अष्टावक्रगीता (नेपाली टीकासहित)

 

 

>Lk/dfTdg] gdM .

c¨fjj|m–uLtf

-g]kfnL efiff–6Lsf;lxt_

 

6Lsfsf/

lbg]z kf}8]n

O6x/L

@)&*

 

s[lt M ci6fjqm uLtf -g]kfnLdf efiff–6Lsf;lxt_

6Lsfsf/ M lbg]z kf}8]n

O6x/L, g]kfn

;+:s/0f M k|yd @)&( -!))) k|lt_

k|sfzs M ;'gLn emf, ;nf{xL xfn o'P;P

d'b|s M efujt lk|G6;{ -5fkfvfgf_, lj/f6gu/

k'l:tsfsf] of] ;+:s/0f eujfg\sf eStx?sf nflu lgMz'Ns ljt/0fsf nflu xf] .

skL/fO6 M 6Lsfsf/df ;'/lIft

 

e"ldsf

ci6fjqm uLtf cå}t j]bfGtsf] Ps dxŒjk"0f{ u|Gy xf] . h;/L >Ldb\eujb\uLtfdf ch'{g k|Zg u5{g\ / >Ls[i0f pQ/ lbg'x'G5, p;}u/L ci6fjqm uLtfdf /fhf hgshL k|Zg u5{g\ / Clif ci6fjqmhL pQ/ lbg'x'G5 . ci6fjqm uLtfdf 1fg, d'lSt / j}/fUosf tLg k|Zgx¿dfly rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . ci6fjqm ClifhLn] oxfF aL; k|s/0fdf cfkm\gf ts{x¿ / pbfx/0fåf/f /fhf hgssf k|Zgx¿sf] zdg ug{] k|oTg u/]sf 5g\ . o; k':tsnfO{ j]bfGtsf] lzv/ dflgPsf] 5 . j]bfGtbz{g ljz]iftM 1fgof]usf] Ps zfvf xf] . j]bfGtsf] cfwf/ pklgifb\nfO{ dflgG5 . oxfF 1fgsf] dfWodn] O{Zj/ / d'lSt k|fKt ug{] ;fwgf ul/G5 .

 

 

 k|yd k|s/0f

hgs pjfr–

sy+ 1fgdjfKgf]lt sy+ d'lQme{ljiolt .

j}/fUo+ r sy+ k|fKtd]tb\a|"lx dd k|ef] ..!–!..

jof]j[4 /fhf hgs afns c¨fjj|m;Fu ;f]wgL u5{g\– x] k|e' ¤ 1fgsf] k|flKt s;/L x'G5 < d'lQm s;/L k|fKt x'G5 < j}/fUo s;/L k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 < of] ;a} dnfO{ eÙ'xf];\ .

c¨fjj|m pjfr–

d'lQmldR5l; r]Qft ljifoflGjifjŒoh .

IfdfHh{jboftf]if;To+ kLo"ifjb\ eh ..!–@..

>L c¨fjj|m pQ/ lbG5g\– olb ltdL d'lQm rfxG5f} eg] cfkm\gf] dgaf6 ljifo cyf{t\ j:t'x¿sf] pkef]usf] OR5fnfO{ ljifa/fa/ dfg]/ Toflub]pm . Ifdf, ;/ntf, bof, ;Gtf]if tyf ;TonfO{ cd[tem}F ;]jg u/ ..@..

g k[YjL g hn+ gflUgg{ jfo'Bf}{g{ jf ejfg\ .

Piff+ ;flIf0fdfTdfg+ lrb|"k+ ljl4 d'Qmo] ..!–#..

ltdL g k[YjL xf}, g hn, g clUg, g jfo' cyjf cfsfz g} xf} . d'lQmsf nflu oL tŒjx¿sf ;fIfL r}tGo¿k cfTdfnfO{ lrg ..#..

olb b]x+ k[ys\ s[To lrlt lj>fDo lt©l; .

cw'g}j ;'vL zfGtM aGwd'Qmf] eljiol; ..!–$..

olb ltdLn] :jod\nfO{ o; z/L/af6 cnu u/]/ r]tgfdf lj>fd u¥of} eg] tTsfn} ;'vL, zfGt clg aGwgd'Qm cj:yfdf k'Ug]5f} ..$..

g Tj+ ljk|flbsf] j0ff]{ gf>dL gfIfuf]r/M .

c;Íf]›l; lg/fsf/f] ljà;fIfL ;'vL ej ..!–%..

ltdL a|fé0f cflb ;a} hfltx¿ cyjf a|éro{ cflb ;a} cf>dx¿af6 cnUu 5f} tyf cfFvfx¿af6 cb[Zo 5f}, ltdL lgln{Kt, lg/fsf/ / o; ljàsf] ;fIfL xf} . o:tf] a'em]/ ;'vL xf]pm ..%..

wdf{››wdf}{ ;'v+ b'Mv+ dfg;flg g t] ljef] .

g stf{››l; g ef]Qmf››l;d'Qm Pjfl; ;j{bf ..!–^..

wd{, cwd{, ;'v, b'Mv cflb dl:tis;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5g\, ;j{Jofks ltdL;Fu xf]Og . ltdL g stf{ xf}, g t ef]Qmf g} xf}, ltdL ;bf d'Qm g} xf} ..^..

