ho xf];\’ h:tf
zAb ub}{ pgLx¿ zq'x¿;Fu n8\g nfu] . xg'dfg\, cÍb, s'd'b, gLn, gn, z/e, d}Gb, låljb,
hfDajfg\, blwd'v, s];/L, tf/ tyf cGo ;d:t anjfg\ jfg/ / o"ykltx¿n]
pk|mLpk|mL nËfsf ;a} åf/x¿nfO{ rf/}lt/af6 3]/] . clg tL dxfsfo jfg/u0f j[If, kj{tlzv/
/ gª tyf bfFtx¿n] clt j]uk"j{s tL /fIf;x¿nfO{ dfg{ nfu] . clg dxfeofgs /
a8]a8] hLpHofg ePsf dxfanL /fIf;u0f klg clt /f]ifk"j{s ;a} åf/x¿af6 lg:s]/
lelGbkfn, v8\u, z"n / k/z' cflb ljljw z:q–c:qx¿n] jfg/–;]gfdfly k|xf/ ug{
nfu] ..%#–%*..
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h£g'jf{g/f lhtsflzgM .
tbf ae"j ;d/f]
df+;zf]l0ftsb{dM ..%(..
/If;f+ jfg/f0ff+ r
;Dae"jfb\e'tf]kdM .
t] xo}á uh}á}j /y}M
sf~rg;lÙe}M ..^)..
/Iff]Jof3|f o'o'lw/]
gfboGtf] lbzf] bz .
/fIf;fá skLGb|fá k/:k/ho}lif0fM ..^!..
o;/L
ljhoL jfg/jL/x¿ /fIf;x¿nfO{ dfg{ nfu] . Toltv]/ ToxfF /fIf; / jfg/x¿sf] ljlrq
o'4 5]l8of], h;af6 To; /0fe"lddf /ut / df;'sf] uhuh lxnf] eof] . jL/
/fIf;s];/L 3f]8f, xfQL / ;'j0f{do /yx¿df r9]/ cfÇgf zAbn] b;} lbzfx¿nfO{
u'~hfodfg ub}{ nl8/x]sf lyP, clg /fIf; tyf jfg/ b'j} k/:k/ Ps–csf{nfO{ lhTg x/–k|oTgdf
lyP ..%(–^!..
/fIf;fg\ jfg/f
h£g'jf{g/f+á}j /fIf;fM .
/fd]0f lji0f'gf b[¨f
x/of] lbljhf+zhfM ..^@..
ae"j'a{lngf]
X¨f:tbf kLtfd[tf Oj .
;Ltfledz{kfk]g
/fj0f]gflekflntfg\ ..^#..
xt>Lsfg\ xtanfg\
/fIf;fg\ h£g'/f]h;f .
rt'yf{+zfjz]if]0f
lgxt+ /fIf;+ and\ ..^$..
jfg/u0f
/fIf;x¿nfO{ clg /fIf;x¿ jfg/x¿nfO{ xfÙ nfu] . lji0f'¿k eujfg\ /fdsf] b[l¨
kgf{n] b]jtfx¿sf] c+zaf6 pTkÙ ePsf jfg/u0f Psbd k|an eP . ;LtfhLnfO{
x/0f ubf{sf] ;do :kz{ ugf{sf sf/0fn] dxfkfkL ePsf] /fj0fåf/f kflnt lg:t]h /
anxLg /fIf;x¿nfO{ tL jfg/u0fn] cd[tkfg u/]/ em}F clt xif{n] pT;fxk"j{s dfg{
nfu] . la:tf/}–la:tf/} /fIf;x¿sf] ;]gf g¨ x'Fb} uP/ s]jn Ps rf}yfO{ /èf]
..^@–^$..
:j;}Go+ lgxt+ b[¨\jf
d]3gfbf]›y b'¨wLM .
a|ébQj/M
>LdfgGtwf{g+ utf]›;'/M ..^%..
cfÇgf]
;]gfnfO{ g¨ x'Fb} u/]sf] b]v]/ a|éfhLsf j/af6 >L;DkÙ ePsf] b'¨a'l4 /fIf;
d]3gfb cGtwf{g eof] ..^%..
;jf{:qs'znf] Jof]lDg
a|éf:q]0f ;dGttM .
gfgfljwflg z:qfl0f
jfg/fgLsdb{og\ ..^^..
jjif{ z/hfnflg
tbb\e'tldjfejt\ .
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a|féd:qd:qljbf+ j/M ..^&..
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t"i0fLd'jf;fy bbz{ kltt+ and\ .
jfg/f0ff+
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jfg/–;]gfnfO{ ;+xf/ ub}{ ;a}lt/ gfgf k|sf/sf z:q / af0fx¿ a;f{pg nfUof] . of]
a8f] cfáo{em}F x'g nfUof] . c:qj]Qfx¿df >]© /fdn] klg a|éf:qsf] dfg /fVgsf
nflu Ps If0f;Dd r'krfk jfg/ ;]gfsf] ktg x]l//xg'eof] . cGTodf pxfF j|mf]wn]
clUgsf ;dfg k|Hjlnt eP/ p7\g'eof] ..^^–^*..
rfkdfgo ;f}ldq]
a|éf:q]0ff;'/+ If0fft\ .
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clg
eÙ'eof]– ænId0f ¤ d]/f] wg'if Nofpm t, d Ps} If0fdf o; b'¨ bfgjnfO{ a|éf:qn]
e:d ul/lbG5' . x] /3'>]© ¤ cfh ltdL d]/f] k/fj|md x]/ .Æ ..^(..
d]3gfbf]›lk tRÕ'Tjf
/fdjfSodtlGb|tM .
t"0f{+ hufd gu/+
dfoof dflosf]›;'/M ..&)..
d]3gfb
klg Psbd xf]l;of/ lyof], /fdrGb|hLsf oL jfSo ;'Ùf;fy Tof] dxfdfofjL b}To
dfofk"j{s t'?Gt} cfÇgf] gu/df uof] ..&)..
kltt+ jfg/fgLs+ b[¨\jf
/fdf]›ltb'MlvtM .
pjfr df?lt+ zL3|+ uTjf
IfL/dxf]blwd\ ..&!..
tq b|f]0flul/gf{d lbJof}iflw;d'b\ejM .
tdfgo b|'t+ uTjf ;~hLjo dxfdt] ..&@..
jfg/f}3fg\ dxf;Œjfg\
sLlt{:t] ;'l:y/f ej]t\ .
cf1fk|df0fldTo'STjf
hufdflgngGbgM ..&#..
jfg/;]gf
g¨ ePsf] b]v]/ >L/fdrGb|hL clt b'Mlvt eP/ xg'dfg\hLnfO{ eÙ'eof]– æxg'dfg\ ¤
ltdL t'?Gt} IfL/;fu/df hfpm . ToxfF b|f]0ffrn gfdsf] kj{t 5, h;df gfgf k|sf/sf
lbJo cf}iflwx¿ pTkÙ x'G5g\ . x] dxfdt] ¤ ltdL l5§} uP/ To; kj{tnfO{ lnP/ cfpm
clg oL dxfk/fj|mdL jfg/–o"ykltx¿nfO{ hLljt kf/ . o;n] ltd|f] sLlt{ cljrn
x'g]5 .Æ of] ;'g]/ kjgs'df/ ‘hf] cf1f’ eGb} ptf nfu] ..&!–&#..
cfgLo r lul/+ ;jf{g\
jfg/fg\ jfg/if{eM .
hLjloTjf k'g:tq
:yfkloTjf››oof} b|'td\ ..&$..
clg
t'?Gt} To; kj{tnfO{ NofP/ To;sf cf}iflwx¿n] ;d:t jfg/x¿nfO{ k'ghL{ljt u/]/ To;
kxf8nfO{ km]l/ pxLF /fv]/ cfP ..&$..
k"j{jb\e}/j+ gfb+
jfg/f0ff+ anf}3tM .
>'Tjf lj:dodfkÙf]
/fj0ff] jfSoda|jLt\ ..&%..
Toltv]/
jfg/–;]gfsf] km]l/ k"j{jt\ eofgs zAb ;'g]/ /fj0f clt ljl:dt eO{ eÙ nfUof]–
.&%..
/f3jf] d] dxfg\ zq'M
k|fKtf] b]jljlgld{tM .
xGt'+ t+ ;d/] zL3|+
uR5Gt' dd o"ykfM ..&^..
dlGq0ff] afGwjfM
z"/f o] r dlTk|osfª\lIf0fM .
;j]{ uR5Gt' o'4fo
Tjl/t+ dd zf;gft\ ..&&..
æb]jtfx¿n]
k|s6 u/]sf] of] d]/f] dxfg\ zq' /fd cfPsf] 5 . o;nfO{ o'4df dfg{sf nflu d]/f
;]gfklt, dGqL, aGw'–afGwj tyf c¿ klg hf] z"/jL/ d]/f] lxt rfxG5f}, ;a}n]
d]/f] cf1f dfg]/ t'?Gt} hfg" ..&^–&&..
o] g uR5lGt o'4fo
eL/jM k|f0fljKnjft\ .
tfg\ xlgiofDox+ ;jf{g\
dR5f;gk/fª\d'vfg\ ..&*..
hf]
8/kf]s cfÇgf] k|f0fsf] eon] o'4 ug{ hfFb}g, d]/f] cf1f gdfÙ] tL ;a}nfO{ d
dfl/lbg]5' .Æ ..&*..
tRÕ'Tjf eo;Gq:tf
lgh{Ud" /0fsf]ljbfM .
cltsfoM k|x:tá
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.
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d}lynL+ dft/+ oyf ..&#..
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tf+ /3'gGbgM .
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t"i0fLdl/GbdM .
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;j{tM kft' kfjsM .
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ljj]z Hjng+ bLKt+
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/Tgls/L6wf/L, ;"o{sf ;dfg t]h:jL eujfg\ /fdnfO{ d k|0ffd ub{5' ..!!..
dfoftLt+ dfwjdfB+
hubflb+
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d'lgjGBd\ .
of]luWo]o+ of]uljwfg+
kl/k"0f{+
jGb] /fd+ /l~htnf]s+
/d0fLod\ ..!@..
hf]
dfofaf6 k/, nIdLsf klt, ;a}sf cflbsf/0f, hut\sf] pTklQ–:yfg, k|ToIfflb
k|df0fx¿af6 k/, df]xsf] gfz ug]{, d'lghgx¿af6 jGbgLo, of]uLx¿af6 Wofg ug{ of]Uo,
of]udfu{sf k|jt{s, ;j{q kl/k"0f{ clg ;Dk"0f{ ;+;f/nfO{ cfglGbt ug]{
x'g'x'G5, To:tf k/d ;'Gb/ eujfg\ /fdnfO{ d k|0ffd ub{5' ..!@..
efjfefjk|TooxLg+
ejd'Vo}–
of]{uf;Qm}/lr{tkfbfDa'ho'Udd\
.
lgTo+ z'4+ a'4dgGt+
k|0fjfVo+
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jL/dz]iff;'/bfjd\ ..!#..
hf]
efj / cefj¿k b'j} k|sf/sf k|tLltx¿af6 /lxt x'g'x'G5, tyf h;sf o'unr/0fsdnx¿sf]
of]uk/fo0f zË/ cflb k"hg ub{5g\ / hf] lgTo, z'4, a'4 / cgGt x'g'x'G5, ;Dk"0f{
bfgjx¿sf nflu bfjfgnsf ;dfg pg} çsf/–gfds jL/j/ /fdnfO{ d k|0ffd ub{5' ..!#..
Tj+ d] gfyf]
gflytsfof{lvnsf/L
dfgftLtf]
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eSTof uDof] efljt¿kf]
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of]ufEof;}ef{ljtr]tM;xrf/L
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k"0f{ ug]{ x'g'x'G5, xh'/ b]z–sfnflb dfg -kl/df0f_n] /lxt, gf/fo0f:j¿k, clvn
ljànfO{ wf/0f ug]{ x'g'ePsf, elQmn] k|fKo, cfÇgf] :j¿ksf] Wofg ubf{ ;+;f/–eonfO{
b"/ ul/lbg'x'g] x'g'x'G5 tyf of]ufEof;n] z'4 ePsf lrQdf ljxf/ ug]{
ug'{x'G5 ..!$..
TjfdfBGt+ nf]sttLgf+
k/dLz+
nf]sfgf+ gf]
nf}lssdfg}/lwuDod\ .
elQm>4fefj;d]t}e{hgLo+
jGb] /fd+
;'Gb/ldGbLj/gLnd\ ..!%..
xh'/
o; nf]sk/Dk/fsf cflb / cGTo cyf{t\ pTklQ / k|nosf :yfg x'g'x'G5, ;Dk"0f{
nf]sx¿sf dx]à/ x'g'x'G5 . xh'/nfO{ s'g} klg nf}lss k|df0fn] hfÙ ;lsFb}g . xh'/
t elQm clg >4f;DkÙ k'?ifx¿åf/f dfq} ehg ug{ of]Uo x'g'x'G5, o:tf gLnsdnsf
;dfg Zofd;'Gb/ xh'/ >L/fdrGb|hLnfO{ d k|0ffd ub{5' ..!%..
sf] jf 1ft'+ Tjfdltdfg+
utdfg+
dfof;Qmf] dfwj zQmf]
d'lgdfGod\ .
j[Gbf/0o]
jlGbtj[Gbf/sj[Gb+
jGb] /fd+ ejd'vjGB+ ;'vsGbd\ ..!^..
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nIdLkt] ¤ xh'/ k|ToIf cflb k|df0fx¿af6 k/ tyf ;j{yf lgdf{g -gfKg g;lsg]_
x'g'x'G5 . dfofdf cf;Qm s'g k|f0fLn] xh'/nfO{ lrÙdf ;dy{ x'g ;S5 / < xh'/
dxlif{x¿sf dfggLo x'g'x'G5, tyf -s[i0ffjtf/sf] ;dodf_ j[Gbfjgdf clvn
b]j;d"xsf] jGbgf ub}{ klg /fd¿kn] lzj cflb b]jtfx¿af6 :jod\ jGbgLo
x'g'x'G5 . o:tf xh'/ cfgGb3g eujfg\ /fdnfO{ d k|0ffd ub{5' ..!^..
gfgfzf:q}j]{bsbDa}M
k|ltkfB+
lgTofgGb+ lglj{ifo1fgdgflbd\
.
dT;]jfy{+ dfg'ifefj+
k|ltkÙ+
jGb] /fd+ d/stj0f{+
dy'/]zd\ ..!&..
hf]
gfgf zf:q / j]b;d"xn] k|ltkflbt lgTo cfgGb:j¿k lglj{sNk 1fg:j¿k clg cgflb
x'g'x'G5 tyf h;n] d]/f] sfo{ ug{sf nflu dg'io¿k wf/0f ug'{ePsf] 5 pg} d/stdl0f -ax'd"No
kTy/ kÙf_ sf ;dfg gLnj0f{ dy'/fgfy eujfg\ /fdnfO{ k|0ffd ub{5' ..!&..
>4fo'Qmf] oM k7tLd+
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a|fé+ a|é1fgljwfg+ e'lj dTo{M .
/fd+ Zofd+
sfldtsfdk|bdLz+
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h'g
dg'ion] OlR5t sfdgfx¿ k"/f ug]{ x'g'ePsf Zofdd"lt{ eujfg\ /fdsf] Wofg
ub}{ub}{ a|éfhLn] eÙ'ePsf oL a|é1fgljwfos cfB:tf]qsf] >4fk"j{s kf7 unf{,
Tof] WofgzLn k'?if ;sn kfkx¿af6 d'Qm eP/ hfg]5 .Æ ..!*..
>'Tjf :t'lt+
nf]su'/f]lj{efj;'M
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.
lje|fhdfgf+
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.
u[xf0f b]jL+ /3'gfy
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sflGtn] ;'zf]let / /ftf] j:q tyf lbJo cfe"if0fx¿n] ;'zf]let ljb]xk'qL
hfgsLhLnfO{ lnO{ k|s6 eP/ z/0ffut–b'Mvxf/L >L/3'gfyhLnfO{ eg]– æx] /3'jL/ ¤
klxn] tkf]jgdf dnfO{ ;'lDkg'ePsL b]jL hfgsLnfO{ ca u|x0f ug'{xf];\ ..!(–@)..
ljwfo dfofhgsfTdhf+
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k'qafGwj}–
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k'q / aGw'afGwj;lxt dfl/lbg'eof], x] k|e' ¤ o;f] u/]/ xh'/n] k[lyjLsf] ef/
ptfl/lbg'eof] ..@!..
lt/f]lxtf ;f
k|ltlaDa¿lk0fL
s[tf oby{+ s[ts[Totf+
utf .
ttf]›ltX¨f+ kl/u[è
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k|ltk"Ho kfjsd\ ..@@..
oL
k|ltlaDa?lk0fL dfof;Ltf, h'g sfo{sf nflu /lrg'ePsf] lyof], ;f] k"/f u/]/
ca cb[Zo eO;Sg'ePsf] 5 .Æ clUgb]jsf oL jrg ;'g]/ /fdrGb|hLn] clt k|;Ù eO{ pgsf]
k"hf u/]/ k|;Ùjbgf hfgsLhLnfO{ u|x0f ug'{eof] ..@@..
:jfË] ;dfj]Zo ;bf›gkflogL+
l>o+ lqnf]sLhggL+
l>oM kltM .
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a;fpg'eof] . o;a]nf hgsglGbgL ;LtfhL;lxt eujfg\ /fdnfO{ sflGtn] ;'zf]let b]v]/
b]j/fh OGb| clt k|;Ùtfk"j{s xft hf]8]/ elQm–ubub jf0fLn] :t'lt ug{ nfu]
..@#..
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ejf/0obfjfgnfeflewfgd\ .
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eg]– hf] gLnsdnh:tf cfefo'Qm x'g'x'G5, ;+;f/¿k jgsf nflu h;sf] gfd bfjfgnsf
;dfg 5, >L kfj{tLhL h;sf] cfgGb:j¿ksf] Xbodf Wofg ug'{x'G5, hf] hGd–d/0f:j¿k
;+;f/af6 d'lQm lbnfpg'x'G5, clg zË/ cflb b]jx¿sf] cf>o x'g''x'G5, pg} eujfg\
/fdnfO{ d eHb5' ..@$..
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xl/+ /fddLz+ eh] ef/gfzd\ ..@%..
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b]jd08nsf ;d:t b'Mvx¿sf] gfz ugf{sf Psdfq sf/0f x'g'x'G5, tyf hf] dg'io¿kwf/L, cfsf/xLg
tyf :t'lt ug{ of]Uo x'g'x'G5, k[lyjLsf] ef/ ptfg]{ pg} k/d]à/ k/fgGb¿k
k"hgLo eujfg\ /fdnfO{ d eHb5' ..@%..
k|kÙflvnfgGbbf]x+
k|kÙ+
k|kÙflt{lgMz]ifgfzflewfgd\
.
tkf]of]uof]uLzefjfleefJo+
skLzflbldq+ eh] /fdldqd\ ..@^..
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z/0ffut eQmx¿sf ;Dk"0f{ b'Mvx¿nfO{ b"/ ub{5, h;sf] tk / of]u Pjd\
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ldq¿k eujfg\ /fdnfO{ d eHb5' ..@^..
;bf ef]uefhf+ ;'b"/]
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lrbfgGbsGb+ ;bf
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lj/fhdfg x'g'x'G5, >LhfgsLhLsf nflu cfgGb:j¿k pg} lrbfgGb3g
>L/3'gfyhLnfO{ d ;j{bf eHb5' ..@&..
dxfof]udfofljz]iffg'o'Qmf]
ljef;Lz
nLnfg/fsf/j[lQM .
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eO/xg'ePsf] 5 . h;sf s0f{ xh'/sf oL cfgGbdoL nLnfx¿sf syfd[tn] k"0f{
x'G5g\, tL ;+;f/df lgTofgGb¿k x'G5g\ ..@*..
cx+ dfgkfgfledQk|dQf]
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j]bflvn]zfledfgfledfgM .
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lqnf]sflwkltTjsf] cledfg w'nf]lk7f] ePsf] 5 ..@(..
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nflu bfjfgnsf ;dfg x'g'x'G5 clg h;sf z/RrGb|sf ;dfg cg'xf/ / clt dgf]x/ g]qsdn
5g\, pg} /3'gfynfO{ d eHb5' ..#)..
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lj/fwflb/Iff]jwfNnf]szflGtd\
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s/f}8f}F rGb|dfx¿sf ;dfg b]bLKodfg l;+xf;gdf lj/fhdfg x'g'x'G5 pg} lgb{'Mv /
cfn:oxLg eujfg\ /fdnfO{ d eHb5' ..#@..
ttM k|f]jfr eujfg\
ejfGof ;lxtf] ejM .
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ljdfg:yf] geM:yn] ..##..
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eÙ'eof]– ..##..
cfuldiofDoof]Wofof+ b|¨'+ Tjf+ /fHo;Ts[td\ .
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b]x:o /f3j ..#$..
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ttf]›kZolådfg:y+ /fdf]
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ggfd lz/;f kfbf} d'bf
eSTof ;xfg'hM ..#%..
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b]Vgf;fy pxfFn] k|;Ù eP/ efO nId0f;lxt elQmk"j{s r/0fx¿kdf lz/ /fv]/
k|0ffd ug'{eof] ..#%..
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d"WGo{j3|fo /fd+ bz/yf]›a|jLt\ .
tfl/tf]›l:d Tjof jT;
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;+;f/¿k b'Mv;d'b|af6 kf/ u/fOlbof} .Æ ..#^..
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b[¨\jf k|fx s[tf~hlnd\ ..#&..
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>L/fdrGb|hLn] b]j/fh OGb|nfO{ xft hf]8]/ l7Í plePsf] b]v]/ eÙ'eof]–
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jfg/x¿nfO{ t'?Gt hLljt ul/lbg'xf];\ .Æ ..#*..
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h;/L anjfg\ / k|;Ù eP/ eujfg\ /fd eP7fpF cfP ..#(..
gf]lTytf /fIf;f:tq
kLo"if:kz{gfblk .
ljeLif0f:t' ;f¨fÍ+
k|l0fkTofa|jLårM ..$)..
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o;}a]nf ljeLif0fn] ;f¨fÍ k|0ffd u/]/ eg]– ..$)..
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ljeLif0fjrM >'Tjf
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ljeLif0fsf oL jrg ;'g]/ /3'gfyhLn] eÙ'eof]– ..$@..
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ctM ;'u|Ljd'Vof+:Tj+
k"hofz' ljz]iftM ..$$..
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k"lht]if' skLGb|]if' k"lhtf]›x+ g ;+zoM .
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x/Là/fg\ .
ljeLif0f;dfgLt+ k'iks+
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cË] lgwfo j}b]xL+
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ljj|mfGt]g wg'idtf .
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e|ft'M ;j{+ tq ljr]l¨td\ .
xTjf zq'u0ffg\ ;jf{g\
;efo{M ;xnId0fM ..$@..
pkoflt ;d[4fy{M ;x
CIfx/Là/}M .
OTo'STjf tq j[QfGt+
e/t:o ljr]l¨td\ ..$#..