Psf] b|¨f››l; ;j{:o d'Qmk|fof]›l; ;j{bf .

cod]j lx t] aGwf] b|¨f/+ kZo;Lt/d\ ..!–&..

ltdL ;d:t ljZsf Psdfq b|¨f xf}, ;bf d'Qm g} xf} . ltdLsf] aGwg oltdfq xf] ls ltdL c¿ s;}nfO{ b|¨f 7fGb5f} ..&..

cx+ st{]Tox+dfgdxfs[i0fflxb+lztM .

gfx+ st{]lt ljàf;fd[t+ kLTjf ;'vL ej ..!–*..

cxËf/¿kL dxf;k{sf] k|efjsf jzdf k/]/ ltdL æd stf{ x'FÆ 7fG5f} . æd stf{ x}gFÆ eÙ] of] ljàf;¿kL cd[t lkP/ ;'vL xf]pm ..*..

Psf] ljz'4af]wf]›x+ Olt lgáojlìgf .

k|HjfNof1fguxg+ jLtzf]sM ;'vL ej ..!–(..

uxg c1fgjgnfO{ d Ps, ljz'4 1fg x'F eÙ] lgáo¿kL clUgåf/f 89fOb]pm . o;/L zf]s/lxt eP/ ;'vL xf]pm ..(..

oq ljàldb+ eflt slNkt+ /Hh';k{jt\ .

cfgGbk/dfgGbM ; af]w:Tj+ ;'v+ r/ ..!–!)..

of] ljà 8f]/Ldf ;k{em}F hxfF cjf:tljs b]lvG5, ;f]xL cfgGb, k/d cfgGbsf] cg'e"lt u/]/ ;'vk"j{s /xg"  ..!)..

d'QmfledfgL d'Qmf] lx a4f] a4fledfGolk .

ls+jbGtLx ;To]o+ of dltM ;f ulte{j]t\ ..!–!!..

cfkm"nfO{ d'Qm 7fÙ]x¿ d'Qm x'g\ clg a4 7fÙ]x¿ a4 g} x'g\ . JolQmsf] a'l4 h:tf] 5 p;sf] ult To:t} g} x'G5 eÙ] egfO ;To xf] ..!!..

cfTdf ;fIfL lje'M k"0f{ Psf] d'Qmláblj|moM .

c;Íf] lgM:k[xMzfGtf] e|dfT;+;f/jflgj ..!–!@..

cfTdf ;fIfL, ;j{JofkL, k"0f{, Ps, d'Qm, r]tg, clj|mo, c;Í, OR5f/lxt Pjd\ zfGt 5 . e|djz g} of] ;f+;fl/s k|tLt x'G5 ..!@..

s"6:y+ af]wdå}tdfTdfg+ kl/efjo .

cfef;f]›x+ e|d+ d'STjf efj+ afèdyfGt/d\ ..!–!#..

ckl/jt{gLo, r]tg tyf cå}t cfTdfsf] lrGtg u/ clg ædÆsf] e|d¿kL cfef;af6 d'Qm eP/ afè ljànfO{ cfkm"leq} efjgf u/ ..!#..

b]xfledfgkfz]g lr/+ a4f]›l; k'qs .

af]wf]›x+ 1fgv8\u]g tflÙis[To ;'vL ej ..!–!$..

x] k'q ¤ d nfdf] ;dob]lv ltdL æd z/L/ x'FÆ eÙ] efjaGwgn] afFlwPsf 5f}, 1fg¿kL t/af/n] o; aGwgnfO{ sf6]/ :jod\nfO{ d'Qm cg'ej u/]/ ;'vL xf]pm ..!%..

lgM;Íf] lglij|mof]›l; Tj+ :jk|sfzf] lg/~hgM .

cod]j lx t] aGwM ;dflwdg'lt©l; ..!–!%..

ltdL c;Í, clj|mo, :jod\–k|sfzjfg\ tyf ;j{yf–bf]ifd'Qm 5f} . ltdLn] Wofgåf/f dl:tisnfO{ zfGt /fVg] k|oTg ug'{ g} aGwg xf] ..!%..

Tjof JofKtldb+ ljà+ Tjlo k|f]t+ oyfy{tM .

z'4a'4:j¿k:Tj+ dfudM If'b|lrQtfd\ ..!–!^..

 of] ;d:t ljà ltdLåf/f 9flsPsf] 5 . jf:tjdf ltdLn] g} o;nfO{ 9fs]sf 5f} . ltdL z'4 Pjd\ 1fg:j¿k xf}, If'b|lrQ cyf{t\ cfkm" ;fgf] 5' eÙ] efjn] u|:t gxf]pm ..!^..

lg/k]Iff] lglj{sf/f] lge{/M zLtnfzoM .

cufwa'l4/If'Awf] ej lrGdfqjf;gM ..!–!&..

ltdL OR5f/lxt, ljsf//lxt, 3g -7f];_, zLtntfsf wfd, tyf cufw a'l4dfg\ xf} . zfGt eP/ s]jn r}tGosf] dfq rfxgf u/ ..!&..

;fsf/dg[t+ ljl4 lg/fsf/+ t' lgán+ .

PtQŒjf]kb]z]g g k'ge{j;DejM ..!–!*..

cfsf/nfO{ c;To xf] eÙ] hfg]/ lg/fsf/nfO{ g} lr/:yfoL dfg . of] tŒj a'em]kl5 k'gM hGd lnO/xg'kb{}g ..!*..

oy}jfbz{dWo:y] ¿k]›GtM kl/t:t' ;M .

ty}jf›l:dg\ z/L/]›GtM kl/tM k/d]à/M ..!–!(..

h;/L P]gfdf k|ltljlDat :j¿k To;sf] leq klg x'G5 / aflx/ klg, To;}u/L k/dfTdf klg o; z/L/sf] leq lgjf; ub{5 / z/L/aflx/ klg ..!(..

Ps+ ;j{ut+ Jof]d alx/Gto{yf 36] .

lgTo+ lg/Gt/ a|é ;j{e"tu0f] tyf ..!–@)..

h;/L pxL cfsfz 3}F6fsf] leq / aflx/ JofKt x'G5, p;}u/L zfàt / ;ttM k/dfTdf ;d:t k|f0fLx¿df ljBdfg 5 ..@)..

Olt >Lc¨fjj|muLtfof+ k|yd+ k|s/0f+ ;dfKtd\ ..!..

 

 

låtLo k|s/0f

hgs pjfr–

cxf] lg/+hgM zfGtf] af]wf]›x+ k|s[t]M k/M .

PtfjGtdx+ sfn+ df]x]g}j lj8lDatM ..@–!..

/fhf hgs eGb5g\ – cxf] ¤ d lgisnË, zfGt, k|s[ltaf6 k/ 1fg:j¿k x'F, oqf] ;do;Dd d df]xaf6 ;GtKt ePsf] lyPF ..!..

oyf k|sfzofDo]sf] b]xd]g+ tyf hut\ .

ctf] dd huT;j{dyjf g r ls~rg ..@–@..

h;/L d o; z/L/nfO{ k|sflzt ub{5', p;}u/L o; ljànfO{ klg k|sflzt ub{5' . ctM of] ;d:t ljà g} d]/f] xf], x}g eg] s]xL klg d]/f] x}g ..@..

          ;z/L/dxf] ljà+ kl/ToHo dof››w'gf .

s'tláTsf}znfb]j k/dfTdf ljnf]Sot] ..@–#..

ca z/L/;lxt o; ljànfO{ Tofu]/ s'g} sf}znåf/f g} daf6 k/dfTdfsf] bz{g x'g ;S5 ..#..

oyf g tf]otf] leÙf:t/ÍfM km]ga'b\a'bfM .

cfTdgf] g tyf leÙ+ ljàfdfTdljlgu{td\ ..@–$..

h;/L kfgLsf] nx/, lkmFh / kmf]sfx¿ cflb kfgLaf6 k[ys\ x'Fb}gg\, p;}u/L cfTdfaf6 pTkÙ of] ljà klg cfTdfaf6 cnu x'Fb}g ..$..

tGt'dfqf] ej]b]j k6f] oålårf/tM .

cfTdtGdfqd]j]b+ tålåà+ ljrfl/td\ ..@–%..

h;/L ljrf/ ubf{ j:q tGt' cyf{t\ 8f]/f]dfq xf] eÙ] yfxf kfOG5, p;}u/L of] ;d:t ljà cfTdf dfq xf] eÙ] klg a'lemG5 ..%..

oy}j]If'/;] Sn[Ktf t]g JofKt}j zs{/f .

tyf ljà+ dlo Sn[Kt+ dof JofKt+ lg/Gt/d\ ..@–^..

h'g k|sf/n] pv'sf] /;af6 ag]sf] ;Sv/ To;} /;n] JofKt x'G5, p;}u/L of] ljà daf6} ag]sf] xf] / lg/Gt/ daf6} JofKt 5 ..^..

cfTdf››1fgfHhub\eflt cfTd1fgfÙ ef;t] .