;j{+ 1fTjf k'gM
zL3|dfuR5 dd ;lÙlwd\ .
ty]lt xg'df+:tq
dfg'if+ jk'/fl:ytM ..$$..
glGbu|fd+ oof}
t"0f{+ jfo'j]u]g df?ltM .
u?Tdflgj j]u]g
lh3[Ifg\ e'huf]Qdd\ ..$%..
clg
pgnfO{ hfgsL / nId0f;lxt d cfpFb} ePsf] ;"rgf lbg" . tTkáft\ gGbLu|fddf
uP/ d]/f eO e/tnfO{ e]6]/ pgnfO{ :qL / efO;lxt d]/f] va/ ;'gfpg" . ToxfF
efO e/tnfO{ ;Ltfx/0fb]lv lnP/ /fj0fsf] jw cflb ko{Gt d]/f ;d:t nLnfx¿ j|md};Fu
;'gfpg" / eÙ"– /fdrGb|hL ;d:t zq'x¿nfO{ df/]/ ;kmn–dgf]/y eO{ :qL /
nId0f;lxt efn' / jfg/x¿sf ;fydf cfpFb} x'g'x'G5 . of] ;a] j[QfGt pgnfO{ ;'gfP/
clg e/tsf ;a} r]¨fx¿sf] kQf] nufP/ l5§} d eP7fpF kmsL{ cfpg" .Æ
clg
xg'dfg\hL ‘xj;\’ eg]/ dg'ioz/L/ wf/0f u/L t'?Gt} jfo'j]un] gGbLu|fdtkm{ nfu], dfgf}F
s'g} >]© ;k{nfO{ kj|mgsf nflu u?8hL uO/x]sf 5g\ .
ð[Íj]/k'/+ k|fKo u'xdf;fB df?ltM .
pjfrf dw'/+ jfSo+
k|X¨]gfGt/fTdgf ..$^..
ð[Íj]/k'/
k'Ugf;fy >Ldf?ltn] u'xsf glhs uP/ clt k|;ÙlrQn] dL7f] af]nLdf eg]– ..$^..
/fdf] bfz/lyM
>Ldfg\ ;vf t] ;x ;Ltof .
;nId0f:Tjf+ wdf{Tdf
If]dL s'znda|jLt\ ..$&..
æltd|f
ldq k/d wfld{s Pjd\ If]do'Qm bz/ys'df/ >Ldfg\ /fdrGb|hLn] ;Ltf / nId0f;lxt
cfÇgf] s'zn–va/ eÙ'ePsf] 5 ..$&..
cg'1ftf]›B d'lggf
e/åfh]g /f3jM .
cfuldiolt t+ b]j+ b|Iol; Tj+ /3"Qdd\ ..$*..
cfh
d'lgj/ e/åfhsf] cf1f lnP/ >L/3'gfyhL cfpg'x'g]5 clg ltdLnfO{ klg pg} /3'>]©
eujfg\ /fdsf] bz{g x'g]5 ..$*..
Pjd'STjf dxft]hfM
;Dk|X¨tg"?xd\ .
pTkkft dxfj]uf]
jfo'j]u]g df?ltM ..$(..
h;nfO{
xif{n] /f]df~r eO/x]sf] lyof], To:tf u'xnfO{ o;k|sf/ eg]kl5 dxft]h:jL tyf cToGt
j]uzfnL xg'dfg\hL km]l/ jfo'j]un] p8] ..$(..
;f]›kZob|fdtLy{+ r ;/o"+ r dxfgbLd\ .
tfdltj|mDo
xg'dfÙlGbu|fd+ oof} d'bf ..%)..
s]xL
k/ k'u]kl5 pgn] /fdtLy{ cyf{t\ cof]Wof / dxfgbL ;/o"sf] bz{g u/] . To;nfO{
klg kf/ u/]/ xg'dfg\hL clt k|;ÙlrQn] gGbLu|fdsf nflu lxF8] ..%)..
j|mf]zdfq]
Tjof]WofofáL/s[i0fflhgfDa/d\ .
bbz{ e/t+ bLg+
s[zdf>djfl;gd\ ..%!..
dnkËljlbUwfÍ+ hl6n+ jNsnfDa/d\ .
kmnd"ns[tfxf/+
/fdlrGtfk/fo0fd\ ..%@..
kfb's] t] k'/:s[To
zf;oGt+ j;'Gw/fd\ .
dlGqleM kf}/d'Vo}á
sfiffofDa/wfl/leM ..%#..
j[tb]x+ d"lt{dGt+
;fIff4d{ldj l:ytd\ .
pjfr k|f~hlnjf{So+
xg"dfGdf?tfTdhM ..%$..
cof]Wofaf6
Ps sf];sf] b"/Ldf e/thLnfO{ clt bLg / b'a{n cj:yfdf rL/j:q / s[i0fd[urd{
wf/0f u/]sf, cf>ddf lgjf; ul//x]sf, z/L/df e:d bn]sf, h6fh'6 / jNsnj:q wf/0f
u/]sf, kmn–d"n cflb ef]hg u/]/ eujfg\ /fdsf] Wofgdf tTk/ ePsf, /fdrGb|hLsf
tL b'j} kfb'sfx¿nfO{ lgj]bg u/L k[lyjLsf] zf;g ul//x]sf tyf u]?j:qwf/L dGqLx¿ /
d'Vod'Vo k'/jf;Lx¿n] 3]l/Psf ;fIfft\ d"lt{dfg\ wd{sf ;dfg b]v]/ kjgs'df/ xg'dfg\hLn]
xft hf]8]/ eg]– ..%!–%$..
o+ Tj+ lrGto;] /fd+
tfk;+ b08s] l:ytd\ .
cg'zf]rl; sfs'T:yM ;
Tjf+ s'znda|jLt\ ..%%..
æx]
e/thL ¤ b08sf/0ojf;L tkf]lg© h'g eujfg\ /fdsf] lrGtg ug'{x'G5 tyf h;sf nflu
xh'/ olt cg'tfk ul//xg'ePsf] 5 tL ss'T:ygGbg /fd tkfO{FnfO{ cfÇgf] s'zn–va/ eÙ
k7fpg'ePsf] 5 ..%%..
lk|odfVofld t] b]j
zf]s+ Toh ;'bf?0fd\ .
cl:dGd'x"t]{ e|fqf
Tj+ /fd]0f ;x ;ÍtM ..%^..
x]
b]j ¤ xh'/n] of] bf?0f zf]s TofUg'xf];\ . d xh'/nfO{ clt lk|o ;dfrf/ ;'gfpFb5'
. xh'/ o;} d'x"t{df cfÇgf bfh' /fd;Fu e]6\g'x'Fb} 5 ..%^..
;d/] /fj0f+ xTjf /fdM
;LtfdjfKo r .
pkoflt ;d[4fy{M ;;LtM
;xnId0fM ..%&..
eujfg\
/fd o'4df /fj0fnfO{ df/]/ clg ;LtfhLnfO{ kfP/ ;kmn–dgf]/y eO{ ;Ltf /
nId0fhL;lxt cfO/xg'ePsf] 5 .Æ ..%&..
Pjd'Qmf] dxft]hf e/tf]
xif{d"lR5{tM .
kkft e'lj rf:j:yM
s}soLlk|ogGbgM ..%*..
>Lxg'dfg\hLn]
o;/L eg]kl5 s}s]oLsf lk|o k'q dxft]h:jL e/thL xif{n] d"lR5{t eO cfÇgf]
;'4L;d]t u'dfP/ e'OFdf 9n] ..%*..
cflnª\Uo e/tM zL3|+
df?lt+ lk|ojflbgd\ .
cfgGbh}/>'hn}M
l;if]r e/tM slkd\ ..%(..
clg
s]xLa]/df ;DxflnP/ p7]kl5 e/thLn] t'?Gt} lk|ojfbL xg'dfhLnfO{ Xbodf 6fF;] .
e/tsf cfgGbsf sf/0f pd|]sf c>'hnn] tL jfg/>]©nfO{ lehfpg nfUof] ..%(..
b]jf] jf dfg'iff] jf
Tjdg'j|mf]zflbxfutM .
lk|ofVofg:o t] ;f}Do
bbfld a|'jtM lk|od\ ..^)..
ujf+ zt;x;|+ r
u|fdf0ff+ r zt+ j/d\ .
;jf{e/0f;DkÙf d'UwfM
sGof:t' iff]8z ..^!..
clg
pgL eÙ nfu]– æefO ¤ ltdLn] bof u/]/ oxfF cfPsf 5f}, s'g} b]jtf xf} ls, jf dg'io
kf] xf} ls < x] ;f}Do ¤ of] lk|o ;dfrf/ ;'gfPsf] abnfdf d ltdLnfO{ Ps nfv
ufO{, /fd|f/fd|f Ps ;o ufpF / ;d:t cfe"if0fx¿n] o'Qm k/d;'Gb/L ;f]î sGofx¿
lbG5' .Æ
Pjd'STjf k'gM k|fx
e/tf] df?tfTdhd\ .
ax"gLdflg
jiff{l0f ut:o ;'dxågd\ ..^@..
ð[0ff]Dox+ k|Llts/+ dd
gfy:o sLt{gd\ .
sNof0fL at ufy]o+
nf}lssL k|lteflt d] ..^#..
Plt hLjGtdfgGbf] g/+
jif{ztfblk .
/f3j:o x/L0ff+ r
sydf;LT;dfudM ..^$..
tŒjdfVoflx eb|+ t] ljà;]o+ jr:tj .
Pjd'Qmf]›y xg'dfg\
e/t]g dxfTdgf ..^%..
cfrrIf]›y /fd:o rl/t+
s[T:gzM j|mdft\ .
>'Tjf t' k/dfgGb+
e/tf] df?tfTdhft\ ..^^..
o;f]
eg]/ >Le/thLn] xg'dfg\hLnfO{ km]l/ eg]– æcfh eoË/ jgdf hfg'ePsf] oltsf
jif{kl5 aNn d}n] cfÇgf k|e'sf] o:tf] lk|o ;dfrf/ ;'Gb} 5' . cfh dnfO{ of]
sNof0fdoL nf}lss sxfjt 7Ls nflu/fv]sf] 5– æhLjt /lxof] eg] ;o jif{df klg
dg'ionfO{ cfgGb k|fKt x'g ;Qm5 .Æ ltd|f] enf] xf];\, ltdL of] ;fFrf];fFrf]
atfpm– >L/3'gfyhLsf ;fy jfg/x¿sf] ;dfud s;/L eof], h;af6 d}n] ltd|f jrgx¿sf]
k"0f{ ljàf; u¿F .Æ
dxfTdf
e/thLn] o;/L eg]kl5 xg'dfg\hLn] >L/fdrGb|hLsf] j|mdzM ;Dk"0f{ rl/q
;'gfOlbP . df?ltaf6 Tof] rl/q ;'g]/ >Le/thLnfO{ cToGt cfgGb eof] ..^@–^^..
cf1fkoR5q'x0f+ d'bf
o'Qm+ d'bflGjtM .
b}jtflg r ofjlGt gu/]
/3'gGbg ..^&..
gfgf]kxf/alnleM
k"hoGt' dxflwoM .
;"tf j}tflnsfá}j
jlGbgM :t'ltkf7sfM ..^*..
jf/d'Vofá ztzf]
lgof{GTjB}j ;ÎzM .
/fhbf/f:tyfdfTofM ;]gf
x:ToàkQoM ..^(..
a|fé0ffá tyf kf}/f
/fhfgf] o] ;dfutfM .
lgof{Gt' /f3j:ofB b|¨'+ zlzlgefggd\ ..&)..
clg
pgn] clt k|;Ù eP/ cfgGbdUg zq'£ghLnfO{ cf1f lbP– æx] /3'gGbg ¤ gu/df hlt b]jtf
5g\, dxfa'l4 kl08thgn] tL ;a}nfO{ gfgf k|sf/sf e]6L / aln cflb lbP/ k"hg u¿g\
. ;"t, j}tflns, :t'ltufg ug]{x¿, aGbLhg / d'Vod'Vo jf/fÍgf -gu/jw"_x¿
cfh} ;of}Fsf] ;ª\Vofdf 6f]nL agfP/ gu/sf] aflx/L efudf lg:s"g\ .
logLx¿afx]s /fhdlxnfx¿, dGqLu0f, xfQL–3f]8f / kbflb clg ;]gf, a|fé0fx¿, k'/jf;L
tyf oxfF cfPsf ;d:t /fhfx¿ klg /3'gfyhLsf] d'vrGb| x]g{sf nflu gu/sf] aflx/L
efudf hfpmg\ ..^&–&)..
e/t:o jrM >'Tjf
zq'£gkl/rf]lbtfM .
cn~rj|m'á gu/L+
d'Qmf/Tgdof]HHjn}M ..&!..
tf]/0f}á
ktfsflelj{lrqfle/g]swf .
cnª\s'j{lGt j]Zdflg gfgfalnljrIf0ffM
..&@..
e/thLsf
jrg ;'g]/ zq'£ghLsf] k|]/0ffn] gfgf k|sf/sf /rgfx¿ k|of]u u/L s'zn k'/jf;Ln]
cÇgf] 3/ ;hfpg cf/De u/] . cg]s k|sf/sf pHHjn df]tLx¿ / /Tgx¿sf tf]/0f–emNn/
cflbn] Pjd\ lrqljlrq emG8f–ktfsfx¿n] cof]Wofk'/LnfO{ ;hfOlbP ..&!–&@..
lgof{lGt j[GbzM ;j]{
/fdbz{gnfn;fM .
xofgf+ zt;fx;|+
uhfgfdo't+ tyf ..&#..
/yfgf+ bz;fx;|+
:j0f{;"qlje"liftd\ .
kf/d]©LGo'kfbfo b|Jof0o'Rrfjrflg r ..&$..
clg
eujfg\ /fdsf] bz{gsf] nfn;fn] ;a} hgf cg]sf}F 6f]nL agfP/ pxfFnfO{ pkxf/–e]6L
lbgsf nflu Ps nfv 3f]8f, b; xhf/ xfQL clg ;'gf}nf afu8f]/x¿n] lje"lift b;
xhf/ /y cflb w]/} g} P]ào{;"rs 7"nf–;fgf j:t'x¿ lnP/ gu/sf] aflx/
lg:sg nfu] ..&#–&$..
tt:t' lzlasf¿9f
lgo{o" /fhof]liftM .
e/tM kfb's] Go:o
lz/:o]j s[tf~hlnM ..&%..
zq'£g;lxtf] /fd+
kfbrf/]0f lgo{of} .
tb}j b[Zot]
b"/flådfg+ rGb|;lÙed\ ..&^..
k'iks+ ;"o{;Ëfz+ dg;f a|élgld{td\ .
Ptl:dg\ e|ft/f} jL/f}
j}b]èf /fdnId0ff} ..&&..
;'u|Ljá slk>]©f]
dlGqleá ljeLif0fM .
b[Zot] kZot hgf OTofx
kjgfTdhM ..&*..
pgLx¿sf
k5fl8 kfnsLdf r9]/ /fhdlxnfx¿ nfu], clg km]l/ >L/3'gfyhL;Fu e]6 ug{sf nflu
efO zq'£g;lxt e/thL lz/df eujfg\sf kfb'sf /fv]/ xft hf]8\b} k}bn} lxF8] .
oltv]/ k/}af6 a|éfhLsf] dgf]lgld{t rGb|dfsf ;dfg sflGtdfg\ / ;"o{sf ;dfg
t]h:jL k'iks ljdfg b]lvg yfNof] . To;nfO{ b]v]/ >Lxg'dfg\hLn] eg]– æx]
dflg;x¿ xf] ¤ x]/, o;} ljdfgdf >LhfgsLhL;lxt b'j} jL/ e|ftf /fd / nId0f tyf
slk>]© ;'u|Lj clg dGqLx¿;lxt ljeLif0f b]lvO/x]sf 5g\ ..&%–&*..
ttf]
xif{;d'b\e"tf] lgM:jgf] lbjd:k[zt\ .
:qLafno'jj[4fgf+
/fdf]›oldlt sLt{gft\ ..&(..
clg
t ‘/fd g} x'g\, /fd g} x'g\’ eGb} :qL, afns, o'jf / j[4x¿sf] xif{sf sf/0f o:tf]
zAb eof] ls ;Dk"0f{ cfsfz g} u'~hfodfg eP/ cfof] ..&(..
/ys'~h/jflh:yf cjtLo{
dxL+ utfM .
bb[z':t] ljdfg:y+ hgfM
;f]dldjfDa/] ..*)..
hf]
dflg; /y, xfQL / 3f]8fdf r9]sf lyP, tL pq]/ e'OFdf v8f eP . To;a]nf tL ;a}
dflg; ljdfgdf r9\g'ePsf eujfg\ /fdnfO{ cfsfzdf rGb|dfsf ;dfg b]Vg nfu] ..*)..
k|f~hlne{/tf]
e"Tjf k|X¨f] /f3jf]Gd'vM .
ttf] ljdfgfu|ut+ e/tf]
/f3j+ d'bf ..*!..
jjGb] k|0ftf] /fd+
d]?:yldj ef:s/d\ .
ttf] /fdfEog'1ft+
ljdfgdktb\e'lj ..*@..
clg
k|;ÙlrQ e/thLn] ljdfgdf a:g'ePsf >L/3'gfyhLsf ;Dd'v eP/ pxfFnfO{ ;'d]?
kj{tdf k|s6 ePsf ;"o{nfO{ em}F clt ljgLt efjn] xif{k"j{s k|0ffd u/] .
clg >L/fdrGb|hLsf] cf1fn] ljdfg k[lyjLdf cf]n{g'eof] ..*!–*@..
cf/f]lktf] ljdfg+
tb\e/tM ;fg'h:tbf .
/fddf;fB d'lbtM
k'g/]jfEojfbot\ ..*#..
tTkáft\
eujfg\ /fdn] efO zq'£g;lxt e/thLnfO{ klg ljdfgdf r9fpg'eof] . /fdrGb|hLsf]
glhs} k'Ubfv]l/ e/thLn] clt cfglGbt eO{ pxfFnfO{ km]l/ k|0ffd u/] ..*#..
;d'Tyfo lr/fb\b[¨+
e/t+ /3'gGbgM .
e|ft/+ :jfËdf/f]Ko d'bf t+
kl/if:jh] ..*$..
w]/}
lbgkl5 e]6]sf efO e/tnfO{ /3'gfyhLn] t'?Gt} p7fP/ k|;Ùtfk"j{s sfvdf lnP/
cflnÍg ug'{eof] ..*$..
ttf] nId0fdf;fB
j}b]xL+ gfd sLt{og\ .
cEojfbot k|Ltf] e/tM
k|]dljênM ..*%..
k|]dn]
ljên ePsf e/thLn] nId0fhL;Fu e]6]/ >L;LtfhLnfO{ cfÇgf] gfd pRrf/0f ub}{
k|Lltk"j{s k|0ffd u/] ..*%..
;'u|Lj+ hfDajGt+ r
o'j/fh+ tyfÍbd\ .
d}GblåljbgLnf+á Cife+
r}j ;:jh] ..*^..
;'if]0f+ r gn+ r}j
ujfIf+ uGwdfbgd\ .
z/e+ kg;+ r}j e/tM
kl/if:jh] ..*&..
tTkáft\
e/thLn] ;'u|Lj, hfDajfg\, o'j/fh cÍb, d}Gb, låljb, gLn / CifenfO{ tyf ;'if]0f, gn,
ujfIf, uGwdfbg, z/e / kg;nfO{ klg 5ftLdf nufP ..
;j]{ t] dfg'if+ ¿k+
s[Tjf e/tdfb[tfM .
kk|R5'M s'zn+ ;f}DofM
k|X¨fá KnjÍdfM ..**..
o;/L
e/thLaf6 ;Tsf/ kfP/ k|;Ù ePsf tL ;f}Do jfg/x¿n] dg'io¿k wf/0f u/]/ pgsf] va/
;f]w] ..**..
ttM ;'u|Ljdflnª\Uo e/tM
k|fx elQmtM .
TjT;xfo]g /fd:o
hof]›e"b|fj0ff] xtM ..*(..
Tjd:dfs+ rt'0ff{+ t'
e|ftf ;'u|Lj k~rdM .
zq'£gá tbf /fddlejfB
;nId0fd\ ..()..
;Ltfofá/0ff} káfåjGb]
ljgoflGjtM .
/fdf] dft/df;fB
ljj0ff{+ zf]sljênfd\ ..(!..
hu|fx k|0ftM kfbf}
dgf] dft'M k|;fbog\ .
s}s]oL+ r ;'ldqf+ r
ggfd]t/dft/f} ..(@..
clg
e/thLn] ;'u|LjnfO 5ftLdf nufP/ clt k|]dk"j{s eg]– æ;'u|Lj ¤ ltd|f]
;xfotfn] g} >L/fdrGb|hLsf] ljho ePsf] xf], / /fj0f dfl/Psf] xf] . ctM xfdL
rf/ efO lyof}F, ltdL kfFrf}F efO eof} .Æ To;kl5 zq'£ghLn] nId0f;lxt
>L/fdrGb|hLnfO{ k|0ffd u/]/ clt ljgLt efjn] ;LtfhLsf r/0fx¿sf] jGbgf u/] .
clg >L/fdrGb|hLn] zf]ssf sf/0f clt Jofs'n / b'AnL ePsL dftf sf};Nofg]/ uP/
clt ljgLt efjn] pgsf r/0f 5f]P, / pgsf] lrQ k|;Ù kf/] . To;kl5 ljdftf s}s]oL /
;'ldqfnfO{ klg gd:sf/ u/] ..*(–(@..
e/tM kfb's] t] t'
/f3j:o ;'k"lht] .
of]hofdf; /fd:o
kfbof]e{lQm;+o'tM ..(#..
tb'k/fGt
e/thLn] >L/fdrGb|hLnfO{ /fd|/L k"hf u/]sf kfb'sfx¿ elQmk"j{s
pxfFsf r/0fdf nufOlbP ..(#..
/fHod]tÚof;e"t+
dof lgof{ltt+ tj .
cB d] ;kmn+ hGd
kmlntf] d] dgf]/yM ..($..
oTkZofld
;dfoftdof]Wof+ Tjfdx+ k|ef] .
sf]©fuf/+ an+ sf]z+
s[t+ bzu'0f+ dof ..(%..
TjQ]h;f huÙfy kfno:j
k'/+ :jsd\ .
Olt a|'jf0f+ e/t+
b[¨\jf ;j]{ skLà/fM ..(^..
d'd'r'g]{qh+ tf]o+
k|zz+;'d{'bflGjtfM .
ttf] /fdM k|X¨fTdf
e/t+ :jfËu+ d'bf ..(&..
oof} t]g ljdfg]g
e/t:of>d+ tbf .
cj?è tbf /fdf]
ljdfgfUof{GdxLtnd\ ..(*..
ca|jLTk'iks+ b]jf] uR5
j}>j0f+ jx .
cg'uR5fg'hfgfld s'a]/+
wgkfnsd\ ..((..
clg
eg]– æk|ef] ¤ dnfO{ w/f]x/¿kn] ;'Dk]sf] xh'/sf] /fHo d km]l/ xh'/nfO{ g}
;'DkG5' . cfh d xh'/nfO{ cof]Wofdf cfPsf] b]Vt5', o;af6 d]/f] hGd ;kmn eof], /
d]/f ;f/f sfdgfx¿ k"/f eP/ uP . x] huÙfy ¤ xh'/sf] k|tfkn] d}n] cÙe08f/, ;]gf
/ sf]z cflb klxn]eGbf b;u'0ff kf/]sf] 5' . ca xh'/n] cfÇgf] gu/sf] :jod\ kfng
ug'{xf];\ .Æ e/thLn] o;f] eg]sf] b]v]/ ;a} d'Vod'Vo jfg/ xif{n] cfF;' v;fpFb}
pgsf] k|z+;f ug{ nfu] .
clg
>L/fdrGb|hL clt xif{k"j{s e/thLnfO{ sfvdf lnP/ ;f]xL ljdfgdf r9]/
e/thLsf] cf>ddf hfg'eof] . ToxfF ljdfg>]© k'iksaf6 tn k[YjLdf cf]n]{/
eujfg\ /fdn] To;nfO{ eÙ'eof]– æhfpm, d cf1f lbG5'– ca ltdL wgklt s'a]/sf]
cg';/0f ub}{ pg}nfO{ jxg u/ .Æ ..($–((..
/fdf] jl;©:o u'/f]M
kbfDa'h+
gTjf oyf b]ju'/f]M ztj|mt'M .
bŒjf dxfxf{;gd'Qd+
u'/f]–
?kfljj]zfy u'/f]M ;dLktM ..!))..
o;kl5,
OGb|n] h;/L a[x:klthLsf] jGbgf ub{5g\, p;}u/L >L/fdrGb|hLn] u'? jl;©hLsf r/0fsdnx¿df
k|0ffd u/]/ pgnfO{ Ps clt ;'Gb/ ax'd"No cf;g lbP, clg cfk"m :jod\ klg
pgs} glhsdf a;] ..!))..
Olt
>LdbWofTd/fdfo0f] pdfdx]à/;+jfb] o'4sf08] rt'b{zM ;u{M ..!$..
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
k~rbz ;u{
>L/fd–/fHofleif]s
>Ldxfb]j pjfr
tt:t' s}soLk'qf] e/tf]
elQm;+o'tM .
lz/:o~hlndfwfo Ho]©+
e|ft/da|jLt\ ..!..
>Ldxfb]jn]
eÙ'eof]– x] kfj{tL ¤ clg s}s]oLk'q e/thLn] lz/ e'msfP/ c~hln afFwL clt
elQmk"j{s Ho]© e|ftf /fdhLnfO{{ eg]– ..!..
dftf d] ;Ts[tf /fd bQ+
/fHo+ Tjof dd .
bbfld tQ] r k'go{yf Tjdbbf
dd ..@..
æx]
/fd ¤ xh'/n] dnfO{ /fHo lbg'ePsf] lyof] . o;af6 d]/L dftfsf] ;Tsf/ t eO;Sof],
ca h;/L xh'/n] dnfO{ lbg'ePsf] lyof], p;}u/L d km]l/ xh'/nfO{ g} of] ;'DkG5' .Æ
..@..
OTo'STjf kfbof]e{STof
;f¨fÍ+ k|l0fkTo r .
ax'wf k|fy{ofdf;
s}s]øof u'?0ff ;x ..#..
o;f]
eg]/ pgn] r/0fx¿df elQmk"j{s ;f¨fÍ k|0ffd u/]/ /fHo :jLsf/ ug{sf nflu
s}s]oL / u'?hL;lxt w]/} k|fy{gf u/] ..#..
ty]lt k|lthu|fx e/tfb|fHodLà/M .
dfofdfl>To ;snf+
g/r]¨fd'kfutM ..$..
clg
cfÇgL dfofsf] cf>o u/]/ ;a} k|sf/sf dg'io–nLnfx¿ ug{df k|j[Q x'g'ePsf eujfg\
/fdn] ‘w]/} pQd’ eg]/ e/thLaf6 /fHo lng'eof] ..$..
:jf/fHofg'ejf] o:o
;'v1fg}s¿lk0fM .
lg/:tfltzofgGb¿lk0fM
k/dfTdgM ..%..
dfg'if]0f t' /fHo]g
ls+ t:o hubLlzt'M .
o:o E¿eÍdfq]0f lqnf]sL
gZolt If0fft\ ..^..
h;nfO{
x/;do :juL{o /fHosf] cg'ej x'G5 To:tf Psdfq ;'v / 1fg:j¿k, ;d:t ljifofgGbx¿af6
/lxt k/dfgGbd"lt{ k/dfTdf hubLà/nfO{ t'R5 dfgjLo /fHo;Fu s] sfd 5 / <
h;sf] e[s'6Lljnf;dfqn] tLg nf]s Ps} If0fdf g¨ x'g hfG5 ..%–^..
o:ofg'u|xdfq]0f
ejGTofv08nl>oM .
nLnf;[¨dxf;[¨]M lsob]tb|dfkt]M ..&..
h;sf]
s[kfn] OGb|sf] /fHonIdL k|fKt x'G5 tyf h;n] nLnfn] g} of] dxfg\ ;[l¨ /Rg'ePsf]
xf], To:tf nIdLkltsf nflu of] cof]Wofsf] /fHo slt xf] / < ..&..
tyflk ehtf+ lgTo+
sfdk"/ljlwT;of .
nLnfdfg'ifb]x]g
;j{dKog'jt{t] ..*..
tyflk
cfÇgf eQmx¿sf sfdgfx¿nfO{ ;b}j k"0f{ ug{sf nflu pxfFn] dfof–dfgjb]xn]
;j{bf ;a}yf]s clego ug'{x'G5 ..*..
ttM zq'£gjrgflÙk'0fM
Zd>'s[GtsM
;Def/fáfleif]sfy{dfgLtf
/f3j:o lx ..(..
clg
zq'£gsf] cf1fn] s'zn Iff}/sf/ -xhfd_ af]nfOof] / /3'gfyhLsf] cleif]ssf nflu
;fdu|L hDdf ul/of] ..(..
k"j{+ t' e/t]
:gft] nId0f] r dxfTdlg .
;'u|Lj] jfg/]Gb|] r /fIf;]Gb|] ljeLif0f] ..!)..
klxn]
e/thLn] clg km]l/ dxfTdf nId0fhLn] :gfg u/] tb'k/fGt jfg//fh ;'u|Lj / /fIf;/fh
ljeLif0fn] g'xfP ..!)..
ljzf]lwth6M
:gftláqdfNofg'n]kgM .
dxfx{j;gf]k]t:t:yf} tq
l>of Hjng\ ..!!..
clg
h6fh'6 sfl6Pkl5 >L/3'gfyhLn] :gfg ug'{eof] / /ªla/ÍL dfnfx¿, cÍ/fux¿ tyf
ax'd"No j:qx¿n] ;';lHht eO{ pxfF cfÇgf] sflGtn] b]bLKodfg eP/ lj/fhdfg
x'g'eof] ..!!..
k|ltsd{ r /fd:o nId0fá
dxfdltM .
sf/ofdf; e/tM ;Ltfof
/fhof]liftM ..!@..
dxfdlt
nId0f / e/tn] >L/fdrGb|hLnfO{ lje"lift u/fP / /fhdlxnfx¿n] ;LtfhLsf]
ð[Íf/ u/] ..!@..
dxfx{j:qfe/0f}/n~rj|m'M
;'dWodfd\ .
ttf] jfg/kTgLgf+
;jf{;fd]j zf]egf ..!#..
csf/ot sf};Nof k|X¨f
k'qjT;nf .
ttM :oGbgdfbfo
zq'£gjrgfT;'wLM ..!$..
;'dGqM ;"o{;Ëfz+ of]hloTjfu|tM
l:ytM .
cf?/f]x /y+ /fdM
;Towd{k/fo0fM ..!%..
pgLx¿n]
pg} ;'Gb/LnfO{ cg]s k|sf/sf ax'd"No j:q / cfe"if0fx¿n] ;';lHht u/] .
tbgGt/ k'qjT;nf zf]efdoL sf};NofhLn] clt k|;Ù eP/ ;d:t jfg/kTgLx¿nfO{ klg ð[Íf/
u/fOg\ .
Toltv]/}
zq'£ghLsf cf1fn] a'l4dfg\ ;'dGqn] ;"o{sf ;dfg t]h:jL /y hf]8]/ ;fd'Ù]
NofO{ v8f u/] . clg ;Towd{k/fo0f eujfg\ /fd To; /ydf r9\g'eof] ..!#–!%..
;'u|Ljf] o'j/fhá
xg'df+á ljeLif0fM .
:gfTjf lbJofDa/w/f
lbJofe/0fe"liftfM ..!^..
/fddGjLo'/u|] r
/yfàuhjfxgfM .
;'u|LjkTGoM ;Ltf r
oo'of{g}M k'/+ dxt\ ..!&..
To;a]nf
;'u|Lj, cÍb, xg'dfg\ / ljeLif0f :gfgflb u/]/ lbJo j:q–cfe"if0fx¿n] ;';lHht
eP/ /y, 3f]8f, xfQL cflb jfxgx¿df r9]/ >L/fdrGb|hLsf cl3kl5 tyf ;'u|Lj
kTgLx¿ / ;LtfhL ;'Gb/ kfNsLx¿df a;]/ clt ljzfn cof]Wofk'/Ltkm{ nfu] ..!^–!&..
jh|kfl0fo{yf
b]j}x{l/tfà/y] l:ytM .
k|oof} /ydf:yfo tyf
/fdf] dxTk'/d\ ..!*..
h;/L
xl/tj0f{ 3f]8fx¿sf] /ydf a;]/ jh|kfl0f OGb|hL b]jtfx¿sf ;fy rNb5g\, p;}u/L
eujfg\ /fd /ydf r9]/ dxfk'/L cof]Woftkm{ nfUg'eof] ..!*..
;f/Yo+ e/táj|m]
/Tgb08+ dxfB'ltM .
à]tftkq+ zq'£gf]
nId0ff] Johg+ bw] ..!(..
clg
dxft]h:jL e/thLn] ;f/ly eP/ /y rnfP, zq'£ghLn]
/Tghl8t b08o'Qm à]t5q lnP / nId0fhLn] Johg -kÌf_ af]s] ..!(..
rfd/+ r ;dLk:yf]
GojLhobl/GbdM .
zlzk|sfz+ Tjk/+
hu|fxf;'/gfosM ..@)..
Psflt/
5]pd} l:yt zq'bdg ;'u|Ljn] / csf]{tkm{ /fIf;/fh ljeLif0fn] rGb|dfsf ;dfg
sflGto'Qm rDd/ xNnfP ..@)..
lbljh}M l;4;Î}á
Cliflelb{Jobz{g}M .
:t"odfg:o /fd:o
z'>'j] dw'/WjlgM ..@!..
To;a]nf
eujfg\ /fdsf] :t'lt ul//x]sf lbJobz{g b]jtfx¿, l;4u0f / Clifx¿sf] ;'dw'/ Wjlg
;'lgg nfUof] . @!..
dfg'if+ ¿kdf:yfo jfg/f
uhjfxgfM .
e]/LzÌlggfb}á
d[bÍk0fjfgs}M ..@@..
k|oof} /f3j>]©:tf+
k'/L+ ;dnª\s[tfd\ .
bb[z':t] ;dfofGt+
/f3j+ k'/jfl;gM ..@#..
jfg/u0f
dg'io¿k wf/0f u/]/ xfQLx¿dfly ;jf/ eP . o;k|sf/ /3'>]© eujfg\ /fd ;gO{, zÌ,
d[bÍ, 9f]n / gu/f cflb afhfx¿sf] 3f]ifsf ;fy /fd|/L ;hfOPsf] cof]Wofk'/Ldf
cfpg'eof] . Toltv]/ k'/jf;L dflg;x¿ >L/3'gfynfO{ cfpFb} ug'{ePsf] x]g{ nfu]
..@@–@#..
b"jf{bnZofdtg'+
dxfx{–
ls/L6/Tgfe/0ffl~rtfÍd\
.
cf/Qms~hfotnf]rgfGt+
b[¨\jf oo'df]{bdtLj
k'0ofM ..@$..
ljlrq/Tgfl~rt;"qg4–
kLtfDa/+
kLge'hfGt/fnd\ .
cg£o{d'QmfkmnlbJoxf/}M
lj/f]rdfg+ /3'gGbg+
k|hfM ..@%..
;'u|Ljd'Vo}x{l/leM
k|zfGt}M
lgif]Jodf0f+ /ljt'Noef;d\ .
s:t"l/sfrGbglnKtufq+
lgjLtsNkb|'dk'ikdfnd\ ..@^..
tL
dxfefUodfgL k'/jf;L hgtf b'af]sf ;dfg Zofdz/L/, dxfd"No d's'6 / /Tghl8t
cfe"if0fx¿n] lje"lift,sdnsf ;dfg clncln c?0fj0f{ ljzfn gog x'g'x'g],
/ªla/ÍL /Tgx¿n] o'Qm ;'gf}nf k|sfzdfg kLtfDa/ nufpg'ePsf, ljzfn jIfM:yn
x'g'x'g], ax'd"No df]tLx¿sf lbJo xf/x¿n] ;'zf]let, ;'u|Lj cflb zfGt:jefj
jfg/x¿n] ;]ljt, ;"o{sf ;dfg t]h:jL, ;d:t z/L/df s:t"/L / rGbgsf] n]k
bNg'ePsf, tyf sNkj[Ifsf k'ikx¿sf dfnf wf/0f ug'{ePsf >L/3'gfyhLnfO{ b]v]/
k/d cfgGbdf k'u] ..@$–@^..
>'Tjf l:qof]
/fdd'kfut+ d'bf
k|xif{j]uf]Tslntfggl>oM
.
ckf:o ;j{+
u[xsfo{dflxt+
xDof{l0f r}jf??x'M :jnª\s[tfM ..@&..
ha
:qLx¿n] eujfg\ /fd cfpFb} x'g'x'G5 eÙ] ;'g], k|;Ùtfn] 7"nf] xif{sf sf/0f
pgsf cg'xf/sf] sflGt pHHjn eP/ cfof] . pgLx¿ h'g u[xsfo{df nfu]sf lyP, Tof] ;a
5f8]/ /fd|/L ;hwh u/L lrl6Ss k/]/ cfÇgf–cfÇgf 3/dfly r9] ..@&..
b[¨\jf xl/+ ;j{b[u'T;jfs[lt+
k'ik}M ls/GToM
l:dtzf]letfggfM .
b[lUeM
k'gg]{qdgf]/;fog+
:jfgGbd"lt{+
dg;fle/]le/] ..@*..
;'dw'/
d':sfgn] h;sf] d'v dgf]x/ eO/x]sf] 5, tL k'/gf/Lx¿ ;a}sf gogfgGb:j¿k eujfg\
/fdnfO{ b]v]/ k"mnx¿sf] jiff{ ug{ nfu] . clg km]l/ pgLx¿n] cfFvf / dgnfO{
lk|o nfUg] cfgGbdoL d"lt{nfO{ cfFvfåf/f Xbodf NofP/ dgn] cflnÍg u/] ..@*..
/fdM l:dtl:gUwb[zf
k|hf:tyf
kZog\ k|hfgfy Ojfk/M
k|e'M .
zg}h{ufdfy lkt'M :jnª\s[t+
u[x+ dx]Gb|fno;lÙe+ xl/M ..@(..
o;/L
lji0f':j¿k eujfg\ /fd csf{ k|hfkltsf ;dfg d':sfgo'Qm dgf]x/ b[l¨n] cfÇgf
k|hfx¿nfO{ x]b}{ j|mdzM /fd|/L ;hfOPsf] cfÇgf lktfsf] OGb|ejgsf ;dfg dxndf
k'Ug'eof] ..@(..
k|ljZo
j]ZdfGt/;+l:ytf] d'bf
/fdf] jjGb] r/0ff}
:jdft'M .
j|md]0f ;jf{M
lkt[of]liftM k|e'M
ggfd eSTof /3'j+zs]t'M
..#)..
/fhdxnsf]
leq uP/ >L/fdrGb|hLn] clt k|;ÙlrQn] cfÇgfL dftf sf};Nofsf r/0fx¿sf] jGbgf
ug'{eof] / To;kl5 pg} /3'j+zlz/f]dl0f k|e'n] j|mdzM ;a} ljdftfx¿nfO{
elQmk"j{s k|0ffd ug'{eof] ..#)..
ttf] e/tdfx]b+ /fdM
;Tok/fj|mdM .
;j{;DkT;dfo'Qm+ dd
dlGb/d'Qdd\ ..#!..
ldqfo jfg/]Gb|fo ;'u|Ljfo k|bLotfd\ .
;j]{EoM ;'vjf;fy{+
dlGb/fl0f k|sNko ..#@..
To;
df}sfdf ;Tok/fj|mdL eujfg\ /fdn] e/thLnfO{ eÙ'eof]– d]/f] ;j{;DklQo'Qm >]©
dxn d]/f ldq jfg//fh ;'u|LjnfO{ b]pm, tyf c¿ ;a}sf nflu klg ;'vk"j{s /xg
of]Uo dxn b]vfpm .Æ ..#!–#@..
/fd]0f}j+ ;dflb¨f]
e/tá tyfs/f]t\ .
pjfr r dxft]hfM
;'u|Lj+ /f3jfg'hM ..##..
>L/3'gfyhLsf]
cf1f kfP/ e/thLn] To;} u/] . clg dxft]h:jL e/thLn] ;'u|LjnfO{ eg]– ..##..
/f3j:ofleif]sfy{+
rt'Ml;Gw'hn+ z'ed\ .
cfg]t'+ k|]ifo:jfz'
b"tf+:Tjl/tljj|mdfg\ ..#$..
æ>L/fdrGb||hLsf]
cleif]ssf nflu rf/} ;d'b|x¿sf dÍndo hn Nofpgsf nflu t'?Gt} l56f] hfg ;Sg]
b"t k7fpm .Æ ..#$..
k|]ifofdf; ;'u|Ljf]
hfDajGt+ d?T;'td\ .
cÍb+ r ;'if]0f+ r t]
uTjf jfo'j]utM ..#%..
hnk"0ff{g\
zfts'Desnzf+á ;dfgog\ .
cfgLt+ tLy{;lnn+
zq'£gf] dlGqleM ;x ..#^..
/f3j:ofleif]sfy{+
jl;©fo Goj]bot\ .
tt:t' k|otf] j[4f]
jl;©f] a|fé0f}M ;x ..#&..
/fd+ /Tgdo] kL7] ;;Lt+
;+Goj]zot\ .
jl;©f] jfdb]já
hfaflnuf}{td:tyf ..#*..
jfNdLlsá tyf rj|m'M
;j]{ /fdfleif]rgd\ .
s'zfu|t'n;Lo'Qmk'0ouGwhn}d{'bf
..#(..
clg
;'u|Ljn] hfDajfg\, xg'dfg, cÍb / ;'if]0fnfO{ k7fP . tL t'?Gt} jfo'j]un] uP/
;'j0f{snzx¿df hn e/]/ lnP/ cfP . ltgLx¿n] NofPsf] tLy{hn dGqL;lxt zq'£ghLn]
eujfg\ /fdsf] cleif]ssf nflu jl;©hLnfO{ lgj]bg u/]/ lbP . clg a|fé0fx¿;lxt
jof]j[4 lht]lGb|o jl;©n] ;LtfhL;lxt >L/fdrGb|hLnfO{ /Tgl;+xf;gdf a;fP / clg
jl;©, jfdb]j, hfafln, uf}td tyf jfNdLlst cflb ;d:t dxlif{x¿n] clt k|;Ù eP/ s'z
/ t'n;L;lxt kljq uGwo'Qm hnn] >L/fdrGb|hLsf] cleif]s u/] ..#%–#(..
cEolif~rg\ /3'>]©+
jf;j+ j;jf] oyf .
ClTjlUea{|fé0f}M
>]©}M sGofleM ;x dlGqleM ..$)..
;jf}{iflw/;}á}j
b}jt}g{el; l:yt}M .
rt'le{nf]{skfn}á
:t'jb\leM ;u0f}:tyf ..$!..
clg
ClTjhx¿, >]© a|fé0fx¿, sGofx¿ / dGqLx¿;lxt tL dxlif{x¿n] cfsfzl:yt b]jtfx¿
tyf cfÇgf–cfÇgf u0fx¿;lxt rf/} nf]skfnx¿nfO{ :t'lt ub}{ ;jf}{iflwsf /;x¿n] klg
>L/3'gfyhLnfO{ o;k|sf/ cleif]s u/] h;/L j;'x¿n] OGb|sf] cleif]s u/]sf lyP
..$)–$!..
5q+ r t:o hu|fx zq'£gM
kf08'/+ z'ed\ .
;'u|Lj/fIf;]Gb|f} tf} bwt'M à]trfd/] ..$@..
To;a]nf
zq'£ghLn] eujfg\ /fdsf pk/ clt ;'Gb/ à]t 5q cf]9fP, clg ;'u|Lj / ljeLif0fn] à]t
rd/ wf/0f u/] ..$@..
dfnf+ r sf~rgL+
jfo'b{bf} jf;jrf]lbtM .
;j{/Tg;dfo'Qm+
dl0fsf~rge"liftd\ ..$#..
bbf} xf/+ g/]Gb|fo :jo+ zj|m:t' elQmtM .
k|hu'b]{juGwjf{
gg[t'áfK;/f]u0ffM ..$$..
OGb|sf]
k|]/0ffn] jfo'n] ;'j0f{doL dfnf lbP / clg :jod\ OGb|n] klg clt elQmk"j{s
dxf/fh /fdnfO{ Ps ;Dk"0f{ /Tgx¿n] o'Qm clg dl0f tyf ;'j0f{n] lje"lift
xf/ lbP . To;kl5 b]jtf / uGwj{x¿n] ufg ;'? u/], / cK;/fx¿ g[To ug{ nfu]
..$#–$$..
b]jb'Gb'eof] g]b'M
k'ikj[l¨M kkft vft\ .
gjb"jf{bnZofd+
kßkqfot]If0fd\ ..$%..
/ljsf]l6k|efo'Qmls/L6]g
lj/flhtd\ .
sf]l6sGbk{nfj0o+
kLtfDa/;dfj[td\ ..$^..
lbJofe/0f;DkÙ+
lbJorGbgn]kgd\ .
co'tflbTo;Ëfz+ låe'h+ /3'gGbgd\ ..$&..
jfdefu] ;df;Lgf+ ;Ltf+
sf~rg;lÙefd\ .
;jf{e/0f;DkÙf+ jfdfË] ;d'kl:ytfd\ ..$*..
/Qmf]Tkns/fDef]hf+
jfd]gflnª\Uo ;+l:ytd\ .
;jf{ltzozf]ef9Ø+
b[¨\jf elQm;dlGjtM ..$(..
pdof ;lxtf] b]jM zË/f] /3'gGbgd\ .