/HHj1fgfblxef{lt tH1fgfb\ef;t] g lx ..@–&..

c1fgjz g} cfTdf ljàsf] ¿kdf b]lvG5, cfTdfsf] 1fg ePkl5 of] ljà b]vf kb{}g . h;/L 8f]/L c1fgjz ;k{h:t} b]lvG5, 8f]/L xf] eÙ] 1fg ePkl5 ;k{ b]vf kb{}g ..&..

k|sfzf] d] lgh+ ¿k+ gfltl/Qmf]›:Dox+ ttM .

obf k|sfzt] ljà+ tbf››x+ ef; Pj lx ..@–*..

k|sfz g} d]/f] ¿k xf], k|sfzafx]s d c¿yf]s s]xL xf]OgF . k|sfzn] h;/L o; ljànfO{ k|sflzt ub{5, p;}u/L of] æcxd\Æ eÙ] efjnfO{ klg k|sflzt ub{5 ..*..

cxf] ljslNkt+ ljàd1fgfGdlo ef;t] .

¿Ko+ z'Qmf} km0fL /Hhf} jfl/ ;"o{s/] oyf ..@–(..

x] cfáo{ ¤ c1fgsf sf/0fn] o; slNkt ljànfO{ d b]lv/x]sf] 5', h;/L l;kLsL/fdf rfFbL, 8f]/Ldf ;k{ / ;"o{ls/0fdf -d[ut[i0ffjz_ kfgL b]lvg] x'G5 ..(..

dQf] ljlgu{t+ ljà+ døo]j nod]iolt .

d[lb s'Def]hn] jLlrM sgs] s6s+ oyf ..@–!)..

of] ljà daf6 pTkÙ ePsf] xf] / of] d}df ljnLg x'G5, h;/L 38f df6fdf ldNb5, nx/ hndf ldNb5 / afnf ;'gdf ljnLg eP/ hfG5 ..!)..

cxf] cx+ gdf] dè+ ljgfzL o:o gfl:t d] .

a|éflb:tDako{Gt+ huÙfz]›lk lt©tM ..@–!!..

cfáo{ 5, dnfO{ gd:sf/ 5, ;d:t ljà g¨ x'Fbf ;d]t h;sf] ljgfz x'Fb}g / t[0fb]lv a|éf;Dd ;a}sf] ljgfz x'Fbf ;d]t hf] ljBdfg /xG5 ..!!..

cxf] cx+ gdf] dè+ Psf]›x+ b]xjfglk .

SjlrÙuGtf gfuGtf JofKo ljàdjl:yt M ..@–!@..

cfáo{ 5, dnfO{ gd:sf/ 5 hf] Ps z/L/o'Qm eP/ klg g t st} hfG5, g st} cfpF5, clg ;d:t ljànfO{ 9fs]/ /x]sf] 5 ..!@..

cxf] cx+ gdf] dè+ bIff] gf:tLx dT;dM .

c;+:k[Zo z/L/]0f o]g ljà+ lr/+ w[td\ ..@–!#..

d 5Ss k/]sf] 5', dnfO{ gd:sf/ 5 hf] bIf 5, h;sf a/fa/ sf]xL 5}g, h;n] o; z/L/nfO{ 5'g;Dd g5f]O{ o; ljànfO{ cgflbsfnb]lv wf/0f u/]sf] 5 ..!#..

cxf] cx+ gdf] dè+ o:o d] gfl:t ls~rg .

cyjf o:o d] ;j{+ oåfª\dg;uf]r/d\ ..@–!$..

cfáo{ 5, dnfO{ gd:sf/ 5, h;sf] of] s]xL klg xf]Og, cyjf jf0fL / dgn] h]hltnfO{ hflgG5 Tof] ;a} o;}sf] xf] ..!$..

1fg+ 1]o+ tyf 1ftf lqto+ gfl:t jf:tjd\ .

c1fgfb\eflt oq]b+ ;f]›xdl:d lg/~hg ..@–!%..

1fg, 1]o / 1ftf oL tLg} s'/f jf:tjdf 5}gg\, lgisnË cfTdf g} c1fgjz oL tLg j:t'em}F b]lvG5 ..!%..

å}td"ndxf] b'Mv+ gfGoQ:of›l:t e]ifhd\ .

b[Zod]tg\ d[iff ;j{+ Psf]›x+ lrb|;f]dnM ..@–!^..