;j{b]ju0f}o{'QmM
:tf]t'+ ;d'krj|md] ..%)..
ptf
cfsfzaf6 b]j–b'Gb'lex¿sf] 3f]ifsf ;fy k'ikjiff{ x'g nfUof] . clg gjLg b'af]sf]
bnsf ;dfg Zofdj0f{, sdnbnsf ;dfg ljzfn gog, s/f]8f}F ;"o{sf ;dfg k|sfzo'Qm
d's'6n] ;'zf]let, s/f]8f}F sfdb]jx¿sf ;dfg sdgLo, kLtfDa/–kl/j]l¨t,
lbJofe/0f–lje"lift, lbJorGbg–rlr{t, xhf/f}F ;"o{x¿sf ;dfg t]h:jL,
;a}eGbf Hofbf zf]efodfg låe'h /3'gfyhLnfO{ cfÇgf] afofFkl§ s/sdndf /Qmsdn wf/0f
u/]/ a;]sL ;jf{e"if0flje"liftf ;'j0f{j0ff{ ;LtfhLnfO{ cfÇgf] afofF
e'hfn] cflnÍg u/]sf] b]v]/ kfj{tL;lxt eujfg\ zË/ elQmefjn] el/P/ ;d:t
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>L/fdrGb|hLn] xft hf]8]/ pleO/x]sf u'xsf glhs} uP/ eÙ'eof]– ældq ¤ ca ltdL
cfÇgf] k/d /d0fLo u|fd ð[Íj]/k'/df hfpm ..!*..
dfd]j lrGtolÙTo+ e'ª\Ij ef]uflÙhflh{tfg\ .
cGt] dd}j ;f¿Ko+
k|fK:o;] Tj+ g ;+zoM ..!(..
ToxfF
d]/} lrGtg u/]/ cfÇgf z'esd{x¿n] k|fKt ePsf ef]ux¿ ef]u . cGTodf ltdL d]/}
;f¿Ko k|fKt ug]{5f}, o;df ;Gb]x 5}g .Æ
OTo'STjf k|bbf} t:d}
lbJofGofe/0fflg r .
/fHo+ r ljk'n+ bŒjf
lj1fg+ r bbf} lje'M ..@)..
o;f]
eg]/ eujfg\ /fdn] pgnfO{ lbJo cfe"if0f, w]/} /fHo / tŒj1fgsf] pkb]z lbg'eof]
..@)..
/fd]0fflnª\lutf] X¨f]
oof} :jejg+ u'xM .
o] rfGo] jfg/fM
>]©f cof]Wof+ ;d'kfutfM ..@!..
cd"Nofe/0f}j{:q}M
k"hofdf; /f3jM .
;'u|Ljk|d'vfM ;j]{
jfg/fM ;ljeLif0ffM ..@@..
oyfx{+ k"lhtf:t]g
/fd]0f k/dfTdgf .
k|X¨dg;M ;j]{ hUd'/]j
oyfutd\ ..@#..
o;kl5
>L/3'gfyhL;Fu cflnª\lut eP/ u'x cfÇgf] 3/ kms]{ . c¿ klg hf]–hf] jfg/>]©
cof]Wofdf cfPsf lyP >L/fdrGb|hLn] tL ;a}nfO{ g} cd"No j:q /
cfe"if0fx¿n] ;Tsf/ ug'{eof] . o;/L ljeLif0f;lxt ;'u|Lj cflb ;d:t jfg/u0f
k/dfTdf /fdaf6 oyf]lrt ;Tsf/ kfP/ cfÇgf–cfÇgf :yfgdf uP ..@!–@@..
;'u|Ljk|d'vfM ;j]{
lslisGwf+ k|oo'd{'bf .
ljeLif0f:t' ;Dk|fKo
/fHo+ lgxts06sd\ ..@$..
/fd]0fM k"lhtM
k|LTof oof} nËfdlglGbtM .
/f3jf] /fHodlvn+
zzf;flvnjT;nM ..@%..
;'u|Ljflb
;d:t jfg/u0f k|;ÙlrQn] lslisGwf uP, clg eujfg\ /fdaf6 ;Ts[t eP/ clglGbt
ljeLif0f cfÇgf] lgis06s /fHo kfP/ k|Lltk"j{s nËf uP . olt ul/;s]kl5
;a}nfO{ bof ug'{x'g] >L/fdrGb|hLn] cfÇgf] ;Dk"0f{ /fHosf] zf;g ug{
nfUg'eof] ..@$–@%..
clgR5Ùlk /fd]0f
of}j/fHo]›leif]lrtM .
nId0fM k/of eSTof
/fd;]jfk/f]›ejt\ ..@^..
eujfg\
/fdn] >LnId0fhLnfO{ pgsf] OR5f geP klg o'j/fh kbdf clelifQm ug'{eof] / pgL
klg cToGt elQmk"j{s /fdhLsf] ;]jfdf /xg nfu] ..@^..
/fd:t' k/dfTdflk
sdf{WoIff]›lk lgd{nM .
st{[Tjflb ljxLgf]›lk
lglj{sf/f]›lk ;j{bf ..@&..
:jfgGb]gflk t'¨M ;g\
nf]sfgfd'kb]zs[t\ .
càd]wflbo1}á
;j}{lj{k'nblIf0f}M ..@*..
cohTk/dfgGbf] dfg'if+
jk'/fl>tM .
g ko{b]jg\ ljwjf g r
Jofns[t+ eod\ ..@(..
g Joflwh+ eo+ rf;Lb|fd] /fHo+ k|zf;lt .
knf]s] b:o'eo+
gf;Lbgyf]{ gfl:t ság ..#)..
k/dfTdf
/fdn] ;d:t sd{x¿sf ;fIfL, lgTo lgd{n¿k, st{[Toflbaf6 /lxt, ;j{bf lglj{sf/ /
:jfgGbt[Kt eP/ klg ;d:t nf]sx¿nfO{ pkb]z ug{sf nflu dg'io¿k wf/0f u/]/
7"nf7"nf blIf0ff u/L càd]wflb ;d:t o1x¿sf] cg'©fg ug'{eof] . dxf/fh
/fdn] /fHozf;g ug'{ePsf] ;dodf slxNo} ljwjfx¿sf] j|mGbg ePg, ;k{, Joflwx¿sf] /
n'6]/fx¿sf] eo ePg, clg s'g} cgy{ klg ePg ..@&–#)..
j[4]if' ;T;' afnfgf+
gf;LGd[To'eo+ tyf .
/fdk"hfk/fM ;j]{
;j]{ /f3jlrGtsfM ..#!..
j[4x¿
x'Fbfx'Fb} afnsx¿sf] d[To'sf] eo lyPg, ;a} hgf eujfg\ /fdsf] k"hf /
pxfFsf] :d/0f ug]{ uy]{ ..#!..
jjif{'h{nbf:tf]o+
oyfsfn+ oyf?lr .
k|hfM :jwd{lg/tf
j0ff{>du'0fflGjtfM ..#@..
d]3
;j{bf 7Ls ;dodf oy]¨ hn a;f{pFYof], k|hf cfÇgf–cfÇgf wd{ kfng ug]{ uy]{, /
j0ff{>dsf u'0fx¿n] o'Qm lyP ..#@..
cf}/;flgj /fdf]›lk
h'uf]k lkt[jTk|hfM .
;j{nIf0f;+o'QmM
;j{wd{k/fo0fM ..##..
bzjif{;x;|fl0f /fdf]
/fHod'kf:t ;M ..#$..
tyf
>L/fdrGb|hL klg cfÇgf k|hfnfO{ cfÇgf k'q;dfg lkt[jt\ kfng ug'{x'GYof], o;/L
;j{nIf0f;DkÙ, ;j{wd{k/fo0f eujfg\ /fdn] b; xhf/ jif{;Dd /fHo–zf;g ug'{eof]
..##–#$..
Ob+ /x:o+ wgwfGoCl4d–
2L3f{o'/f/f]Uos/+ ;'k'0obd\ .
kljqdfWoflTds;lG1t+
k'/f
/fdfo0f+ efliftdflbzDe'gf ..#%..
wg–wfGoflb
;d:t j}ej lbg] lsl;dsf] tyf bL3f{o', cf/f]Uo / k'0osf] j[l4 ug]{ o; cfWoflTds
/fdfo0f–gfds k/d kljq / uf]kgLo /x:onfO{ k"j{sfndf >Lcflbdxfb]jn]
kfj{tLhLnfO{ ;'gfpg'ePsf] lyof] ..#%..
ð[0ff]lt eSTof dg'hM
;dflxtf]
eSTof k7]åf kl/t'¨dfg;M .
;jf{M ;dfKgf]lt
dgf]utflziff]
ljd'Rot] kftssf]l6leM If0fft\ ..#^..
h'g
dg'ion] o;nfO{ elQmk"j{s ;dflxtlrQn] ;'G5 cyjf k|;ÙlrQn] elQmk"j{s
k9\b5, p;n] cfÇgf ;d:t sfdgfx¿nfO{ k|fKt ub{5 / Ps If0fd} s/f]8f}F kfkx¿af6 d'Qm
x'G5 ..#^..
/fdfleif]s+ k|otM
ð[0ff]lt of]
wgflenfifL net] dx4gd\
.
k'qflenfifL
;'tdfo{;Ddt+
k|fKgf]lt
/fdfo0fdflbtM k7g\ ..#&..
wgsf]
OR5f /fVg] k'?ifn] of] /fdfleif]s Psfu|lrQn] >j0f u¥of] eg] To;n] w]/} ;DklQ
k|fKt ub{5 / h'g k'qflenfifL dflg;n] o; u|Gysf] cf/Deaf6} kf7 ub{5 p;n]
;Tk'?ifx¿åf/f ;Ddfg kfpg of]Uo k'q kfpg]5 ..#&..
ð[0ff]lt of]›WoflTds/fd;+lxtf+
k|fKgf]lt /fhf
e'jd[4;Dkbd\ .
zT¿g\
ljlhTofl/le/k|wlif{tf]
Jok]tb'Mvf] ljhoL
ej]Ù[kM ..#*..
h'g
/fhfn] o; cWofTd/fdfo0fsf] >j0f ub{5g\ pgn] wgwfGo;DkÙ k[lyjL k|fKt ub{5g\ /
zq'x¿af6 ckdflgt x'g' gkgf{n] ;a} k|sf/sf b'Mvaf6 5'6sf/f kfO{ ljho nfe ub{5g\
..#*..
l:qof]›lk
ð[0jGTolw/fd;+lxtf+
ejlGt tf hLlj;'tfá
k"lhtfM .
jGWoflk k'q+ net]
;'¿lk0f+
syflddf+ elQmo'tf
ð[0ff]lt of ..#(..
:qLx¿df
klg h;n] of] cfWoflTds /fd;+lxtf ;'Gb5g\, pgsf ;Gtfg lr/~hLjL x'G5g\ tyf h'g
jGWofn] of] syf elQmk"j{s >j0f ub{l5g\ ltgn] ;'Gb/ ¿kjfg\ k'q k|fKt
ub{l5g\ ..#(..
>4flGjtf] oM
ð[0f'ofTk7]Ù/f]
ljlhTo sf]k+ r tyf
ljdT;/M .
b'uf{l0f ;jf{l0f
ljlhTo lge{of]
ej]T;'vL /f3jelQm;+o'tM
..$)..
h'g
dg'ion] j|mf]wnfO{ lht]/ O{iof{/lxt eO{ o;nfO{ >4fk"j{s ;'Gb5 of k9\b5,
pm ;d:t cju'0fx¿nfO{ lht]/ lge{o, ;'vL / /fdelQmn] ;DkÙ x'G5 ..$)..
;'/fM ;d:tf clk oflGt
t'¨tf+
lj£gfM ;d:tf ckoflGt
ð[0jtfd\ .
cWofTd/fdfo0fdflbtf]
g[0ff+
ejlGt ;jf{ clk ;DkbM
k/fM ..$!..
o;
cWofTd/fdfo0fsf] ;'?b]lv g} >j0f ug]{ k'?ifx¿;Fu ;d:t b]ju0f k|;Ù x'G5g\,
To;sf ;Dk"0f{ lj£g k/ x6]/ hfG5g\ / p;nfO{ ;a} k|sf/sf pQd ;DklQx¿ k|fKt
x'G5g\ ..$!..
/h:jnf jf olb /fdtTk/f
ð[0ff]lt /fdfo0fd]tbflbtM .
k'q+ k|;"t] Cife+ lr/fo'if+
kltj|tf nf]s;'k"lhtf ej]t\ ..$@..
olb
/h:jnf :qLn] eujfg\ /fdsf] :d/0f ub}{ ;'?b]lv g} of] /fdfo0f >j0f ul/g\ eg]
clt pQd / bL3f{o' k'q pTkÙ ub{l5g\ . clg pgL cfk"m klg ;+;f/af6 ;Ddflgt
kltj|tf x'lG5g\ ..$@..
k"hloTjf t' o] eSTof gd:s'j{lGt lgTozM .
;j}{M kfk}lj{lgd{'Qmf lji0ff]of{lGt k/+ kbd\ ..$#..
h'g
dflgn] o;sf] elQmk"j{s k"hg u/]/ o;nfO{ k|ltlbg gd:sf/ ub{5g\, pgL
;d:t kfkx¿af6 d'Qm eP/ lji0f'sf] k/dwfddf k'Ub5g\ ..$#..
cWofTd/fdrl/t+ s[T:g+ ð[0jlGt elQmtM .
k7lGt jf :jo+ jSqfQ]iff+ /fdM k|;Lblt ..$$..
h'g
JolQmn] of] ;Dk"0f{ cWofTd/fdfo0f elQmk"j{s ;'Gb5 cyjf :jod\ cfÇgf]
d'vn] g} k9\b5, pm;Fu eujfg\ /fd k|;Ù x'g'x'G5 ..$$..
/fd Pj k/+ a|é tl:d+:t'¨]›lvnfTdlg .
wdf{y{sfddf]Iff0ff+ oBlbR5lt tb\ej]t\ ..$%..
eujfg\
/fd g} k/a|é x'g'x'G5, ctM pg} ;jf{Tdf /fd k|;Ù x'g'ePdf wd{, cy{, sfd,
df]IfdWo] h]sf] OR5f 5 ToxL k|fKt x'G5 ..$%..
>f]tJo+ lgod]g}tb|fdfo0fdvl08td\ .
cfo'iodf/f]Uos/+ sNksf]6Ø3gfzgd\ ..$^..
o;sf/0f
cfo' / cf/f]Uo lbg] ePsf] tyf s/f]8f}F sNkx¿sf kfkx¿ gfz ug]{ of] /fdfo0f
lg/Gt/ k|ltlbg lgodk"j{s >j0f ug'{kb{5 ..$^..
b]jfá ;j]{ t'iolGt u|xfM ;j]{ dxif{oM .
/fdfo0f:o >j0f] t[KolGt lkt/:tyf ..$&..
o;sf]
>j0f ugf{n] ;d:t b]ju0f, ;Dk"0f{ u|x Pjd\ dxlif{u0f k|;Ù x'G5g\ tyf
lkt[u0f klg t[lKt nfe ub{5g\ ..$&..
cWofTd/fdfo0fd]tbb\e't+
j}/fUolj1fgo't+ k'/ftgd\ .
k7lGt ð[0jlGt lnvlGt o] g/fM
t]iff+ ej]›l:dÙ k'ge{jf] ej]t\ ..$*..
h'g
JolQmn] 1fg–j}/fUon] o'Qm of] clt cb\e't k|frLg cWofTd/fdfo0f k9\b5, n]Vt5 cyjf
;'Gb5, o; ;+;f/df p;sf] km]l/ hGd x'Fb}g ..$*..
cfnf]8Øflvnj]b/flzd;s[BQf/s+ a|é tb\–
/fdf] lji0f'/x:od"lt{l/lt of] lj1fo e"t]à/M .
pb\w[Toflvn;f/;ª\u|xldb+ ;ª\If]ktM k|:k'm6+
>L/fd:o lgu"9tŒjdlvn+ k|fx lk|ofo} ejM ..$(..
e"tgfy
eujfg\ zË/n] af/Daf/ ;d:t j]b–/flzsf] dGyg u/]/ of] lgáo ug'{eof] ls tf/s dGq
‘/fd’ lji0f' eujfg\sf] u'Kt d"lt{ xf] . ctM pxfFn] ;d:t j]bx¿sf] ;f/
pklgifb\x¿sf] ;ª\u|x¿k of] eujfg\ /fdsf] ;Dk"0f{ u'Kt tŒj cfÇgL lk|of
>Lkfj{tLhLnfO{ ;ª\If]kdf ;'gfpg'eof] ..$(..
Olt
>LdbWofTd/fdfo0f] pdfdx]à/;+jfb] o'4sf08] iff]8zM
;u{M ..!^..
.. ;dfKtldb+
o'4sf08d\ ..
cWofTd/fdfo0f] pQ/sf08d\
k|yd ;u{
eujfg\ /fdsxfF cu:To cflb d'gLà/x¿ cfpg' / /fj0f
cflb / /fIf;x¿sf] k"j{rl/q ;'gfpg'
>Ldxfb]j pjfr
holt /3'j+zltnsM
sf};NofXbogGbgf] /fdM .
bzjbglgwgsf/L bfz/lyM
k'08/LsfIfM ..!..
>Ldxfb]jn]
eÙ'eof]– >Lsf};NofhLsf] XbonfO{ cfglGbt ug]{, bzjbg /fj0fnfO{ dfg]{
/3'j+zltns bz/ys'df/ sdngog eujfg\ /fdsf] ho xf];\ ..!..
kfj{To'jfr
cy /fdM
lsds/f]Tsf};NofgGbjw{gM .
xTjf d[w] /fj0ffbLg\
/fIf;fg\ eLdljj|mdM ..@..
clelifQm:Tjof]Wofof+
;Ltof ;x /f3jM .
dfofdfg'iftf+ k|fKo
slt jiff{l0f e"tn] ..#..
l:ytjfg\ nLnof b]jM
k/dfTdf ;gftgM .
cTohGdfg'if+ nf]s+
sydGt] /3"åxM ..$..
>Lkfj{tLhLn]
eÙ'eof]– sf};NofhLsf] cfgGbnfO{ a9fpg] ePsf dxfk/fj|mdL >L/fdrGb|hLn] o'4df
/fj0fflb /fIf;x¿nfO{ df/]/ cof]Wofk'/Ldf ;LtfhL;lxt /fHoflelifQm x'g'ePkl5 c¿
s]–s] sfo{ ug'{eof] < nLnfn] g} dfof–dfgj efjdf 8'Ag'ePsf To:tf ;gftg
k/dfTdf k[YjLtndf slt jif{ a:g'eof] < tyf cGTodf /3'gGbgn] o; dTo{nf]snfO{
s;/L Tofu ug'{eof] < ..@–$..
PtbfVoflx eujg\
>2wTof dd k|ef] .
syfkLo'ifdf:jfB t[i0ff
d]›tLj jw{t] .
/fdrGb|:o eujg\ a|"lx lj:t/zM syfd\ ..%..
x]
k|ef] ¤ >4fjtL dnfO{ xh'/ of] ;a} j[QfGt ;'gfpg'xf];\ . x] eujg\ ¤
>L/fdsyfd[tsf] cf:jfbg u/]sfn] d]/f] t[i0ff cToGt a9\b} cfPsf] 5, o;sf/0f
xh'/n] >L/fdrGb|hLsf] syf lj:tf/k"j{s eÙ'xf];\ ..%..
>Ldxfb]j pjfr
/fIf;fgf+ jw+ s[Tjf
/fHo] /fd pkl:yt] .
cfoo'd{'goM ;j]{
>L/fddlejlGbt'd\ ..^..
>Ldxfb]jhLn]
eÙ'eof]– x] kfj{tL ¤ /fIf;x¿sf] jw u/]kl5 eujfg\ /fd /fhkbdf lj/fhdfg x'g'ePkl5
;d:t d'lghg pxfFnfO{ clejfbg ug{sf nflu cfP ..^..
ljàfldqf]›l;tM s0jf]
b'jf{;f e[u'/ª\lu/fM .
sZokf] jfdb]jf]›lq:tyf
;Ktif{of]›dnfM ..&..
cu:ToM ;x lzio}á
d'lgleM ;lxtf]›Eouft\ .
åf/df;fB /fd:o
åf/kfndyfa|jLt\ ..*..
To;a]nf
ljàfldq, cl;t, s0j, b'jf{;f, e[u', cª\lu/f, sZos, jfdb]j, clq tyf lgd{n :jefj
ePsf ;Ktlif{u0f / cfÇgf lziox¿ tyf cGo–cGo d'lghgx¿;lxt cu:TohL cfP . cu:TohLn]
eujfg\ /fdsf] åf/df k'u]/ åf/kfnnfO{ eg]– ..&–*..
a|"lx /fdfo d'goM
;dfuTo alxMl:ytfM .
cu:Tok|d'vfM ;j]{
cfzLle{/leglGbt'd\ ..(..
ltdL
dxf/fh /fdnfO{ uP/ eg– xh'/nfO{ cfzLjf{bx¿n] clegGbg ug{sf nflu cu:To cflb ;d:t
d'lgu0f cfPsf 5g\ / aflx/ pleO/x]sf 5g\ ..(..
k|tLxf/:ttf]
/fddu:Tojrgfb\ b|'td\ .
gd:s[Tofa|jLåfSo+
ljgofjgtM k|e'd\ ..!)..
åf/kfn
cu:TohLn] o;f] eg]kl5 t'?Gt} eujfg\ /fdnfO{ gd:sf/ u/]/ pxfF;Fu clt
ljgok"j{s o;f] eÙ nfu] ..!)..
s[tf~hln?jfr]bdu:Tof]
d'lgleM ;x .
b]j Tj2z{gfyf{o
k|fKtf] alx?kl:ytM ..!!..
pgn]
xft hf]8]/ eg]– æb]j ¤ xh'/sf] bz{gsf nflu d'lgx¿;lxt >Lcu:TohL cfP/ aflx/
pleO/x]sf 5g\ .Æ ..!!..
td'jfr åf/kfn+ k|j]zo
oyf;'vd\ .
k"lhtf
ljljz'j]{Zd gfgf/Tglje"liftd\ ..!@..
eujfg\
/fdn] åf/kfnnfO{ eÙ'eof]– æpxfFx¿nfO{ cfgGbk"j{s leq lnP/ cfpm .Æ clg
d'lgx¿ ljlwjt\ k"lht eP/ gfgf k|sf/sf /Tgx¿n] lje"lift dxndf k|j]z
u/] ..!@..
b[¨\jf /fdf] d'gLg\
zL3|+ k|To'Tyfo s[tf~hlnM .
kfBf£of{lble/fk"Ho
uf+ lgj]B oyfljlw ..!#..
eujfg\
/fd d'lgx¿nfO{ b]Vgf;fy t'?Gt} xft hf]8]/ pleg'eof] . o;kl5 c£o{–kfBflbn]
pgLx¿sf] k"hg u/L pgLx¿nfO{ ljlwk"j{s Pp6f–Pp6f ufO{ e]6L lbg'eof]
..!#..
gTjf t]Eof] bbf}
lbJofGof;gflg oyfx{tM .
pklj¨f k|X¨fá d'gof]
/fdk"lhtfM ..!$..
clg
tL ;a}nfO{ gd:sf/ u/]/ oyfof]Uo lbJo cf;g lbg'eof] . tL d'lgu0f eujfg\ /fdaf6
k"lht eP/ clt xif{k"j{s tL cf;gdf lj/fhdfg eP ..!$..
;Dk[¨s'znfM ;j]{ /fd+
s'znda|'jg\ .
s'zn+ t] dxfafxf] ;j{q
/3'gGbg ..!%..
>L/fdrGb|hLåf/f
va/ ;f]wgL x'Fbf ;a}n] cfÇgf] xfnva/ atfP clg pxfFnfO{ eg]– æx] /3'gGbg ¤ x]
dxfafxf] ¤ tkfO{Fsf] /fHodf t ;j{q s'zn 5 lg x}g < ..!%..
lb¨Ø]bfgL+ k|kZofdf]
xtzq'dl/Gbd .
g lx ef/M ; t] /fd
/fj0ff] /fIf;]à/M ..!^..
x]
zq'bdg ¤ cfh xfdL 7"nf] efUon] xh'/nfO{ zq'xLg b]lv/x]sf 5f}F . x] /fd ¤
xh'/sf nflu /fIf;/fh /fj0fnfO{ dfg'{ vf;} sl7g lyPg ..!^..
;wg':Tj+ lx
nf]sf+:qLg\ ljh]t'+ zQm Pj lx .
lb¨Øf Tjof xtfM ;j]{
/fIf;f /fj0ffboM ..!&..
lsgeg]
xh'/ wg'if wf/0f u/]kl5 tLgj6} nf]sx¿nfO{ lhTgdf ;dy{ x'g'x'G5 . xfd|f]
;f}efUon] xh'/n] /fj0f cflb ;a} /fIf;x¿nfO{ dfl/lbg'eof] ..!&..
;èd]tGdxfafxf] /fj0f:o
lgax{0fd\ .
c;èd]tT;Dk|fKt+
/fj0f]o{lÙif"bgd\ ..!*..
clg
x] dxfafxf] ¤ /fj0fnfO{ dfg'{ t a? ;lhn} lyof] t/ /fj0fsf] k'q d]3gfbsf] jw
ug'{ w]/} a9L b'is/ sfo{ lyof] ..!*..
cGtsk|ltdfM ;j]{
s'Des0ff{bof] d[w] .
cGtsk|ltd}af{0f}x{tf:t]
/3';Qd ..!(..
oL
s'Des0f{ cflb ;a} /fIf; o'4df sfnsf ;dfg lyP . x] /3'>]© ¤ tL ;a} xh'/sf
sfnsf ;dfg s/fn af0fx¿n] dfl/P ..!(..
bQf r]o+ Tjof:dfs+
k'/f èeoblIf0ff .
xTjf /Iff]u0ffg\
;ª\Vo] s[ts[Tof]›B hLjl; ..@)..
xh'/n]
xfdLnfO{ t klxNo} ceobfg lbg'ePsf] lyof] . ca xh'/ :jod\ klg oL /fIf;x¿nfO{
o'4df df/]/ s[ts[To eO{ hLljt x'g'x'G5 ..@)..
>'Tjf t' eflift+
t]iff+ d'gLgf+ efljtfTdgfd\ .
lj:do+ k/d+ uTjf /fdM
k|f~hln/a|jLt\ ..@!..
tL
cfTdlg© d'gLà/x¿sf] efif0f ;'g]/ >L/fdrGb|hLn] cToGt ljl:dt eP/ pgLx¿;Fu xft
hf]8]/ ;f]Wg'eof] ..@!..
/fj0ffbLgltj|mDo
s'Des0ff{lb/fIf;fg\ .
lqnf]shlogf] lxTjf ls+
k|z+;y /fjl0fd\ ..@@..
æx]
d''lgu0f ¤ xh'/x¿ lqnf]sljhoL /fj0f / s'Des0f{ cflb /fIf;x¿nfO{ 5f8]/ /fj0fsf]
k'q d]3gfbsf] rflxF k|z+;f lsg ug'{x'G5 <Æ ..@@..
tt:tårg+ >'Tjf
/f3j:o dxfTdgM .
s'Deof]lgd{xft]hf /fd+
k|LTof jrf]›a|jLt\ ..@#..
dxfTdf
/3'gfyhLsf oL jrg ;'g]/ k/d t]h:jL d'lgj/ cu:TohLn] pxfFnfO{ clt
k|Lltk"j{s eÙ'eof]– ..@#..
ð[0f' /fd oyf j[Q+
/fj0f] /fj0f:o r .
hGd sd{ j/fbfg+ ;ª\If]kfåbtf] dd ..@$..
æx]
/fd ¤ tkfO{F /fj0f / p;sf] k'qsf hGd, sd{ / j/k|flKt cflbsf] j[QfGt ;'Ù'xf];\ .
d Tof] ;ª\If]kdf j0f{g ub{5' ..@$..
k'/f s[to'u] /fd
k'n:Tof] a|é0fM ;'tM .
tk:tKt'+ utf] ljåfg\
d]/f]M kfà{+ dxfdltM ..@%..
x]
/fd ¤ k"j{sfndf ;Too'udf a|éfsf k'q dxfdlt ljåfg\ k'n:TohL tk ug{sf nflu
;'d]? kj{tdf uP ..@%..
t[0flaGbf]/f>d]›;f}
Goj;Gd'lgk'ÍjM .
tk:t]k] dxft]hfM
:jfWofolg/tM ;bf ..@^..
pgL
dxft]h:jL d'lg>]© t[0flaGb'sf] cf>ddf a:g nfu] . clg ToxfF lg/Gt/ :jfWofo
-k|0fj–hk_df tTk/ /x]/ tk ug{ nfu] ..@^..
tqf>d] dxf/Do] b]juGwj{sGosfM
.
ufoGTof] gg[t':tq
x;GTof] jfbolGt r ..@&..
k'n:To:o tkf]lj£g+
rj|m'M ;jf{ clglGbtfM .
ttM j|m'4f] dxft]hf
Jofhxf/ jrf] dxt\ ..@*..
To;
dxf/d0fLo cf>ddf b]jtf / uGwj{x¿sf ;'Gb/L sGofx¿ ufpFy], ahfpFy] / xfF:t}
gfRg] / k'n:TohLsf] tkdf lj£g kfg{ nfu] . o;af6 dxft]h:jL k'n:TohL cToGt j|m'4
eP . pgn] eg]– ..@&–@*..
of d] b[l¨ky+ uR5]T;f
ue{+ wf/loiolt .
tfM ;jf{M zfk;+ljUgf g
t+ b]z+ k|rj|md'M ..@(..
æh'g
b]j of uGwj{ sGofdf d]/f] b[l¨ kg{ hfnf, Tof] ue{jtL x'g]5] .Æ clg o; ;/fkaf6
eoeLt eP/ pgLx¿dWo] sf]xL klg To; :yfgdf cfPgg\ ..@(..
t[0flaGbf]:t' /fhif]{M
sGof tÙfð[0ff]årM .
ljrrf/ d'g]/u|] lge{of
t+ k|kZotL ..#)..
t/
/fhlif{ t[0flaGb'sL sGofn] of] jfSo ;'g]sL /lxgl5g\ . o;sf/0f pgL tL d'gLà/sf
;fd' lge{otfk"j{s pgnfO{ x]b}{ 3'ld/lxg\ .
ae"j
kf08'/tg'Jo{l~htfGtMz/L/hf .
b[¨\jf ;f b]xj}j0o{+
eLtf lkt/dGjuft\ ..#!..
o;af6
pgL uef{j:yfdf x'gfn] kx]FnL eOg\ . clg pgsf :tg a9]/ :k¨ b]lvg yfn] . cfÇgf]
z/L/ sflGtxLg ePsf] b]v]/ pgL 8/fpFb} cfÇgf lktf eP7fpF uOg\ ..#!..
t[0flaGb'á tf+ b[¨\jf
/fhlif{/ldtB'ltM .
WofTjf d'lgs[t+
;j{dj}lå1fgrIf'iff ..#@..
ha
ltgnfO{ dxft]h:jL /fhlif{ t[0flaGb'n] Wofgk"j{s x]/], pgn] cfÇgf]
1fgb[l¨n] d'lgj/ k'n:Tosf ;a} s[To hflgxfn] ..#@..
tf+ sGof+ d'lgjof{o
k'n:Tofo bbf} lktf .
tf+ k|u[èfa|jLTsGof+
af9ldTo]j ; låhM ..##..
o;kl5
lktf t[0flaGb'n] cfÇgL sGof d'lg>]© k'n:TonfO{ lbP . Clifn] klg ;xif{ :jLsf/
u/] ..##..
z'>"if0fk/f+
b[¨\jf d'lgM k|Ltf]›a|jLårM .
bf:ofld k'qd]s+ t]
peof]j{+zjw{gd\ ..#$..
ltgnfO{
cToGt z'>"iffk/fo0f b]v]/ d'lgj/ k'n:Ton] pgL;Fu k|;Ù eP/ eg]– d ltdLnfO{
b'j} j+z -dft[kIf / lkt[kIf_ nfO{ a9fpg] Ps k'q lbpFnf .Æ ..#$..
ttM k|f;"t ;f
k'q+ k'n:TofNnf]slj>'td\ .
lj>jf Olt ljVoftM
kf}n:Tof] a|éljGd'lgM ..#%..
tL
sGofn] k'n:TohLåf/f Ps lqnf]sljVoft k'qnfO{ hGd lbOg, hf] k'n:To–k'q a|éj]Qf
d'lgj/ lj>jfsf] gfdn] k|l;4 eP ..#%..
t:o zLnflbs+ b[¨\jf
e/åfhf] dxfd'lgM .
efof{y{+ :jf+ b'lxt/+
bbf} lj>j;] d'bf ..#^..
lj>jfsf]
zLn–:jefj cflb b]v]/ dxfd'lg e/åfhn] k|;Ù eP/ ltgnfO{ cfÇgL k'qL ljjfx u/]/ lbP
..#^..
t:of+ t' k'qM ;~h1]
kf}n:TofNnf]s;DdtM .
lkt[t'Nof] j}>j0ff]
a|é0ff rfg'df]lbtM ..#&..
To;af6
k'n:TogGbg lj>jfn] lqnf]sLdf k|ltl©t Ps k'q pTkÙ u/] . ltg} lj>jfsf k'q
cfÇgf lktfsf ;dfg lyP tyf a|éfhLn] klg pgsf] k|z+;f ug'{ePsf] lyof] ..#&..
bbf} tQk;f t'¨f] a|éf
t:d} j/+ z'ed\ .
dgf]›lenlift+ t:o
wg]zTjdvl08td\ ..#*..
pgsf]
tkaf6 k|;Ù eP/ a|éfhLn] pgnfO{ dgf]jfl~5t >]© j/ lbP/ cvl08t wg]à/tf lbP
..#(..
ttf] nAwj/M ;f]›lk
lkt/+ b|¨'dfutM .
k'iks]0f wgfWoIff]
a|ébQ]g ef:jtf ..#(..
a|éfhLsf]
j/bfgaf6 wgfWoIf eP/ ltgL pxfFn] lbg'ePsf] dxft]h:jL k'iks ljdfgdf r9]/ cfÇgf
lktfnfO{ e]6\g cfP ..#(..
gd:s[Tofy lkt/+ lgj]B
tk;M kmnd\ .
k|fx d] eujfg\ a|éf
bŒjf j/dlglGbtd\ ..$)..
clg
pgnfO{ cfÇgf] tksf] kmn lgj]bg u/]/ k|0ffd ub}{ eg]– æeujfg\ a|éfhLn] dnfO{ of]
cTo'Qd j/ lbg'ePsf] 5 ..$)..
lgjf;fo g d] :yfg+
bQjfg\ k/d]à/M .
a|"lx d] lgot+
:yfg+ lx+;f oq g s:olrt\ ..$!..
t/
pxfFn] dnfO{ a:gsf nflu s'g} :yfg lbg'ePsf] 5}g . ctM xh'/n] dnfO{ s'g} o:tf]
lglát :yfg atfpg'xf];\ hxfF /xgfn] s;}sf] lx+;f gxf];\ .Æ ..$!..
lj>jf clk t+ k|fx nËfgfd k'/L z'ef .
/fIf;fgf+ lgjf;fo lgld{tf
ljàsd{0ff ..$@..
of]
;'g]kl5 lj>jfn] pgnfO{ eg]– æbfgjx¿sf ljàsdf{n] nËf gfds Ps ;'Gb/ k'/L
/fIf;x¿nfO{ a:g eg]/ agfPsf 5g\ ..$@..
ToSTjf lji0f'eof2}Tof
ljljz':t] /;ftnd\ .
;f k'/L
b'ik|wiff{Go}d{Wo];fu/dfl:ytf ..$#..
lsGt'
b}Tox¿ lji0f' eujfg\sf] eon] To;nfO{ 5f8]/ /;ftntkm{ uP . Tof] k'/L s'g} zq'n]
cfj|mfGt x'g' cToGt sl7g 5, lsgeg] Tof] ;d'b|sf] aLrdf a;]sf] 5 ..$#..
tq jf;fo uR5 Tj+
gfGo}M ;flwl©tf k'/f .
lkqflb¨:Tj;f} uTjf tf+
k'/L+ wgbf]›ljzt\ ..$$..
ltdL
a:gsf nflu ToxLF hfpm . To; k'/Ldf o;eGbf cufl8 s;}sf] clwsf/ sfod 5}g .Æ clg
wgklt s'a]/n] lktfsf] cf1fn] uP/ To; k'/Ldf k|j]z u/] ..$$..
; tq ;'lr/+ sfnd'jf;
lkt[;DdtM .
s:olrŒjy sfn:o ;'dfnL
gfd /fIf;M ..$%..
/;ftnfGdTo{nf]s+ rrf/
lklztfzgM .
u[xLTjf tgof+ sGof+
;fIff2]jLldj l>od\ ..$^..
ToxfF
cfÇgf lktfsf] ;Ddltn] pgn] w]/} ;do;Dd lgjf; u/] . s'g} ;dodf ;'dfnL gfds Ps
df+;–ef]hL /fIf; ;fIfft\ nIdLb]jLsf ;dfg ¿kjtL cfÇgL s'df/L k'qLnfO{ ;fy}df
lnP/ /;ftnb]lv cfP/ dTo{nf]sdf 3'ld/x]sf] lyof] ..$%–$^..
ckZo4gb+ b]j+ r/Gt+
k'iks]0f ;M .
lxtfo lrGtofdf;
/fIf;fgf+ dxfdgfM ..$&..
p;n]
eujfg\ s'a]/nfO{ k'iks ljdfgdf r9]/ ljr/0f ub}{ u/]sf] b]Vof] . clg dxfdlt
;'dfnL /fIf;x¿sf] enf] ug]{ pkfo ;f]Rg nfUof] ..$&..
pjfr tgof+ tq s}s;L+
gfd gfdtM .
jT;] ljjfxsfn:t]
of}jg+ rfltjt{t] ..$*..
p;n]
s}s;L gfdsL cfÇgL sGofnfO{ eGof] – æ5f]/L t]/f] ljjfxsf] ;do / of}jgsfn lat]/
uO/x]sf] 5 ..$*..
k|TofVofgfRr eLt}:Tj+
g j/}u{[è;] z'e] .
;f Tj+ j/o eb|+ t] d'lg+ a|és'nf]b\ejd\ ..$(..
:jod]j ttM k'qf
eljiolGt dxfanfM .
O{b[zfM ;j{zf]ef9Øf
wgb]g ;dfM z'e] ..%)..
t/
x] ;'Gb/L ¤ t}Fn] 5fl8b]ln;\ ls eÙ] eon] tFnfO{ s'g} j/ j/0f ub}{g . ctM t]/f]
sNof0f xf];\, tF :jod\ g} uP/ a|éfhLsf j+zdf pTkÙ ePsf d'lgj/ lj>jfnfO{ j/0f
u/\ . x] z'e] ¤ pgLaf6 t]/f o; s'a]/sf ;dfg ;j{zf]ef;DkÙ dxfanjfg\ k'q pTkÙ
x'g]5g\ ..$(–%)..
ty]lt ;f››>d+ uTjf
d'g]/u|] Jojl:ytf .
lnvGtL e'jdu|]0f
kfb]gfwf]d'vL l:ytf ..%!..
clg
Tof] ‘Psbd 7Ls’ eGb} d'gLà/sf] cf>ddf uP/ pleO/xL, clg 3f];]d'G6f] nufP/
uf]8fsf gªn] e'OF vf];|g nfuL ..%!..
tfdk[R5Gd'lgM sf Tj+
sGof›l; j/jl0f{lg .
;fa|jLTk|f~hlna{|ég\ Wofg]g
1ft'dx{l; ..%@..
d'gLà/n]
To;nfO{ ;f]w]– æx] ;'Gb/jl0f{gL ¤ tF sf] xf];\,s;sL sGof xf];\ < tyf s]sf
nflu tF oxfF cfPsL xf];\ <Æ s}s;Ln] xft hf]8]/ egL– æa|ég\ ¤ xh'/ Wofgåf/f
;a}yf]s hfÙ ;Sg'x'G5 .Æ ..%@..
ttf] WofTjf d'lgM ;j{+
1fTjf tf+ k|Toefift .
1ft+ tjflenlift+ dQM
k'qfgeLK;l; ..%#..
clg
d'lgj/n] Wofgåf/f ;a}s'/f hfg]/ p;nfO{ eg]– æd}n] t]/f] clenfiff a'em]F . tF
daf6 k'qx¿sf] OR5f ub{5];\ ..%#..
bf?0ffof+ t'
j]nfofdfutfl; ;'dWod] .
ct:t] bf?0ff} k'qf}
/fIf;f} ;DeljiotM ..%$..
t/
x] ;'Gb/L ¤ tF o; bf?0f ;do kf/]/ cfO;\ . o;sf/0f t]/f k'q klg b'O6f dxfeoË/
/fIf; x'g]5g\ .Æ ..%$..
;fa|jLGd'lgzfb{"n
TjQf]›Ko]j+ljwf} ;'tf} .
tfdfx kládf] o:t]
eljiolt dxfdltM ..%%..
dxfefujtM >Ldfg\
/fdeSTo]stTk/M .
OTo'Qmf ;f tyf sfn]
;'if'j] bzsGw/d\ ..%^..
/fj0f+ lj+zlte'h+
bzzLif{+ ;'bf?0fd\ .
tb|Iff]hftdfq]0f rrfn r j;'Gw/f ..%&..
p;n]
egL– æx] d'lg>]© ¤ xh'/åf/f klg o:tf k'q k}bf x'g'x'G5 / <Æ d'gLà/n]
p;nfO{ eg]– æltgLx¿kl5 tFaf6 h'g k'q hGdG5, Tof] dxfa'l4dfg\, k/d eujb\eQm,
>L;DkÙ / Psdfq /fdelQmdf Tof] tTk/ /xg]5 .Æ
d'gLà/n]
o;f] eg]kl5 p;n] oyf;dodf b; lz/ / aL; xft ePsf] clt eoË/ /fj0fnfO{ hGd lbO{ .
To; /fIf;n] hGd lnFb}v]l/ k[lyjL sfFKg nfUof] ..%%–%&..
ae"j'gf{zx]t"lg
lgldQfGolvnfGolk .
s'Des0f{:ttf] hftf]
dxfkj{t;lÙeM ..%*..
clg
;+;f/sf] gfzsf ;d:t sf/0f pkl:yt eP . To;kl5 dxfkj{tsf ;dfg 7"nf] hLpHofg
ePsf] s'Des0f{ pTkÙ eof] ..%*..
ttM z"k{0fvf gfd
hftf /fj0f;f]b/L .
ttf] ljeLif0ff] hftM
zfGtfTdf ;f}Dobz{gM ..%(..
:jfWofoL lgotfxf/f]
lgTosd{k/fo0fM .
s'Des0f{:t' b'¨fTdf
låhfg\ ;Gt'¨r]t;M ..^)..
eIfoÙ[lif;Îf+á
ljrrf/fltbf?0fM .
/fj0ff]›lk dxf;Œjf]
nf]sfgf+ eobfosM .
jj[w] nf]sgfzfo èfdof]
b]lxgfldj ..^!..
clg
/fj0fsL alxgL z"k{0fvfsf] hGd eof] / To;kl5 clt zfGtlrQ ;f}Dod"lt{
ljeLif0f pTkÙ eP, oL cToGt :jfWofozLn, ldtfxf/L / lgTosd{k/fo0f lyP . cToGt
bf?0f b'¨fTdf s'Des0f{ ;Gt'¨lrQ a|fé0f / Clifx¿sf ;d"xx¿nfO{ eIf0f ub}{
k[lyjLdf 3'ld/xg nfUof] . tyf ;Dk"0f{ nf]sx¿nfO{ eoeLt ug]{jfnf dxfanL
/fj0f klg k|f0fLx¿sf] gfz ug{sf nflu a9\g nfUof] ..%(–^!..
/fd Tj+
;snfGt/:ydletf] hfgfl; lj1fgb[s\
;fIfL ;j{Xlb l:ytf] lx
k/df] lgTof]lbtf] lgd{nM .
Tj+ nLnfdg'hfs[ltM
:jdlxdg\ dfofu'0f}gf{Ho;]
nLnfy{+ k|ltrf]lbtf]›B
ejtf jIofld /Iff]b\ejd\ ..^@..
x]
/fd ¤ xh'/ ;a}sf cGtMs/0fx¿df lj/fhdfg x'g'x'G5 / ;fIfL¿kn] cfÇgf] 1fgb[l¨åf/f
;a}sf] Xbodf l:yt ljrf/x¿nfO{ /fd|/L hfÙ'x'G5 . xh'/ k/d >]©, lgTo–k|a'4 /
lgd{n x'g'x'G5 . cfÇgf] dlxdfdf l:yt /xg'x'g] x] k/d]à/ ¤ xh'/n] nLnfn] g} of]
dg'io¿k wf/0f ug'{ePsf] xf] . t/ xh'/ dfofsf u'0fx¿;Fu lnKt x'g'x'Ù . xh'/n]
nLnfjz d;Fu ;f]Wg'ePsf] 5, To;}n] d of] /fIf;x¿sf] hGdj[QfGt ;'gfO/x]sf] 5'
..^@..
hfgfld
s]jndgGtdlrGTozlQm+
lrGdfqdIf/dh+
ljlbtfTdtŒjd\ .
Tjf+ /fd
u"9lgh¿kdg'k|j[Qf]
d"9f]›Kox+
ejbg'u|xtá/fld ..^#..
x]
/fd ¤ d xh'/nfO{ Psdfq, cgGt, clrGTozlQm, lrGdfq, cIf/, chGdf / cfTdaf]w:j¿k
x'g'x'G5 eg]/ hfGb5' tyf dfofåf/f cfÇgf] :j¿knfO{ u'Kt /fVg] xh'/df ehgåf/f
k/fo0f eO{ d d"9 klg xh'/sf] s[kfn] :jR5Gb ljr/0f ub{5' ..^#..
Pj+
jbGtldgj+zkljqsLlt{M
s'Def]b\ej+ /3'kltM
k|x;g\ aefif] .
dfofl>t+
;snd]tbgGosTjft\
dTsLt{g+ hult kfkx/+
lgaf]w ..^$..
cu:TohLn]
o;k|sf/ eÙ'ePkl5 ;"o{j+zsf ;'oz:j¿k >L/3'gfyhLn] cu:TohLnfO{ xfF;]/
eÙ'eof]– æof] ;Dk"0f{ ;+;f/ dfofdo 5, jf:tjdf of] daf6 cnu 5}g . x] d'g] ¤
ltdL d]/f u'0fsLt{gnfO{ g} o; ;+;f/df ;Dk"0f{ kfkx¿sf] gfz ug]{ xf] eg]/
a'em ..^$..