å}t cyf{t\ e]b g} ;a} b'Mvx¿sf] d"n sf/0f xf] . hf] h]hlt b]lvG5, ;a} c;To xf] tyf d g} Ps, lgd{n r}tGo x'F eÙ] 1fg g} Psdfq cf}iflw xf] ..!^..

af]wdfqf]›xd1fgfb\ pkflwM slNktf] dof .

Pjd\ ljd[ztf] lgTo+ lglj{sNk] l:yltd{d ..@–!&..

d k|sfz–:j¿k dfq 5', c1fgn] g} dåf/f :jod\ d} cGo u'0f slNkt ul/Psf x'g\ . o:tf] ljrf/ u/]/ d ;gftg / sf/0f/lxt ¿kn] l:yt 5' ..!&..

g d] aGwf]›l:t df]Iff] jf e|flGtM zfGtflg/f>of .

cxf] dlo l:yt+ ljà+ j:t'tf] g dlo l:ytd\ ..@–!*..

g d]/f nflu s'g} aGwg 5, g s'g} d'lQm jf e|flGt . d zfGt / cf>o/lxt x'F . ddf slNkt of] ljà klg j:t'tM ddf l:yt 5}g ..!*..

;z/L/ldb+ ljà+ g lsl~rlblt lglátd\ .

z'4lrGdfq cfTdf r tTsl:dg\ sNkgf››w'gf ..@–!(..

:k¨ 5, z/L/;lxt of] ljà cl:tTjljxLg 5 . s]jn z'4, r}tGo cfTdfsf] dfq cl:tTj 5 . ca o;df cyf{]s s] sNkgf ug{] / < ..!(..

z/L/+ :ju{g/sf} aGwdf]Iff} eo+ tyf .

sNkgfdfqd]j}tt\ ls+ d] sfo{+ lrbfTdgM ..@–@)..

z/L/, :ju{, g/s, aGwg, df]If / eo oL ;a} sNkgfdfq x'g\ . logLx¿;Fu d r}tGo:j¿ksf] s] k|of]hg 5 / < ..@)..

cxf] hg;d"x]›lk g å}t+ kZotf] dd .

c/0oldj ;+j[Q+ Sj /lt+ s/jf0oxd\ ..@–@!..

d hg;d"xdf klg d c¿nfO{ b]lVtgF, c/0oem}F lgh{g nfUb5, cfáo{ 5 . ca d s;;Fu df]x u¿F < ..@!..

gfx+ b]xf] g d] b]xf] hLjf] gfxdx+ lx lrt\ .

cod]j lx d] aGw cf;LBf hLljt] :k[xf ..@–@@..

g d z/L/ x'F, g of] z/L/ g} d]/f] xf], g d hLj x'F . d r}tGo x'F . dleqsf] afFRg] rfxgf g} d]/f] aGwg lyof] ..@@..

cxf] e'jgsNnf]n}lj{lrq}b|f{s\ ;d'lTytd\ .

døogGtdxfDef]wf} lrQjft] ;d'Bt] ..@–@#..

cfáo{ 5, cgGt dxf;fu/ ddf lrQjfo' p7\tfv]l/ a|éf08¿kL ljlrq t/Íx¿ pkl:yt x'G5g\ ..@#..

døogGtdxfDef]wf} lrQjft] k|zfDolt .

cefUofHhLjl0fhf] huTkf]tf] ljgà/M ..@–@$..

cgGt dxf;fu/ ddf lrQjfo' zfGt x'gf;fy Jofkf/L¿kL hLjsf] ;+;f/¿kL hxfh b'ef{Uon] g¨ ePem}F x'G5 ..@$..

døogGtdxfDef]wfjfáo{+ hLjjLroM .

pBlGt £glGt v]nlGt k|ljzlGt :jefjtM ..@–@%..

cfáo{ 5, cgGt dxf;fu/ ddf hLj¿kL nx/x¿ pTkÙ x'G5g\, ldng x'G5g\, v]Nb5g\ / :jefjzM d}df k|j]z ub{5g\ ..@%..

Olt >Lc¨fjj|muLtfof+ låtLo+ k|s/0f+ ;dfKtd\ ..@..

 

 

t[tLo k|s/0f

c¨fjj|m pjfr–

cljgflzgdfTdfgd]s+ lj1fo tŒjtM .

tjfTd1:o wL/:o sydyf{h{g] /ltM ..#–!..

c¨fjj|m eGb5g\– cfTdfnfO{ cljgfzL 5 / Psdfq 5 eg]/ hfg . of] cfTd1fg k|fKt u/]kl5 s'g} a'l4dfg\ JolQmsf] ?lr wg cfh{g ug{df s;/L nfU5 / < ..!..

cfTdf››1fgfbxf] k|Lltlj{ifoe|duf]r/] .

z'Qm]/1fgtf] nf]ef] oyf /htlje|d] ..#–@..

cfkm\gf] c1fgsf] sf/0f e|djz ljifox¿df nufj x'gk'U5, h;/L l;kL b]Vtf rfFbL xf] eÙ] e|d k}bf eP/ p;df nf]e pTkÙ x'G5 ..@..

ljà+ :km'/lt oq]b+ t/Íf Oj ;fu/] .