Olt
>LdbWofTd/fdfo0f] pdfdx]à/;+jfb] pQ/sf08] k|ydM ;u{M ..!..
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låtLo ;u{
/fIf;x¿sf] /fHo:yfkgsf] ljj/0f
>Ldxfb]j pjfr
>L/fdjrg+ >'Tjf
k/dfgGblge{/M .
d'lgM k|f]jfr ;bl;
;j]{iff+ tq ð[0jtfd\ ..!..
>Ldxfb]jn]
eÙ'eof]– x] kfj{tL ¤ /3'gfyhLsf oL jrg ;'g]/ cu:To d'lg cToGt cfgGbn] el/P .
pgL To; ;efdf ;a}n] ;'Ù] u/L km]l/ eÙ nfu]– ..!..
cy ljQ]à/f] b]j:tq
sfn]g s]glrt\ .
cfoof} k'iksf¿9M lkt/+
b|¨'d~h;f ..@..
æx]
/fd ¤ s'g} ;dodf wgklt s'a]/hL cs:dft\ cfÇgf lktf;Fu e]6 ug{sf nflu k'iks
ljdfgdf r9]/ cfP ..@..
b[¨\jf t+ s}s;L tq
e|fhdfg+ dxf}h;d\ .
/fIf;L k'q;fdLKo+ uTjf
/fj0fda|jLt\ ..#..
ha
/fIf;L s}s;Ln] dxft]h:jL s'a]/nfO{ afa'sf 5]pdf lj/fhdfg b]vL p;n] cfÇgf] k'q
/fj0fsf glhs uP/ egL– ..#..
k'q kZo wgfWoIf+
HjnGt+ :j]g t]h;f .
TjdKo]j+ oyf
e"of:tyf oTg+ s'? k|ef] ..$..
æ5f]/f
¤ cfÇgf] t]hn] k|sfzdfg o; wgkltnfO{ x]/, / x] ;dy{ ¤ ltdL klg To:tf] k|oTg u/,
h;af6 ltdL o:t} x'g ;s .Æ ..$..
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wgb]g ;df] jflk èlwsf]
jflr/]0f t' ..%..
eljiofDoDa df+ kZo
;Gtfk+ Toh ;'j|t] .
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tkM ; bzsGw/M ..^..
cudTkmnl;4Øy{+
uf]s0f{+ t' ;xfg'hM .
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e|ft/:t] tkf] dxt\ ..&..
cfl:ytf b'is/+ 3f]/+
;j{nf]s}stfkgd\ .
bzjif{;x;|fl0f
s'Des0ff]{›s/f]QkM ..*..
of]
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¤ tkfO{F lrGtf glng'xf];\, d l56} g} s'a]/sf ;dfg cyjf logLeGbf cem P]ào{zfnL
x'g]5' .Æ
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eg]/ efOx¿;lxt /fj0f OlR5t kmn kfpgsf nflu uf]s0f{–If]qdf uP/ b'is/ tk:of ug{
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vfnsf] clt dxfg\ tk ug{ nfu] . tLdWo] s'Des0f{n] b; xhf/ jif{ tk u¥of] ..%–*..
ljeLif0ff]›lk wdf{Tdf
;Towd{k/fo0fM .
k~rjif{;x;|fl0f
kfb]g}s]g tl:yjfg\ ..(..
;Towd{k/fo0f
wdf{Tdf ljeLifn] klg kfFr xhf/ jif{;Dd Ps} kfpn] pleP/ tk:of u/] ..(..
lbJojif{;x;|+ t'
lg/fxf/f] bzfggM .
k"0f]{ jif{;x;|]
t' zLif{dUgf} h'xfj ;M .
Pj+ jif{;x;|fl0f gj
t:ofltrj|md'M ..!)..
/fj0f
Ps xhf/ lbJo jif{;Dd lg/fxf/ /èf], clg Ps xhf/ jif{ k"0f{ ePkl5 p;n] cfÇgf]
Ps lz/ clUgdf xjg ul/lbof] . o;}u/L p;sf gf} xhf/ lbJo jif{ lat]/ uP ..!)..
cy jif{;x;|+ t' bzd]
bzd+ lz/M .
5]Q'sfd:o wdf{Tdf
k|fKtáfy k|hfkltM .
jT; jT; bzu|Lj
k|Ltf]›:dLToEoefift ..!!..
ha
b; xhf/ jif{ laTg nfUof], / ha /fj0f cfÇgf] b;f}F lz/ klg sf6\gsf nflu pBt
eof], wdf{Tdf a|éfhL k|s6 x'g'eof] / eÙ'eof]– æk'q /fj0f ¤ d k|;Ù ePF ..!!.
j/+ j/o bf:ofld oQ]
dgl; sfª\lIftd\ .
bzu|Ljf]›lk tRÕ'Tjf
k|X¨]gfGt/fTdgf ..!@..
ltdL
j/ dfu . d ltd|f] hf] OR5f 5g\, tL k"0f{ ul/lbpFnf .Æ of] ;'g]/ /fj0fn]
clt k|;Ù eP/ eGof]– ..!@..
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olb d] ejfg\ .
;'k0f{gfuoIff0ff+
b]jtfgf+ tyf;'/}M .
cjWoTj+ t' d] b]lx
t[0fe"tf lx dfg'iffM ..!#..
æx]
O{à/ ¤ olb xh'/ dnfO{ j/ lbg g} rfxg'x'G5 eg] t d cd/tf dfUb5' . d u?8, ;k{,
oIf, b]j / bfgj cflb s;}af6 klg gdfl/g] xf]pmF . lar/f dg'io t TofGb|f]a/fa/
x'g\ -dnfO{ ltgaf6 eo 5}g_ ..!#..
tyfl:Tjlt k|hfWoIfM
k'g/fx bzfggd\ .
cUgf} x'tflg zLiff{l0f
oflg t]›;'/k'Íj ..!$..
eljiolGt
oyfk"j{dIfofl0f r ;Qd ..!%..
clg
a|éfhLn] tyf:t' eÙ'eof] . clg /fj0fnfO{ km]l/ eÙ'eof]– æx] c;'/>]© ¤ ltdLn]
h'g cfÇgf lz/ clUgdf xf]d u/]sf 5f}, tL klxn]sf em}F b'?:t eOxfNg]5g\, tyf x]
;fw'>]© ¤ ltgLx¿sf] slxNo} gfz x'g]5}g .Æ ..!$–!%..
Pjd'STjf ttf] /fd
bzu|Lj+ k|hfkltM .
ljeLif0fd'jfr]b+
k|0ft+ eQmjT;nM ..!^..
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/fd ¤ /fj0fnfO{ o;f] eg]/ km]l/ eQmjT;n a|éfhLn] clt ljgLt ljeLif0fnfO{
eÙ'eof]– ..!^..
ljeLif0f Tjof jT; s[t+
wdf{y{d'Qdd\ .
tk:ttf] j/+ jT;
j[0fLijfledt+ lxtd\ ..!&..
æjT;
ljeLif0f ¤ ltdLn] of] >]© tk wd{;Dkfbgsf nflu u/]sf xf}, o;sf/0f x] k'q ¤
ltdLnfO{ hf] lxts/ j/sf] rfxgf 5, dfu .Æ ..!&..
ljeLif0ff]›lk t+ gTjf
k|f~hlnjf{Soda|jLt\ .
b]j d] ;j{bf a'l4w{d]{
lt©t' zfàtL .
df /f]roTjwd{+ d]
a'l4M ;j{q ;j{bf ..!*..
ljeLif0fn]
pxfFnfO{ gd:sf/ u/]/ xft hf]8\b} eg]– æeujg\ ¤ d]/f] a'l4 ;j{bf lgán¿kn] wd{d}
/fxf];\, d]/f] dgn] s'g} cj:yfdf klg cwd{df ?lr g/fvf];\ .Æ ..!*..
ttM k|hfkltM k|Ltf]
ljeLif0fdyfa|jLt\ .
jT; Tj+ wd{zLnf]›l;
ty}j r eljiol; ..!(..
o;df
a|éfhLn] clt k|;Ù eP/ ljeLif0fnfO{ eÙ'eof]– æk'q ¤ ltdL 7"nf wd{lg© xf},
ltdLn] h:tf] rfxG5f}, To:t} x'g]5 ..!(..
coflrtf]›lk t] bf:o]
èd/Tj+ ljeLif0f .
s'Des0f{dyf]jfr j/+
j/o ;'j|t ..@)..
x]
ljeLif0f ¤ x'g t ltdLn] dfu]s} 5}gf}, t/ klg d ltdLnfO{ cd/Tjsf] j/ klg lbG5'
.Æ tTkáft\ s'Des0f{nfO{ pxfFn] eÙ'eof]– æx] ;'j|t ¤ j/ dfu .Æ ..@)..
jf0of JofKtf]›y t+ k|fx s'Des0f{M lktfdxd\ .
:jK:ofld b]j if0df;fg\
lbgd]s+ t' ef]hgd\ ..@!..
s'Des0f{n]
b]jtfx¿af6 k|]/0ffåf/f km}nfOPsL ;/:jtL b]jLsf] dfofn] df]lxt eP/ a|éfhL;Fu
eGof]– æx] b]j ¤ d 5 dlxgf ;'t"F, / Ps lbg ef]hg u¿F .Æ ..@!..
Pjdl:Tjlt t+ k|fx a|éf
b[¨\jf lbjf}s;M .
;/:jtL r tåSqflÙu{tf
k|oof} lbjd\ ..@@..
a|éfhLn]
p;nfO{ b]jtfx¿sf tkm{ x]b}{ eÙ'eof]– ætyf:t' .Æ pxfFn] o;f] eÙf;fy ;/:jtL t'?Gt
p;sf] d'vaf6 lg:s]/ :ju{nf]stkm{ uOg\ ..@@..
s'Des0f{:t' b'¨fTdf
lrGtofdf; b'MlvtM .
cglek|]td]jf:oflTs+
lgu{tdxf] ljlwM ..@#..
clg
b'¨lrQ s'Des0f{n] dgdg} b'Mlvt eP/ ;f]Rof]– æcxf] ¤ efUosf] rj|m x]/, h;sf]
dnfO{ s'g} OR5f g} lyPg, To:tf] s'/f d]/f] d'vaf6 lsg lg:Sof] <Æ ..@#..
;'dfnL j/nAwf+:tfg\
1fTjf kf}qfg\ lgzfr/fg\ .
kftfnflÙe{oM k|foft\
k|x:tflble/lGjtM ..@$..
cfÇgf
tLgf]6} /fIf;x¿nfO{ j/ ldn]sf] ;dfrf/ ;'g]/ k|x:t cflb /fIf;x¿nfO{ ;fydf lnP/
;'dfnL lge{otfk"j{s kftfnaf6 cfof] ..@$..
bzu|Lj+ kl/ijHo jrg+
r]bda|jLt\ .
lb¨Øf t] k'q ;+j[Qf]
jfl~5tf] d] dgf]/yM ..@%..
clg
/fj0fnfO{ 5ftLdf nufP/ eGof]– æk'q ¤ a8f] cfgGbsf] s'/f eof], cfh d]/f] rfxgf
ltd|f] sfo{af6 k"/f eof] ..@%..
ob\eofRr jo+ nËf+ ToSTjf oftf /;ftnd\
.
tb\ut+ gf] dxfafxf]
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eon] xfdL nËfk'/LnfO{ 5f8]/ kftfnnf]s uPsf lyof}F, x] dxfafxf] ¤ cfh xfd|f]
Tof] lji0f'sf] eo ;dfKt eof] ..@^..
c:dfleM
k"j{d'liftf nË]o+ wgb]g t] .
e|fqfj|mfGtfldbfgL+
Tj+ k|Tofg]t'ldxfx{l; ..@&..
;fDgf jfy an]gflk
/f1f+ aGw'M s'tM ;'Xt\ .
OTo'Qmf] /fj0fM k|fx
gfx{:o]j+ k|eflift'd\ ..@*..
o;
nËfk'/Ldf, h'g clxn] ltd|f bfh' s'a]/sf] clwsf/df 5, klxn] xfdL a:g] uYof}{F .
ca ltdLn] o;nfO{ ;fd–gLltn] cyjf ank"j{s km]l/ kmsf{pg'kg]{5, /fhfx¿sf
nflu aGw'x¿ slxn] lxtsf/L ePsf 5g\ / < -To;}n] ltdLn] aGw'Tjsf] ljrf/
ug'{x'Fb}g ._
;'dfnLn]
o;f] eg]kl5 /fj0fn] eGof]– æxh'/n] o:tf s'/f eÙ gx'g] xf] ..@&–@*..
ljQ]zf] u'?/:dfsd]j+
>'Tjf tda|jLt\ .
k|x:tM k|l>t+ jfSo+
/fj0f+ bzsGw/d\ ..@(..
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s'a]/ deGbf h]7f] x'g'x'G5 .Æ of] ;'g]/ k|x:tn] /fj0f;Fu clt ljgd|tfk"j{s
eGof]– ..@(..
ð[0f' /fj0f oTg]g g}j+
Tj+ jQm'dx{l; .
gfwLtf /fhwdf{:t]
gLltzf:q+ ty}j r ..#)..
æx]
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gx'g] xf] . clxn] tkfO{Fn] /fhwd{ / gLltzf:qsf] cWoog ug'{ePsf] 5}g ..#)..
z"/f0ff+ g lx
;f}e|fq+ ð[0f' d] jbtM k|ef] .
sZok:o ;'tf b]jf
/fIf;fá dxfanfM ..#!..
z"/jL/x¿df
e|ft[Tj x'g] ub}{g . x] ;dy{ ¤ o; ljifodf h]h;f] lgj]bg ub{5', ;'Ù'xf];\ .
dxlif{ sZokhLsf ;Gtfg b]jtf / /fIf; a8f z"/jL/ lyP ..#!..
k/:k/do'WoGt ToSTjf
;f}Xbdfo'w}M .
g}j]bfgLGtg+ /fhg\
j}/+ b]j}/g'l©td\ ..#@..
o;sf/0f
pgLx¿ aGw'TjnfO{ ltnf~hln lbP/ k/:k/ c:q–z:qx¿n] n8\g nfu] . x] /fhg\ ¤
b]jtfx¿sf ;fy xfd|f] j}/efu s'g} ev{/sf] d'2f xf]Og . -of] t cf/Deb]lv g}
rlncfPsf] d'2f xf] ._ ..#@..
k|x:t:o jrM >'Tjf
bzu|Ljf] b'/fTdgM .
ty]lt
j|mf]wtfd|fIfl:qs"6frndGjuft\ ..##..
b'/fTdf
k|x:tsf oL jrg ;'g]/ /fj0fn] eGof]– æTo;f] xf] eg] t 7Ls} 5 .Æ To;a]nf p;sf g]q
j|mf]wn] /ftf eP, clg pm t'?Gt} lqs"6 kj{tdf k'Uof] ..##..
b"t+ k|x:t+
;Dk|]io lgisf:o wgb]à/d\ .
nËfdfj|mDo ;lrj} /fIf;}M
;'vdfl:ytM ..#$..
p;n]
k|x:tnfO{ cfÇgf] b"t agfP/ k7fof] . clg nËfk'/Laf6 s'a]/nfO{ lgsfn]/ To;df
cfÇgf] clwsf/ :yflkt u¥of] . clg pm cfÇgf /fIf; dGqLx¿;lxt ToxfF ;'vk"j{s
a:g yfNof] ..#$..
wgbM lkt[jfSo]g ToSTjf
nËf+ dxfozfM .
uTjf s}nf;lzv/+
tk;ftf]ifolR5jd\ ..#%..
dxfoz:jL
s'a]/n] nËfk'/L 5f8]/ lktfsf] cfb]z n] s}nf;–kj{tdf uP/ tk:ofåf/f
>Ldxfb]jnfO{ k|;Ù kf/] ..#%..
t]g ;Vodg'k|fKo t]g}j
kl/kflntM .
cnsf+ gu/L+ tq lgd{d]
ljàsd{0ff ..#^..
tyf
/fIf;;Fu ldqtf :yflkt u/]/ pgLx¿af6 ;'/lIft eO{ ToxfF ljàsdf{åf/f cnsf gdsf]
gu/L agfpg nufP ..#^..
lbSkfnTj+ rsf/fq lzj]g
kl/kflntM .
/fj0ff] /fIf;}M
;fw{dlelifQmM ;xfg'h}M ..#&..
/fHo+ rsf/f;'/f0ff+
lqnf]sL+ afwog\ vnM .
elugL+ sfnv~hfo bbf}
ljs6¿lk0fLd\ ..#*..
ljB'lHhêfo gfDgf;f}
dxfdfoL lgzfr/M .
ttf] dof] ljàsdf{
/fIf;fgf+ lbt]M ;'tM ..#(..
;'tf+ dGbf]b/L+ gfDgf
bbf} nf]s}s;'Gb/Ld\ .
/fj0ffo k'gM
zlQmddf]3f+ k|Ltdfg;M ..$)..
ToxfF
pgL eujfg\ zË/sf] /Iffdf /x]/ lbSkfnTj -Ps lbzfsf] clwsf/_ ef]Ug nfu] .
otf
dxfb'¨ /fj0frflxF /fIf;x¿af6 clelifQm eO{ cfÇgf efOx¿;lxt tLg} nf]sx¿nfO{ s¨
lbFb} /fIf;x¿sf] /fHo ug{ nfUof] . To; dxfdfofjL /fIf;n] cfÇgL ljs/fnjbgf alxgL
sfnv~hsf] j+zdf pTkÙ ePsf ljB'lHhê gfds /fIf;nfO{ lax] u/]/ lbof] . o;}a]nf
/fIf;x¿sf ljàsdf{ lbltk'q don] cfÇgL lqnf]s;'Gb/L sGof dGbf]b/LnfO{ /fj0fnfO{
lbof], clg km]l/ p;nfO{ v';L eP/ Ps cdf]3 zlQm klg lbof] ..#&–$)..
j}/f]rg:o bf}lxqL+
j[qHjfn]lt lj>'tfd\ .
:joGbQfd'bjxTs'Des0ff{o
/fj0fM ..$!..
tTkáft\
/fj0fn] :jod\ NofP/ lbPsL j}/f]rgsL w]jtL j[qHjfnfsf ;fy s'Des0f{sf] lax]
ul/lbof] ..$!..
uGwj{/fh:o ;'tf+
z}n"if:o dxfTdgM .
ljeLif0f:o efof{y]{
wd{1f+ ;d'bfjxt\ ..$@..
;/df+ gfd ;'euf+
;j{nIf0f;+o'tfd\ .
ttf] dGbf]b/L k'q+
d]3gfbdhLhgt\ ..$#..
tyf
uGwj{/fh dxfTdf z}n'ksL k'qL ;/dfnfO{ p;n] kTgL¿kn] ljeLif0f;Fu ljjfx ul/lbof]
. ;/df clt ;'Gb/L ;'nIf0f;DkÙf / ;d:t wd{x¿ hfÙ] lyOg\ . tTkáft\ dGbf]b/Ln]
d]3gfb–gfds k'q pTkÙ ul/g\ ..$@–$#..
hftdfq:t' of] gfb+
d]3jTk|d'df]r x .
ttM
;j]{›a|'jGd]3gfbf]›oldlt rf;s[t\ ..$$..
h;n]
pTkÙ x'Fb}df d]3sf ;dfg zAb u¥of] . o;}n] ;a}n] af/Daf/ of] d]3gfb xf] eg]/ gfd
/flvlbP ..$$..
s'Des0f{:ttM k|fx lgb|f df+ afwt] k|ef] .
ttá sf/ofdf; u'xf+
bL3f{+ ;'lj:t/fd\ ..$%..
tTkáft\
s'Des0f{n] eGof]– æk|ef] ¤ dnfO{ lgb|fn] b'Mv lbO/x]sf] 5 .Æ p;nfO{ ;'vk"j{s
;'Tg of]Uo :yfg sxLF lyPg, ctM p;n] Ps 7"nf] km/flsnf] u'kmf agfpg nufof]
..$%..
tq ;'ijfk d"9fTdf
s'Des0ff]{ lj3"l0f{tM .
lglb|t] s'Des0f]{ t' /fj0ff] nf]s/fj0fM ..$^..
a|fé0ffg\ Clifd'Vof+á
b]jbfgjlsÙ/fg\ .
b]jl>of] dg'iof+á
lgh£g] ;dxf]/ufg\ ..$&..
ToxfF
Tof] dGbdlt s'Des0f{ 3'/]/ ;'Tg nfUof] . s'Des0f{ ;'t]kl5 ;d:t nf]sx¿nfO{
?jfpg] /fj0fn] a|fé0f, d'Vod'Vo Clif, b]jtf, bfgj, lsÙ/, ;k{ / dg'io cflb
;a}nfO{ dfg{ nfUof], tyf b]jtfx¿sf] ;DklQ g¨ ul/lbof] ..$^–$&..
wgbf]›lk ttM >'Tjf
/fj0f:ofj|md+ k|e'M .
cwd{+ df s'?ij]lt
b"tjfSo}Go{jf/ot\ ..$*..
eujfg\
s'a]/n] ha /fj0fsf] pR5[Ìntfsf] ;dfrf/ ;'g], pgn] b"tsf] d'vaf6 ‘cwd{
gug"{’ eÙ] ;Gb]z k7fP/ p;nfO{ /f]s] ..$*..
ttM j|m'4f] bzu|Ljf]
hufd wgbfnod\ .
ljlglh{To wgfWoIf+
hxf/f]Qdk'iksd\ ..$(..
o;
s'/fn] l/;fP/ /fj0fn] s'a]/sf] k'/Ldf cfj|md0f u¥of], / pgnfO{ k/f:t u/]/ pgsf]
clt pQd k'iks ljdfg vf];]/ lnof] ..$(..
ttf] od+ r j?0f+
lglh{To ;d/]›;'/M .
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b]j/fhlh3f+;of ..%)..
tTkáft\
To; /fIf;n] o'4df od / j?0fnfO{ klg lht]/ OGb|sf] jw ug]{ OR5fn] t'?Gt}
:ju{nf]sdf cfj|md0f u¥of] ..%)..
ttf]›ejGdxB'4ldGb|]0f ;x b}jt}M .
ttf] /fj0fdEo]To aaGw
lqbz]à/M ..%!..
ToxfF
OGb| / cGo b]jtfx¿sf ;fy p;sf] Psbd 3df;fg o'4 eof] . o;a]nf b]j/fh OGb|n]
cufl8 a9]/ /fj0fnfO{ afFw]/ NofP ..%!..
tRÕ'Tjf ;x;fuTo
d]3gfbM k|tfkjg\ .
s[Tjf 3f]/+ dxB'4+
lhTjf lqbzk'Íjfg\ ..%@..
OGb|+ u[xLTjf aWjf;f} d]3gfbf] dxfanM .
df]rloTjf t' lkt/+
u[xLTj]Gb|+ oof} k'/d\ ..%#..
ha
of] ;dfrf/ dxfk|tfkL d]3gfbn] ;'Gof], p;n] cs:dft\ cfP/ b]jtfx¿;Fu 3f]/ o'4
u¥of] clg pgLx¿nfO{ lht]/ OGb|nfO{ kj|m]/ afFWof] . clg dxfanL d]3gfbn] cfÇgf
lktfnfO{ 5'6fof] / OGb|nfO{ cfkm}F;Fu lnP/ nËfk'/Ldf kmsL{ cfof] ..%@–%#..
a|éf t' df]rofdf;
b]j]Gb|+ d]3gfbtM .
bŒjf j/fg\
ax"+:t:d} a|éf :jejg+ oof} ..%$..
a|éfhLn]
uP/ OGb|nfO{ d]3gfbaf6 5'6fpg'eof] / p;nfO{ w]]/}w]/} j/ lbg'eO{ pxfF cfÇgf]
nf]sdf hfg'eof] ..%$..