;f]›xd:dLlt lj1fo ls+ bLg Oj wfjl; ..#–#..

;fu/af6 nx/x¿ pTkÙ ePem}F h'g cfTdfaf6 of] ljà pTkÙ x'G5, Tof] d} x'F eÙ] hfg]/ ltdLn] Ps b'MvLem}F lsg bf}l8g] / < ..#..

>'Tjf››lk z'4r}tGod\ cfTdfgd\ clt;'Gb/d\ .

pk:y]›ToGt;+;Qmf] dflnGodlwuR5lt ..#–$..

cfTdf z'4, r}tGo / cToGt ;'Gb/ 5 eÙ] ;'g]/ klg ltdL s;/L hgg]lGb|odf cf;Qm eP/ cz'4 aGb5f} < ..$..

;j{e"t]if' rfTdfg+ ;j{e"tflg rfTdlg .

d'g]hf{gt cfáo{+ ddTjd\ cg'jt{t] ..#–%..

;a} k|f0fLx¿df cfkm" / cfkm"df ;a} k|f0fL 5g\ eÙ] a'‰g] d'lgx¿df ddtfsf] efjgf /lx/xg' cfáo{ g} xf] ..%..

cfl:ytM k/dfå}t+ df]Iffy{]›lk Jojl:ytM .

cfáo{+ sfdjzuf] ljsnM s]lnlzIfof ..#–^..

Ps–a|édf cf>o lng] / df]Ifsf] cy{sf] :k¨ 1fg ePsf] JolQmn] cfdf]b–k|df]båf/f pTkÙ sfdgfx¿sf] jzdf kg'{ cfáo{ g} xf] ..^..

pb\e"t+ 1fgb'ld{qdjwfof{ltb'a{nM .

cfáo{+ sfddfsfª\If]TsfndGtdg'l>tM ..#–&..

cGTosfnsf] glhs k'lu;s]sf] JolQmn] Tof] cfkm\gf] zq' xf] eÙ] hfGbfhfGb} klg / To;nfO{ wf/0f ug{df cToGt czQm eP/ klg sfdjf;gf dgdf lng' cfáo{sf] s'/f xf] ..&..

Oxfd'q lj/Qm:o lgToflgToljj]lsgM .

cfáo{+ df]Ifsfd:o df]Iffb]j ljeLlifsf ..#–*..

o; nf]s / k/nf]saf6 lj/Qm, lgTo / clgTosf] e]b 5'6Øfpg ;dy{ / df]Ifsf] sfdgf ug{]n] g} df]Ifaf6 8/fpg' cfáo{sf] s'/f xf] ..*..

wL/:t' ef]Hodfgf]›lk kL8Ødfgf]›lk ;j{bf .

cfTdfg+ s]jn+ kZog\ g t'iolt g s'Kolt ..#–(..

;bf cfTdfs} dfq bz{g ug]{ a'l4dfg\ JolQm ef]hg u/fpFbf jf kL8f lbFbf g k|;Ù x'G5g\ g j|mf]w g} ub{5g\ ..(..

r]¨dfg+ z/L/+ :j+ kZoToGoz/L/jt\ .

;+:tj] rflk lgGbfof+ sy+ If'Eo]t\ dxfzoM ..#–!)..

cfkm\gf] sfo{zLn z/L/nfO{ c¿s} z/L/em}F b]Vg] dxfk'?ifnfO{ k|z+;f of lgGbfn] s;/L ljrlnt ug{ ;S5 / < ..!)..

dfofdfqldb+ ljà+ kZog\ ljutsf}t'sM .

clk ;lÙlxt] d[Tof} sy+ q:olt wL/wLM ..#–!!..

s'g} klg lh1f;fx¿n] /lxt, o; ljànfO{ dfofdf slNkt b]Vg], l:y/k|1 JolQmnfO{ d[To'n] klg s;/L eoeLt kfg{ ;S5 / < ..!!..

lgM:k[x+ dfg;+ o:o g}/fZo]›lk dxfTdgM .

t:ofTd1fgt[Kt:o t'ngf s]g hfot] ..#–!@..

lg/fzfdf klg ;d:t OR5fx¿n] /lxt, cfTd1fgn] k|;Ù dxfTdf;Fu s;sf] t'ngf ug{ ;lsG5 / < ..!@..

:jefjfb]j hfgfgf] b[Zod]tÙ ls~rg .

Ob+ u|fèldb+ TofHo+ ; ls+ kZolt wL/wLM ..#–!#..

:jfefljs ¿kn] ljànfO{ b[Zodfg xf] eg]/ hfg, o;sf] s'g} klg cl:tTj 5}g . k|1fo'Qm JolQmn] of] s'/f u|x0fof]Uo / of] TofHo 5 eg]/ s;/L lje]b u5{ / < ..!#..

cGt:ToQmsiffo:o lgå{Gå:o lg/flzifM .

ob[R5of››utf] ef]uf] g b'Mvfo g t'¨o] ..#–!$..

ljifox¿sf] cfGtl/s cf;lQmsf] Tofu ug{], ;Gb]x/lxt clg s'g} klg cfsfª\Iff gePsf] JolQmnfO{ :jtM cfOnfUg] ef]un] g b'MvL ug{ ;S5 g t ;'vL g} ..!$..

Olt >Lc¨fjj|muLtfof+ t[tLo+ k|s/0f+ ;dfKtd\ ..#..

 

rt'y{ k|s/0f

c¨fjj|m pjfr–

xGtfTd1:o wL/:o v]ntf] ef]unLnof .

g lx ;+;f/jfxLs}d{"9}M ;x ;dfgtf ..$–!..

c¨fjj|m eGb5g\– cfkm"nfO{ lrÙ] a'l4dfg\ JolQmn] o; ;+;f/sf kl/l:yltx¿nfO{ v]nem}F dfGb5 . ;f+;fl/s kl/l:yltx¿sf] af]em af]Sg] df]lxt JolQmx¿;Fu p;sf] k6Ss} t'ngf x'Fb}g .

oTkb+ k|]K;jf] bLgfM zj|mfBfM ;j{b]jtfM .

cxf] tq l:ytf] of]uL g xif{d'kuR5lt ..$–@..

OGb| cflb ;a} b]jtfx¿ h'g kb kfpg] nfn;f kfNb5g\, To; kbdf k'u]/ klg of]uL xif{ dfGb}g ..@..

tH1:o k'0okfkfEof+ :kzf{] èGtg{ hfot] .

g èfsfz:o w"d]g b[Zodfgf›lk ;Ílt ..$–#..

a|énfO{ lrÙ]x¿sf] cGtMs/0f k'0o / kfkaf6 k|efljt x'Fb}g, h;/L cfsfzdf b]lvg] w'jfFaf6 cfsfz b"lift x'Fb}g .

cfTd}j]b+ huT;j{+ 1ft+ o]g dxfTdgf .

ob[R5of jt{dfg+ t+ lgif]4'+ Ifd]t sM ..$–$..

h'g dxfk'?ifn] cfkm"nfO{ o; ;d:t hut\sf] ¿kdf lrg]sf] 5, p;nfO{ :j]R5fn] jt{dfgdf /xgaf6 /f]Sg] ;fdYo{ sf]l;t 5 / <

cfa|é:tDako{Gt] e"tu|fd] rt'lj{w] .

lj1:o}j lx ;fdYo{ldR5flgR5fljjh{g] ..$–%..

sfdgf / 3[0ffsf] kl/Tofu ug{df a|éfb]lv lnP/ t[0f;Ddsf rf/} k|sf/sf k|f0fLx¿dWo] cfTd1fgL dfq ;dy{ 5g\ ..%..

cfTdfgdåo+ sláHhfgflt hubLà/d\ .

oå]lQ tT; s'?t] g eo+ t:o s'qlrt\ ..$–^..

cfTdf Psdfq 5 / oxL o; ;+;f/sf] O{à/ xf] eg]/ s;}s;}n] dfq lrGb5g\ . h;n] of] ;To hfGb5g\ ltgnfO{ s;}af6 s'g} k|sf/sf] eo /xFb}g ..^.

Olt >Lc¨fjj|muLtfof+ rt'y{+ k|s/0f+ ;dfKtd\ ..$..

 

k~rd k|s/0f

c¨fjj|m pjfr–

g t] ;Íf]›l:t s]gflk ls+ z'4:ToQ'mldR5l; .

;Îftljno+ s'j{Ù]jd]j no+ j|h ..%–!..

c¨fjj|m eGb5g\– ltdL s]xL;Fu hf]l8g'x'Ù . ltdL z'4 xf}, ltdL s] TofUg rfxG5f} / < o; cjf:tljs ;lDdngnfO{ ;dfKt u/]/ a|é;Fu Ps¿k xf]pm ..!..

pb]lt ejtf] ljà+ jfl/w]l/j a'b\a'bM .