/fj0ff] ljhoL nf]sfg\
;jf{g\ lhTjf j|md]0f t' .
s}nf;+ tf]nofdf;
afx'leM kl/3f]kd}M ..%%..
ljhoL
/fj0fn] j|md};Fu ;a} nf]sx¿nfO{ lht]/ cfÇgf] kl/3sf ;dfg 7"nf7"nf
xftx¿n] s}nf; kj{tnfO{ p7fof] ..%%..
tq gGbLà/]0f}j+
zKtf]›o+ /fIf;]à/M .
jfg/}df{g'if}á}j gfz+
uR5]lt sf]lkgf ..%^..
ToxfF
gGbLà/n] j|mf]lwt eP/ /fIf;/fh /fj0fnfO{ ;/fk lbg'eof]– ‘tF dg'io / jfg/x¿sf
xftn] dfl/g]5;\ .’ ..%^..
zKtf]›Kou0fog\ jfSo+
oof} x}xokQgd\ .
t]g a4f] bzu|LjM
k'n:To]g ljdf]lrtM ..%&..
t/
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s]z]Eof] d]3;+xltM ..^*..
cf]ifWo:tj /f]d]Eof]
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;+;f/sf sf/0f x'g\, lsgeg] ;'if'lKtdf o;sf] cefj x'g] ePsfn] xfdLnfO{ cfTdfsf]
;'v–¿kn] efg x'G5 ..#(..
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hLjM k|sfzf]›oldtLo{t]
lrtM .
cfTdf lwoM ;flIftof
k[ys\ l:ytf]
a'4Øfkl/lR5Ùk/M ; Pj
lx ..$)..
cgflb
cljBfaf6 pTkÙ ePsf] a'l4df k|ltlalDat x'g] r]tgsf] k|sfznfO{ g} ‘hLj’ elgG5 .
a'l4sf] ;fIfL¿kn] /xg] cfTdf To;af6 k[ys\ 5, Tof] k/fTdf t a'l4n] ckl/lR5Ù
cyf{t\ ce]B 5 ..$)..
lrb\laDa;fIofTdlwof+
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jf;fbgnfQmnf]xjt\ .
cGof]GodWof;jzfTk|tLot]
h8fh8Tj+ r
lrbfTdr]t;f]M ..$!..
clUgdf
tft]sf] kmnfdsf ;dfg lrbfef;, ;fIfL cfTdf tyf a'l4 Psq /x]/ k/:k/ cGof]GofWof;
x'g] ePsfn] j|mdzM ltgLx¿sf] r]tgtf / h8tf k|tLt x'G5, cyf{t\ h;/L clUgdf
ttfOPsf] kmnfddf clUg / / kmnfd tfbfTDo x'gfn] kmnfdsf] cfsf/ clUgdf / clUgsf]
pi0ftf kmnfddf b]lvg yfNb5, p;}u/L a'l4 / cfTdfsf] tfbfTDo x'g hfgfn] cfTdfsf]
r]tgtf a'l4 cflbdf / a'l4 cflbsf] h8tf cfTdfdf k|tLt x'g nfUb5 . o;sf/0f
cWof;jz a'l4b]lv lnP/ z/L/ko{Gt cgfTd j:t'x¿nfO{ g} cfTdf dfÙ nfUb5 .
u'/f]M ;sfzfblk
j]bjfSotM .
;~hftljBfg'ejf] lg/LIo
td\ .
:jfTdfgdfTd:yd'kflwjlh{t+
Toh]bz]if+
h8dfTduf]r/d\ ..$@..
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cfTdfsf] ;fIffTsf/ u/]/ cfTdf¿kn] k|tLt x'g] b]xflb ;Dk"0f{ h8 kbfy{x¿sf]
Tofu ug'{kb{5 ..$@..
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›;s[låeftf]›xdtLj
lgd{nM .
ljz'4 lj1fg3gf]
lg/fdoM
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k|sfz¿k, chGdf, cb\ljtLo, lg/Gt/ b[Zodfg, cToGt lgd{n, ljz'4 lj1fg3g, lg/fdo,
lj|mof/lxt / Psdfq cfgGb:j¿k xF' ..$#..
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d'Qmf]›xdlrGTozlQmdfg\
ctLlGb|o1fgdljlj|mofTdsM .
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a'w}M
ljefljtf]›x+ Xlb
j]bjflbleM ..$$..
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;w}F d'Qm, clrGTozlQm, ctLlGb|o, cljs[t¿k / cgGtkf/ x'F . j]bjfbL kl08thg
/ftf]lbg d]/f] Xbosf] lrGtg ub{5g\ ..$$..
Pj+ ;bfTdfgdvl08tfTdgf
ljrf/df0f:o ljz'4efjgf
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efjgfn] t'?Gt} sf/s cflb;lxt cljBfsf] gfz ub{5, h;/L lgodfg';f/ ;]jg ul/Psf]
cf}iflwn] /f]unfO{ g¨ u/]/ 5f8\b5 ..$%..
ljljQm cf;Lg pkf/t]lGb|of]
ljlglh{tfTdf
ljdnfGt/fzoM .
ljefjo]b]sdgGo;fwgf]
lj1fgb[Ss]jn cfTd;+l:ytM
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cfTdlrGtg
ug]{ k'?ifn] PsfGtb]zdf OlGb|ox¿nfO{ ltgsf ljifob]lv x6fP/ clg cGtMs/0fnfO{ cfÇgf]
cwLgdf /fv]/ a:g'kb{5 / cfTdfdf l:yt eP/ c¿ s'g} ;fwgsf] cf>o glnO{sg z'4lrQ
eO{ s]jn 1fgb[l¨åf/f Ps cfTdfsf] efjgf ug'{kb{5 .
ljà+ ob]tTk/dfTdbz{g+
ljnfko]bfTdlg
;j{sf/0f] .
k"0f{lábfgGbdof]›jlt©t]
g j]b afè+ g r
lsl~rbfGt/d\ ..$&..
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hf] k"0f{ lrbfgGb:j¿kn] l:yt x'G5, p;nfO{ afè cyjf cfGtl/s s'g} klg
j:t'sf] 1fg /xFb}g ..$&..
k"j{+ ;dfw]/lvn+
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tb]j jfRo+ k|0fjf] lx
jfrsf]
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5 . o;f] ;+;f/ jfRo xf], / çsf/ o;sf] jfrs xf] . c1fgsf] sf/0f g} ;+;f/sf]
k|tLlt x'G5, 1fg ePkl5 o;sf] s]xL klg /xFb}g ..$*..
csf/;~1M k'?iff] lx
ljàsf]
è'sf/s:t}h; O{o{t]
j|mdft\ .
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kl/k7Øt]›lvn}M
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tŒjtf] ej]t\ ..$(..
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jfrs xf], psf/ t}h; -:kKgsf] cledfgL_ elgG5 / dsf/ k|f1 -;'if'lKtsf] cledfgL_
nfO{ elgG5 . of] Joj:yf ;dflwnfeeGbf klxn]s} xf], tŒjb[l¨n] o:tf] s'g} e]b 5}g
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ttf] dsf/] k|ljnfKo
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t}h;¿k psf/nfO{ p;sf] clGtd j0f{ dsf/df nLg ug"{ .
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ljnfko]b\k|f1dkLx
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..%!..
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kl/lj:d[tflvnM .
cf:t] ;
lgTofTd;'vk|sfzsM
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k|sf/n] lg/Gt/ k/fTdefjgf ub}{ub}{ hf] cfTdfgGbdf dUg ePsf] 5 tyf h;sf
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hLjgd'Qm of]uL lg:t/Í ;d'b|em}F ;fIfft\ d'Qm:j¿k x'g hfG5 ..%@..
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ljlglh{tfz]ifl/kf]/x+
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o;k|sf/
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k|f/AwdZgÙledfgjlh{tf]
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;fIfft\ d}df nLg eP/ hfG5 ..%$..
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.
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ugf{n] hLj d k/dfTdfsf ;fy cleÙ efjn] l:yt x'G5 ..%^..
OTy+ obLIf]t lx nf]s;+l:ytf]
huGd[if}j]lt
ljefjoGd'lgM .
lg/fs[tTjfR5\?lto'lQmdfgtf]
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lbUe|dfboM ..%&..
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ej]t\ .
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o:t:o b[Zof]›xdxlg{z+
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/x:od]tR5\?lt;f/;ª\u|x+
dof ljlgláTo tjf]lbt+
lk|o .
o:Tj]tbfnf]rotLx
a'l4dfg\
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lk|o ¤ ;Dk"0f{ >'ltx¿sf] ;f/¿k of] u'Kt /x:onfO{ d}n] lgáo u/]/
ltdLnfO{ eg]sf] 5' . hf] a'l4dfg\ dflg;n] o;nfO{ dgg unf{ pm tTsfn ;d:t
kfkx¿af6 d'Qm eP/ hfnf ..%(..
e|fto{bLb+ kl/b[Zot]
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r]t;f .
db\efjgfefljtz'4dfg;M
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lg/fdoM ..^)..
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oM ;]jt] dfdu'0f+
u'0ffTk/+
Xbf sbf jf olb jf
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k'gflt nf]slqto+ oyf
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lj1fgd]tblvn+
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j]bfGtj]Br/0f]g do}j
uLtd\ .
oM >4of kl/k7]b\
u'?elQmo'Qmf]
db|"kd]lt olb dårg]if' elQmM ..^@..
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eg]sf] x'F . h'g u'?elQm;DkÙ k'?ifn] o;nfO{ >4fk"j{s kf7 unf{ p;nfO{
d]/f jrgx¿df k|Llt eof] eg] pm d]/} ¿kdf nLg x'g]5 ..^@..
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k~rdM ;u{M ..%..
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nj0f–jw, eujfg\ /fdsf] o1df s'z–nj;lxt dxlif{
jfNdLls cfpg' / s'znfO{ k/dfy{–pkb]z ug'{
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Psbf d'goM ;j]{
od'gftL/jfl;gM .
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s[Tjfu|] t'
d'lg>]©+ efu{j+ Rojg+ låhfM .
c;ª\VoftfM ;dfoftf
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OR5fn] cfP ..@..
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k/of eSTof /3's'nf]QdM .
pjfr dw'/+ jfSo+
xif{og\ d'lgd08nd\ ..#..
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s/jfl0f d'lg>]©fM
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xf] eg] t d wGo ePF ..$..
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lbg'xf];\, a|fé0f g} d]/f O¨b]j x'g'x'G5 ..%..
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jfSoda|jLt\ .
dw'gfdf dxfb}ToM k'/f
s[to'u] k|ef] ..^..
cf;LbtLj wdf{Tdf
b]ja|fé0fk"hsM .
t:o t'¨f] dxfb]jf]
bbf} z"ndg'Qdd\ ..&..
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p;af6 k|;Ù eP/ >Ldxfb]jhLn] p;nfO{ Ps cTo'Qd lqz"n lbg'eof] ..^–&..
k|fx rfg]g o+ x+l; ;
t' e:dLeljiolt .
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s'DeLg;L >'tf ..*..
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eÙ'eof]– o;n] t}Fn] h;nfO{ k|xf/ ug]{5;\, Tof] e:dLe"t x'g]5 . /fj0fsL
alxgL s'DeLg;L To;sL efof{ lyO{ eÙ] ;'lgG5 ..*..
t:of+ t' nj0ff] gfd
/fIf;f] eLdljj|mdM .
cf;Lb\b'/fTdf
b'w{iff]{ b]ja|fé0flx+;sM ..(..
To;af6
p;sf] nj0f gfd ePsf] Ps dxfk/fj|mdL b'¨lrQ, b'h{o / b]jtf–a|fé0fx¿nfO{ b'Mv
lbg] /fIf; pTkÙ eof] ..(..
kLl8tf:t]g /fh]Gb| jo+ Tjf+ z/0f+ utfM .
tRÕ'Tjf /f3jf]›Kofx df
eLjf]{ d'lgk'ÍjfM ..!)..
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..!)..
nj0f+ gfzloiofld
uR5Gt' ljutHj/fM .
OTo'STjf k|fx /fdf]›lk
e|ftúg\ sf] jf xlgiolt ..!!..
nj0f+ /fIf;+ bBft\
a|fé0f]Eof]›eo+ dxt\ .
tRÕ'Tjf k|f~hlnM k|fx
e/tf] /f3jfo j} ..!@..
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eujfg\ /fdn] cfÇgf efOx¿nfO{ ;f]Wg'eof]– æltdLx¿dWo] s;n] rflxF nj0f /fIf;nfO{
dfg]{5 / a|fé0fx¿nfO{ 7"nf] ceo lbg]5 <Æ of] ;'g]/ e/thLn]
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cxd]j xlgiofld
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zq'£ghLn] >L/fdrGb|hLnfO{ k|0ffd ub}{ eg]– ..!#..
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gGbLu|fddf a;]/ w]/} s¨ ;x]sf 5g\ ..!$..
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jwfo r .
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zq'£g+ zq';"bgM .
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cfgføo r ;';Def/fg\
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dft[jT;nM .
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h/fhh{l/tf+ z'efd\ ..%*..
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d] tfd;M :d[tM ..^!..
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eujfg\sf ;dfg P]ào{ nfe ug'{ ‘;fl¨{’ xf] / eujfg\d} nLg x'g kfpg' ‘;fo'Ho’ xf]
._
db\efj+ k|fKg'ofQ]g
cltj|mDo u'0fqod\ ..^&..
o;åf/f
eQm tLg} u'0fx¿ kf/ u/]/ d]/} ¿k eOxfNb5 ..^&..
dxtf sfdxLg]g
:jwdf{r/0f]g r .
sd{of]u]g z:t]g
jlh{t]g ljlx+;gft\ ..^*..
ca
lgu'{0f elQmsf ;fwgx¿ atfpFb5'– cfÇgf] wd{sf] cToGt lgisfdefjn] cfr/0f ugf{n],
cTo'Qd lx+;fxLg sd{of]un], d]/f] bz{g, :t'lt, dxfk"hf, :d/0f / jGbgf
ugf{n] === ..^*..
d2z{g:t'ltdxfk"hfleM
:d[ltjGbg}M .
e"t]if' db\efjgof
;Í]gf;Tojh{g}M ..^(..
k|f0fLx¿df
d]/f] efjgf ugf{n], c;Tosf] Tofu / ;T;ª\n], dxfk'?ifx¿nfO{ cToGt dfg ugf{n],
b'MvLx¿dfly bof ugf{n] ===..^(..
ax'dfg]g dxtf+
b'Mlvgfdg'sDkof .
:j;dfg]if' d}Tof{ r
odfbLgf+ lgif]jof ..&)..
cfkm";dfgsf
k'?ifx¿;Fu ldqtf ugf{n], od–lgod cflbsf] ;]jf ugf{n], j]bfGtjfSox¿sf] >j0f
ugf{n], d]/f] gfd–;ËLt{g ugf{n] ===..&)..
j]bfGtjfSo>j0ffGdd gfdfg'sLt{gft\
.
;T;Í]gfh{j]g}j èxdM
kl/jh{gft\ ..&!..
sfª\Ifof dd wd{:o kl/z'4fGt/f] hgM .
db\u'0f>j0ffb]j
oflt dfd~h;f hgM ..&@..
;T;Í
/ sf]dntfn], cxËf/sf] Tofu ugf{n] / d]/f efujt–wd{x¿sf] OR5f ugf{n] h;sf] lrQ
z'4 ePsf] 5, To; k'?ifn] d]/f u'0fx¿sf] >j0f ugf{n] g} clt ;'udtf;Fu dnfO{
k|fKt ub{5 ..&!–&@..
oyf jfo'jzfb\uGwM
:jf>ofb\3|f0fdfljz]t\ .
of]ufEof;/t+
lrQd]jdfTdfgdfljz]t\ ..&#..
h;/L
jfo'åf/f uGw cfÇgf] cf>o 5f8]/ 3|f0f]lGb|odf k|j]z ub{5, p;}u/L of]ufEof;df
nfu]sf] lrQ cfTdfdf nLg x'G5 . ;d:t k|f0fLx¿df cfTdf¿kn] d g} l:yt 5'
..&#..
;j]{if' k|fl0fhft]if'
èxdfTdf Jojl:ytM .
td1fTjf ljd"9fTdf
s'?t] s]jn+ alxM ..&$..
x]
dftf ¤ To;nfO{ glrg]/ d"9 k'?if afè efjgf ub{5g\, lsGt' lj|mofaf6 pTkÙ
ePsf cg]s kbfy{x¿n] klg dnfO{ ;Gtf]if x'Fb}g ..&$..
lj|mof]TkÙ}g}{se]b}b{|Jo}d]{
gfDa tf]if0fd\ .
e"tfjdflggfrf{ofdlr{tf]›x+
g k"lhtM ..&%..
cGo
hLjx¿nfO{ lt/:sf/ ug]{ k|f0fLx¿af6 k|ltdfdf k"lht eP/ klg d jf:tjdf
k"lht x'ÙF ..&%..
tfjGdfdr{o]2]j+
k|ltdfbf} :jsd{leM .
ofjT;j]{if'
e"t]if' l:yt+ rfTdlg g :d/]t\ ..&^..
ha;Dd
;d:t k|f0fLx¿df / cfkm"–cfkm}Fdf dnfO{ l:yt a'lemFb}g, d k/dfTdb]jnfO{ cfÇgf
sd{x¿åf/f k|ltdf cflbdf Tolta]nf;Dd k"hg ug'{kb{5 ..&^..
o:t' e]b+ k|s'?t]
:jfTdgá k/:o r .
leÙb[¨]e{o+ d[To':t:o
s'of{Ù ;+zoM ..&&..
hf]
cfÇgf] cfTdf / k/dfTdfdf e]ba'l4 ub{5 To; e]bbzL{nfO{ d[To'n] cjZo eo pTkÙ
ub{5, o;df zË} 5}g ..&&..
dfdtM ;j{e"t]if'
kl/lR5Ù]if' ;+l:ytd\ .
Ps+ 1fg]g dfg]g d}Tof{
rfr]{bleÙwLM ..&*..
o;sf/0f
ce]bbzL{ eQm ;d:t kl/lR5Ù -cjlwk|fKt_ k|f0fLx¿df /xg] d
Psdfq k/dfTdfsf] 1fg, dfg / d}qL cflbn] k"hg ug"{ ..&*..
r]t;}jflgz+
;j{e"tflg k|0fd]T;'wLM .
1fTjf df+ r]tg+ z'4+
hLj¿k]0f ;+l:ytd\ ..&(..
o;}u/L
d z'4 r]tgnfO{ g} hLj¿kn] l:yt 5' eÙ] hfg]/ a'l4dfg\ k'?ifn] /ftf]lbg ;a}
k|f0fLx¿nfO{ lrQaf6} k|0ffd u¿g\ ..&(..
t:dfTsbflrÙ]If]t e]bdLà/hLjof]M
.
elQmof]uf] 1fgof]uf]
dof dft?bLl/tM ..*)..
o;sf/0f
hLj / O{à/aLr e]b slxNo} gb]Vg" . x] dftf ¤ d}n] xh'/nfO{ elQmof]u /
1fgof]usf] j0f{g u/]F ..*)..
cfnDAo}st/+ jflk
k'?ifM z'ed[R5lt .
ttf] df+ elQmof]u]g
dftM ;j{Xlb l:ytd\ .
k'q¿k]0f jf lgTo+
:d[Tjf zflGtdjfK:ol; ..*!..
logLx¿dWo]
Pssf] dfq klg cjnDag ugf{n] k'?ifn] cfTolGts z'e k|fKt ub{5 . ctM x] dftf ¤
dnfO{ ;a} k|f0fLx¿sf] cGtMs/0fdf l:yt eÙ] a'em]/ cyjf k'q¿kn] elQmof]uåf/f
k|ltlbg :d/0f ul//xgfn] tkfO{Fn] zflGt k|fKt ug'{x'g]5 .Æ ..*!..
>'Tjf /fd:o jrg+
sf};Nof››gGb;+o'tf ..*@..
eujfg\
/fdsf oL jrg ;'g]/ sf};NofhL cfgGbn] el/Og\ ..*@..
/fd+ ;bf Xlb WofTjf
l5Œjf ;+;f/aGwgd\ .
cltj|mDo
utLl:t;|f]›Kojfk k/df+ ultd\ ..*#..
clg
Xbodf lg/Gt/ >L/fdrGb|hLsf] Wofg ub}{ub}{ ;+;f/–aGwgnfO{ sf6]/ hfu|t\, :jKg
/ ;'if'lKt tLg} k|sf/sf cj:yfx¿af6 kf/ u/]/ k/dultdf k'lug\ ..*#..
s}s]oL rflk of]u+
/3'kltulbt+ k"j{d]jflwuDo
>4felQmk|zfGtf Xlb
/3'ltns+ efjoGtL utf;'M .
uTjf :ju{+ :km'/GtL
bz/y;lxtf df]bdfgfjt:y]
dftf
>LnId0f:ofKoltljdndltM k|fk et{'M ;dLkd\ ..*$..
s}s]oLn]
klg /3'gfyhLåf/f klxn] lrqs"6 kj{tdf elgPsf of]ux¿nfO{ XboÍd u/L >4f / elQmefjn]
zflGtk"j{s Xbodf /3's'nltns eujfg\ /fdsf] Wofg ub}{ k|f0fTofu ul/g\ /
:ju{nf]sdf uP/ bz/yhLsf ;fydf ;'zf]let eO{ cfgGbk"j{s /xg nflug\ . o;}u/L
>LnId0fhLsL dftf cToGt ljdn a'l4 ePsL ;'ldqfn] klg cfÇgf kltsf] ;fdLKo k|fKt
ul/g\ ..*$..
Olt
>LdbWofTd/fdfo0f] pdfdx]à/;+jfb] pQ/sf08] ;KtdM ;u{M ..&..
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––
c¨d ;u{
sfnsf]
cfudg, nId0fhLsf] kl/Tofu / pgsf] :ju{–udg
>Ldxfb]j pjfr
cy sfn] ut] sl:dg\
e/tf] eLdljj|mdM .
o'wflhtf dft'n]g
èfx"tf]›ufT;;}lgsM ..!..
/fdf1of ut:tq xTjf
uGwj{gfosfg\ .
lt;|M sf]6LM k'/] å]
t' lgj]Zo /3'gGbgM ..@..
>Ldxfb]jn]
eÙ'eof]– x] kfj{tL ¤ s]xL ;do lat]kl5 pu|k/fj|mdL e/thL cfÇgf dfdf o'wflht\åf/f
af]nfOFbf eujfg\ /fdsf] cf1f lnP/ ;]gf;lxt pgLsxfF uP . ToxfF k'u]/ /3's'ngGbg
e/thLn] tLg s/f]8 k|d'v uGwj{x¿nfO{ df/]/ b'O{ gu/ a;fP ..!–@..
k'is/+ k'is/fjTof+
tIf+ tIflznfêo] .
clelifRo ;'tf} tq
wgwfGo;'Xb\j[tf} ..#..
k'g/fuTo e/tf]
/fd;]jfk/f]›ejt\ .
ttM k|Ltf] /3'>]©f]
nId0f+ k|fx ;fb/d\ ..$..
ltgLx¿dWo]
k'is/fjtLdf k'is/ / tIflznfdf tIf gfdsf cfÇgf b'j} k'qx¿nfO{ clelifQm u/]/ /
ltgLx¿nfO{ wgwfGo tyf ldqd08nn] ;DkÙ u/]/ pgL kmsL{ cfP . To;kl5 pgL eujfg\
/fdsf] ;]jfdf tTk/ eP/ /x] . clg /3'gfyhLn] k|;Ù eP/ cfb/k"j{s nId0fhLnfO{
eÙ'eof]– ..#–$..
pef} s'df/f} ;f}ldq]
u[xLTjf kládf+ lbzd\ .
tq leNnfg\ ljlglh{To
b'¨fg\ ;jf{ksfl/0fM ..%..
cÍbláqs]t'á
dxf;Œjk/fj|mdf} .
åof]å]{ gu/] s[Tjf
uhfàwg/Tgs}M ..^..
clelifRo ;'tf} tq
zL3|dfuR5 df+ k'gM .
/fd:of1f+ k'/:s[To uhfàanjfxgM
..&..
uTjf xTjf l/k"g\
;jf{g\ :yfkloTjf s'df/sf} .
;f}ldlqM k'g/fuTo
/fd;]jfk/f]›ejt\ ..*..
æx]
;'ldqfgGbg ¤ ltdL cfÇgf b'j} s'df/x¿nfO{ lnP/ klád lbzfdf hfpm . ToxfF ;a}sf]
cksf/ ug]{ b'¨ leNnx¿nfO{ lht]/ b'j} 5f]/fsf nflu b'O6f gu/ a;fpm . clg ltgdf
dxfanjfg\ / k/fj|mdL cÍb tyf lrqs]t'sf xfQL, 3f]8f, wg / /Tgflb pks/0fx¿n]
/fhltns u/]/ km]l/ t'?Gt} d]/f ;dIf kmsL{ cfpm .Æ eujfg\ /fdsf oL cf1fnfO{
lz/f]wfo{ u/]/ nId0fhL xfQL–3f]8f cflb bnansf ;fy Totf uP . ToxfFsf ;d:t
zq'x¿nfO{ df/]/ b'j} s'df/x¿nfO{ /fhkbdf lgo'Qm u/L pgL kms]{/ cfP clg To;kl5
/fd;]jfdf tTk/ eP ..%–*..
tt:t' sfn] dxlt k|oft]
/fd+ ;bf wd{ky] l:yt+
xl/d\ .
b|¨'+ ;dfufb[lifj]ifwf/L
sfn:ttf] nId0fldTo'jfr
. (..
tTkáft\
w]/} ;do JotLt ePkl5 ;j{bf wd{dfu{sf] cjnDag ug]{ eujfg\ /fdsf] bz{g ug{sf nflu
Clifj]if wf/0f u/]/ sfn cfP . pgn] nId0fhLnfO{ o;f] eg]– ..(..
lgj]bo:jfltan:o
b"t+
df+ b|¨'sfd+ k'?iff]Qdfo .
/fdfo lj1fkgdl:t t:o
dxlif{d'Vo:o lr/fo
wLdg\ ..!)..
æx]
a'l4dg\ ¤ dxlif{ cltansf] b"t xh'/sf] bz{gsf] OR5fn] cfPsf] 5 eg]/ ltdL
k'?iff]Qd dxf/fh /fdnfO{ lgj]bg u/ . dnf{ pxfF;Fu w]/} a]/;Dd tL
dxlif{>]©sf] ;Gb]z ;'gfpg' 5 .Æ ..!)..
t:o tårg+ >'Tjf
;f}ldlq:Tj/oflGjtM .
cfrrIf]›y /fdfo ;
;Dk|fKt+ tkf]wgd\ ..!!..
ltgsf]
of] jrg ;'g]/ nId0fhLn] t'?Gt} >L/3'gfyhLnfO{ eg]– ‘Ps tkf]wg cfPsf 5g\ .’
..!!..
Pj+ a|'jGt+ k|f]jfr
nId0f+ /f3jf] jrM .
zL3|+ k|j]Zotf+ tft
d'lgM ;Tsf/k"j{sd\ ..!@..
nId0fhLn]
o;f] eg]kl5 >L/3'gfyhLn] pgnfO{ eÙ'eof]– æefO ¤ d'lg/fhnfO{ t'?Gt}
7"nf] ;Tsf/k"j{s leq lnP/ cfpm .Æ ..!@..
nId0f:t' ty]To'STjf
k|fj]zot tfk;d\ .
:jt]h;f HjnGt+ t+
3[tl;Qm+ oyfgnd\ ..!#..
nId0fhL
‘x;\’ eg]/ 3[tfx'ltn] k|Hjlnt ePsf] clUgsf ;dfg cfÇgf] t]hn] b]bLKodfg tL
tk:jLnfO{ leq lnP/ cfP ..!#..
;f]›leuDo /3'>]©+
bLKodfgM :jt]h;f .
d'lgd{w'/jfSo]g
jw{:j]Tofx /f3jd\ ..!$..
cfÇgf]
sflGtn] k|sfzdfg tL d'lgn] >L/3'gfyhLsf glhs} k'u]kl5 pxfFnfO{ clt dw'/
jf0fLdf eg]– æxh'/sf] cEo'bo xf];\ .Æ ..!$..
t:d} ; d'go] /fdM
k"hf+ s[Tjf oyfljlw .
k[¨\jfgfdodJou|f] /fdM
k[¨f]›y t]g ;M ..!%..
/fdrGb|hLn]
tL d'lgsf] ljlwk"j{s k"hf ug'{eof] / km]l/ zfGt efjn] /fdrGb|hLn]
d'lg;Fu / d'lgn] /fdrGb|hL;Fu ;Grf]–la;Grf] ;f]w] ..!%..
lbJof;g] ;df;Lgf] /fdM
k|f]jfr tfk;d\ .
oby{dfutf]›l; Tjldx
tTk|fko:j d] ..!^..
tTkáft\
lbJof;gdf lj/fhdfg dxf/fh /fdn] d'lgnfO{ eÙ'eof]– æxh'/ h]sf nflu oxfF
kfNg'ePsf] xf] Tof] ;Gb]z dnfO{ eÙ'xf];\ .Æ ..!^..
jfSo]g rf]lbt:t]g
/fd]0ffx d'lgj{rM .
åGåd]j
k|of]QmJodgfnIo+ t' tårM ..!&..
eujfg\
/fdsf] o; jfSoåf/f k|]l/t eP/ d'lgn] eg]– æTof] s'/f xfdL b'O{sf aLr dfq eÙ
;lsG5, clg c¿ s;}nfO{ k|s6 x'g'x'Fb}g ..!&..
gfGo]g r}tRÕf]tJo+
gfVoftJo+ r s:olrt\ .
ð[0f'ofåf lg/LIf]åf oM ; jWo:Tjof k|ef]
..!*..
Tof]
g t s;}n] ;'Ù kfcf];\ g Tof] s;}nfO{ elgof];\ . olb of] jftf{ s;}n] ;'Gof] cyjf
b]Vof] eg] x] k|ef] ¤ xh'/n] To;nfO{ dfg'{kg]{5 .Æ ..!*..
ty]lt r k|lt1fo /fdf]
nId0fda|jLt\ .
lt© Tj+ åfl/ ;f}ldq]
gfofTjq hgf] /xM ..!(..
clg
/fdrGb|hLn] ‘pQd’ eg]/ nId0fhLnfO{ eÙ'eof]– ænId0f ¤ ltdL åf/df a:g" . o;
PsfGt :yfgdf d]/f glhs sf]xL gcfpmg\ ..!(..
oBfuR5lt sf] jflk ;
jWof] d] g ;+zoM .
ttM k|fx d'lg+ /fdf]
o]g jf Tj+ lj;lh{tM ..@)..
oQ] dgLlift+ jfSo+
tåb:j ddfu|tM .
ttM k|fx d'lgjf{So+
ð[0f' /fd oyftyd\ ..@!..
olb
oxfF sf]xL cfof] eg] Tof] kSs} d]/f xftåf/f dfl/g]5, o;df zËf 5}g .Æ o;kl5
pxfFn] d'lgnfO{ eÙ'eof]– ætkfO{FnfO{ h;n] k7fof], / tkfO{Fsf dgdf h] s'/f 5,
Tof] ;a} dnfO{ eÙ'xf];\ .Æ ..@)–@!..
a|é0ff k|]liftf]›:dLz
sfof{y]{ t]›lGts+ k|ef] .
cx+ lx k"j{hf]
b]j tj k'qM k/Gtk ..@@..
d'lgn]
eg]– æx] /fd ¤ jf:tljs s'/f h] xf], Tof] ;'Ù'xf];\ . x] O{z ¤ x] k|ef] ¤ dnfO{
Ps sfo{sf nflu a|éfhLn] xh'/;dIf k7fpg'ePsf] 5 . x] b]j ¤ x] zq'bdg ¤ d xh'/sf]
Ho]© k'q x'F ..@@..
dfof;Ídhf] jL/ sfnM
;j{x/M :d[tM .
a|éf Tjfdfx eujfg\
;j{b]jlif{k"lhtM ..@#..
/lIft'+ :ju{nf]s:o
;do:t] dxfdt] .
k'/f Tjd]s
Pjf;Lnf]{sfg\ ;+XTo dfoof ..@$..
x]
jL/ ¤ dfofsf ;fy xh'/sf] ;Íd ePkl5 d k|s6 ePsf] lyPF . d ;a}sf] gfz ug]{ x'F, /
sfn gfdn] k|l;4 5' . ;d:t b]jlif{x¿af6 k"lht, eujfg\ a|éfhLn] xh'/sf nflu
eÙ'ePsf] 5– ‘x] dxfdt] ¤ ca xh'/sf] :ju{nf]ssf] /Iff ug]{ ;do xf] .
k"j{sfndf ;d:t nf]sx¿sf] ;+xf/ u/]/ Psdfq xh'/ g} /xg'ePsf] lyof]
..@#–@$..
efo{of ;lxt:Tj+
dfdfbf} k'qdhLhgM .
tyf ef]ujt+
gfudgGtd'bs]zod\ ..@%..
clg
xh'/n] cfÇgL efof{ dfofsf] ;+of]uaf6 ;a}eGbf klxn] cfÇgf] k'q dnfO{ tyf hndf
zog ug'{x'g] cgGt gfds km0fwf/L z]ifgfusf] /rgf ug'{eof] ..@%..
dfoof hgloTjf Tj+ åf}
;;Œjf} dxfanf} .
dw's}6esf} b}Tof} xTjf
d]bf]›l:y;~rod\ ..@^..
Odf+ kj{t;Da4f+
d]lbgL+ k'?ifif{e .
kß] lbJofs{;Ëfz]
gfEofd'TkfB dfdlk ..@&..
df+ ljwfo k|hfWoIf+
dlo ;j{+ Goj]bot\ .
;f]›x+
;+o'Qm;Def/:Tjfdjf]r+ huTkt] ..@*..
o;/L
dfofaf6 dnfO{ pTkÙ u/]kl5 xh'/n] dxfanL / Psbd z"/jL/ b'O{ dw'–s}6e gfds
b}Tox¿nfO{ dfg'{eof] tyf pgLx¿sf] d]b -af];f]_ / cl:yx¿sf ;d"x¿k oL
kj{tflbn] o'Qm k[lyjLsf] /rgf ug{'eof] . x] k'?if>]© ¤ To;kl5 cfÇgf] gfleaf6
k|s6 ePsf lbJo ;"o{sf ;dfg t]h:jL sdnaf6 dnfO{ pTkÙ u/]/ clg dnfO{ g}
k|hfklt agfP/ ;[l¨ /rgfsf] ;f/f ef/ dnfO{ g} ;'lDklbg'eof] . x] huTkt] ¤ o;/L
ef/ u|x0f u/]kl5 d}n] xh'/nfO{ lgj]bg u/]F– ..@^–@*..
/Iff+ ljwT:j
e"t]Eof] o] d] jLof{kxfl/0fM .
tt:Tj+ sZokfHhftf]
lji0f'jf{dg¿kw[s\ ..@(..
æh'g
k|f0fLn] d]/f jLo{ cyf{t\ k|hfsf] gfz ug{ nfu]sf] 5, To;af6 /Iff ug'{xf];\ .Æ
clg xh'/ sZokhLsxfF jfdg¿kwf/L lji0f'eujfg\ eP/ k|s6 x'g'eof] ..@(..
Xtjfgl; e"ef/+
jwfb|Iff]u0f:o r .
;jf{;"T;fo{df0ff;'
k|hf;' w/0fLw/ ..#)..
/fj0f:o jwfsfª\IfL dTo{nf]sd'kfutM .
bzjif{;x;|fl0f
bzjif{ztflg r ..#!..
s[Tjf jf;:o ;do+
lqbz]ijfTdgM k'/f .
; t] dgf]/yM
k"0f{M k"0f]{ rfo'lif t] g[if' ..#@..
clg
/fIf;x¿sf] gfz u/]/ xh'/n] k[YjLsf] ef/ ptfg'{eof] . x] w/0fLw/ ¤ o;a]nf klg
;f/f k|hfnfO{ g¨ eO/x]sf] b]v]/ xh'/n] /fj0fsf] jw ug{sf nflu dTo{nf]sdf
kfNg'ePsf] xf] . oxfF /xgsf nflu xh'/n] k"j{sfndf b]jtfx¿aLr P3f/ xhf/
jif{sf] ;do lglát ug'{ePsf] lyof] . xh'/sf] dfgj–z/L/sf] cfo' k"0f{
x'gf;fy g} xh'/sf] Tof] dgf]/y k"0f{ eO;s]sf] 5 ..#)–#@..
sfn:tfk;¿k]0f
TjT;dLkd'kfudt\ .
ttf] e"oá t]
a'l4o{lb /fHod'kfl;t'd\ ..##..
tQyf ej eb|+ t] Pjdfx lktfdxM .
olb t] udg]
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clg
lji0f' eujfg\sf ;fydf rf/}lt/af6 OGb|flb b]jtf, l;4, d'lg, oIf / a|éf cflb
k|hfkltu0f cfP/ k/d]à/nfO{ :tf]qx¿åf/f :t'lt ub{{ k"hf ug{ nfu] . clg
cfÇgf] dgf]/y k"0f{ ePsfn] dgdg} cfgGbdUg eP . Toltv]/ dxfTdf lji0f'
eujfg\n] a|éfhLnfO{ eÙ'eof]– æoL ;a} d]/f eQmx¿ / ddf k|Llt /fVg]x¿ x'g\
..%(–^)..
ofGt+ lbj+ dfdg'oflGt
;j]{
lto{If/L/f clk
k'0oo'QmfM .
j}s'07;fDo+ k/d+
k|ofGt'
;dfljz:jfz' ddf1of
Tjd\ ..^!..
d]/f
;fy oL ;a} hgf :ju{nf]sdf hfg rfxG5g\ . logdf hf] lto{s\z/L/wf/L-kz'kG5L cflb_
5g\, tL klg 7"nf k'0ofTdf x'g\ . oL ;a} j}s'07sf ;dfg pQd nf]sx¿df
k'u"g\ . d]/f] cf1fn] ltdLn] zL3| g} ToxfF logLx¿nfO{ k|j]z u/fOb]pm .Æ
..^!..
>'Tjf
x/]jf{Sodyfa|jLTsM
;fGtflgsfg\ ofGt'
ljlrqef]ufg\ .
nf]sfGdbLof]kl/
bLKodfgfg\
Tjb\efjo'QmfM
s[tk'0ok'~hfM ..^@..
eujfg\sf
oL jrg ;'g]/ a|éfhLn] eÙ'eof]– æeujg\ ¤ xh'/sf] elQmn] o'Qm oL dxfk'0ozfnL
JolQmx¿ d]/f] nf]seGbf klg dflyNnf] cToGt bLlKtzfnL / ljlrq ef]ux¿n] ;DkÙ
;fGtflgs nf]sx¿df k'u"g\ ..^@..
o] rflk t] /fd kljqgfd
u[0flGt dTof{ nosfn Pj
.
c1fgtf] jflk ehGt'
nf]sfg\
tfg]j of]u}/lk rflwuDofg\
..^#..
x]
/fd ¤ c¿ klg hf]–hf] dflg;x¿n] dg]{ ;dodf xh'/sf] kljq gfd lnG5g\, cyjf
em'lSsP/} eP klg xh'/sf] ehg ufpF5g\, tL klg of]uLx¿n] k|fKt ug{ of]Uo ltg}
nf]sx¿df hfg]5g\ .Æ ..^#..
ttf]›ltX¨f
xl//fIf;fBfM
:k[¨\jf hn+
ToQmsn]j/f:t] .
k|k]lb/] k|fQmgd]j ¿k+
ob+zhf CIfx/Là/f:t]
..^$..
of]
;'g]/ ;d:t jfg/ / /fIf; cflb clt k|;Ù eP . pgLx¿ hn:kz{ u/]/ z/L/ 5f]8\g nfu] .
tL efn' / jfg/ cflb h;–h;sf] c+zaf6 pTkÙ ePsf lyP, ltg}–ltg} b]jtfsf
k"j{¿kdf k'u] ..^$..
k|efs/+ k|fk xl/k|jL/M
;'u|Lj cflbTohjLo{jŒjft\
.
ttf] ljdUgfM
;/o"hn]if'
g/fM kl/ToHo
dg'iob]xd\ ..^%..
jfg//fh
;'u|Lj ;"o{sf] jLo{af6 pTkÙ ePsf lyP, ctM tL ;"o{d} nLg eP ..^%..
cf?è lbJofe/0ff ljdfg+
k|fk'á t]
;fGtlgsfVonf]sfg\ .
lto{Sk|hftf clk
/fdb[¨f
hn+ k|lj¨f lbjd]j
oftfM ..^^..
tTkáft\
cof]Wof–lgjf;L dflg;x¿ ;/o"sf] hndf 8'a]/ dg'iob]x TofuL lbJo
cfe"if0fx¿n] lje"lift eO{ ljdfgx¿df r9]/ ;fGtflgs–gfds nf]sx¿df k'u]
..^^..
lbb[Ifjf] hfgkbfá
nf]sf
/fd+ ;dfnf]So
ljd'Qm;ÍfM .
:d[Tjf xl/+ nf]su'?+
k/]z+
:k[¨\jf hn+
:ju{djfk'/~hM ..^&..
hf]
lto{s\ of]lgx¿df pTkÙ ePsf lyP tL -s's'/, ;'Fu'/ cflb kz' / kIfLx¿_ klg eujfg\
/fdsf] b[l¨ kgf{n] hndf 8'a]/ :ju{nf]s g} uP . hf] b]zjf;L dflg;x¿ of] ;a}
sf}t's x]g{sf nflu cfPsf lyP, tL klg >L/fdrGb|hLsf] bz{g u/]/ ;+;f/sf]
cf;lQm 5f8L nf]su'? k/d]à/ eujfg\ lji0f'sf] :d/0f ub}{ hn:kz{ u/L cgfof; g}
:ju{tkm{ uP ..^&..
Ptfjb]jf]Q/dfx zDe'M
>L/fdrGb|:o syfjz]ifd\ .
oM kfbdKoq k7]T;
kfkfb\–
ljd'Rot] hGd;x;|hftft\
..^*..
>Ldxfb]jhLn]
eujfg\ /fdsf] syfsf] kl/lz¨¿k g} pQ/sf08 eÙ'ePsf] xf] . h'g JolQmn] o;sf] Ps
kfb -rf}yfO{ Znf]s_dfq eP klg k9\b5, pm cfÇgf xhf/f}F hGdx¿sf kfkx¿af6 d'Qm eP/
hfG5 ..^*..
lbg] lbg] kfkro+
k|s'j{g\
k7]Ù/M Znf]sdkLx eSTof
.
ljd'Qm;jf{3roM k|oflt
/fd:o ;fnf]SodgGonEod\
..^(..
k|ltlbg
cg]sf}F kfk ug]{ dflg;n] olb elQmk"j{s o;sf] Ps Znf]sdfq k9Øf] eg] klg
;Dk"0f{ kfk/flzaf6 d'Qm eO{ >L/fdsf] ;fnf]So kbdf k'Ub5, h'g c¿x¿sf
nflu cnEo -gkfOg]_ 5 ..^(..
cfVofgd]tb|3'gfos:o
s[t+ k'/f /f3jrf]lbt]g
.
dx]à/]0ffKteljioby{+
>'Tjf t' /fdM
kl/tf]ifd]lt ..&)..
>L/3'gfyhLsf
k|]/0ffn] eljios} rl/qx¿sf] j0f{g ul/Psf] pxfFsf] of] syfnfO{ klxn] dxfb]jhLn]
/Rg'ePsf] lyof] . o;nfO{ ;'g]/ >L/fdrGb|hL w]/} k|;Ù x'g'x'G5 ..&)..
/fdfo0f+ sfJodgGtk'0o+
>LzË/]0fflelxt+
ejfGo} .
eSTof k7]BM ð[0f'oft\
; kfk}M
ljd'Rot] hGdztf]b\ej}á
..&!..
/fdfo0f–gfds
of] cgGt k'0ok|b sfJo >LzË/ eujfg\n] kfj{tLhLnfO{ eÙ'ePsf] xf] . h'g JolQmn]
o;nfO{ elQmk"j{s k9\nf cyjf ;'Gnf, p;n] cfÇgf ;of}F hGdb]lvsf kfkk'~hx¿af6
d'Qm eP/ hfg]5 ..&!..
cWofTd/fd+ k7tá lgTo+
>f]t'á eSTof
lnlvt'á /fdM .
cltk|;Ùá ;bf ;dLk]
;Ltf;d]tM
l>odftgf]lt ..&@..
o;
cWofTd/fdfo0fnfO{ lgTo k9\g], ;'Ù] cyjf elQmk"j{s n]Vg];Fu cToGt k|;Ù eP/
eujfg\ /fd ;LtfhL;lxt p;sf] ;fydf /x]/ p;sf] >Lj[l4 ug'{x'G5 ..&@..
/fdfo0f+
hgdgf]x/dflbsfJo+
a|éflbleM ;'/j/}/lk
;+:t't+ r .
>4flGjtM k7lt oM
ð[0f'ofQ' lgTo+
lji0ff]M k|oflt ;bg+ ;
ljz'4b]xM ..&#..
a|éf
cflb ;'/>]©x¿af6 k|z+l;t / dg'iox¿sf dgnfO{ x/0f ug]{ of] cflbsfJo
/fdfo0fnfO{ h'g JolQmn] lgTo k9\nf of ;'Gnf, pm ljz'4 z/L/ wf/0f u/]/ eujfg\
lji0f'sf] wfddf k'Unf ..&#..
Olt
>LdbWofTd/fdfo0f] pdfdx]à/;+jfb]
pQ/sf08] gjdM ;u{M
..(..
.. ;dfKtldbd'Q/sf08d\ ..
.. ;Dk"0f{d\ Olt cWofTd/fdfo0fd\ ..
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