Olt 1fTj}sdfTdfg+ Pjd]j no+ j|h ..%–@..

h;/L ;d'b|df kmf]sf pTkÙ x'G5g\, p;}u/L ljà Psdfq cfTdfaf6} pTkÙ x'G5 . of] a'em]/ a|é;Fusf] of]u -Ps¿ktf_ k|fKt u/ ..@..

k|ToIfdKoj:t'Tjfb\ ljà+ gf:Todn] Tjlo .

/Hh';k{ Oj JoQm+ Pjd]j no+ j|h ..%–#..

x'g t of] ljà cfkm\g} cfFvfn] b]lvG5, t/ of] cjf:tljs xf] . ltdL ljz'4 xf} / ltdLdf o; ljàsf] cl:tTj 5}g, h;/L 8f]/Ldf slNkt ;k{ x'Fb}g . of] a'em]/ a|édf nLg xf]pm ..#..

;db'Mv;'vM k"0f{ cfzfg}/fZoof]M ;dM .

;dhLljtd[To'M ;Ù]jd]j no+ j|h ..%–$..

cfkm"nfO{ ;'v / b'Mvdf ;dfg, k"0f{, cfzf / lg/fzfdf ;dfg, hLjg / d'To'df ;dfg, lr/;To xf] eÙ] a'em]/ a|édf nLg xf]pm ..$..

Olt >Lc¨fjj|muLtfof+ k~rd+ k|s/0f+ ;dfKtd\ ..%..

 

if© k|s/0f

c¨fjj|m pjfr–

cfsfzjbgGtf]›x+ 36jt\ k|fs[t+ hut\ .

Olt 1fg+ ty}t:o g Tofuf] g u|xf] noM ..^–!..

c¨fjj|m eGb5g\– cfsfzsf ;dfg d cgGt x'F, / of] hut\ 38fem}F dxŒjxLg 5 . 1fg oxL xf] . o; ;TonfO{ g TofUg'kb{5, g t u|x0f ug'{kb{5, vfln o;sf ;fy nLg x'g'kb{5 ..!..

dxf]blwl/jfx+ ; k|k~rf] jLlr;lÙeM .

Olt 1fg+ ty}t:o g Tofuf] g u|xf] noM ..^–@..

d dxf;fu/em}F 5' . of] b[Zodfg ;+;f/ nx/x¿em}F 5 . 1fg oxL xf] . o;nfO{ g Tofu ug'{kb{5, g t u|x0f ug'{kb{5 . o;sf ;fy Ps x'g'kb{5 ..@..

cx+ ; z'lQm;Ëfzf] ¿Kojb\ ljàsNkgf .

Olt 1fg+ ty}t:o g Tofuf] g u|xf] noM ..^–#..

l;kLsL/fdf rfFbL /x]em}F of] ljà ddf 5 . 1fg oxL xf] . o;nfO{ g Tofu ug{'kb{5 g t u|x0f ug'{ kb{5, vfln o;sf ;fy Ps x'g'kb{5 ..#..

cx+ jf ;j{e"t]if' ;j{e"tfGoyf] dlo .

Olt 1fg+ ty}t:o g Tofuf] g u|xf] noM ..^–$..

d ;d:t k|f0fLx¿df 5', h;/L ;a} k|f0fL ddf 5g\ . 1fg oxL xf] . o;nfO{ g TofUg'kb{5 g t u|x0f ug'{kb{5 . vfln o;sf ;fy Ps x'g'kb{5 ..$..

Olt >Lc¨fjj|muLtfof+ if©+ k|s/0f+ ;dfKtd\ ..^..

 

 

;Ktd k|s/0f

hgs pjfr–

døogGtdxfDef]wf} ljàkf]t Ot:ttM .

e|dlt :jfGtjft]g g ddf:To;lxi0f'tf ..&–!..

/fhf hgs eGb5g\– d cgGt dxf;fu/df ljà¿kL hxfh cfkm\gf] cGtMjfo'n] otfptf 3'Db5 . t/ o;af6 ddf czflGt pTkÙ x'Fb}g .

døogGtdxfDef]wf} huåLlrM :jefjtM .

pb]t' jf:tdfoft' g d] j[l4g{ r IfltM ..&–@..

d cgGt dxf;fu/df ljà¿kL nx/x¿ dfofåf/f :jod\ g} pbo Pjd\ c:t eO/xG5g\ . o;af6 ddf j[l4 of Iflt x'Fb}g ..@..

døogGtdxfDef]wf} ljà+ gfd ljsNkgf .

cltzfGtf] lg/fsf/ Ptb]jfxdfl:ytM ..&–#..

d cgGt dxf;fu/df of] ljà Ps :jKgem}F xf] . d clt zfGt / lg/fsf/ ¿kn] l:yt 5' ..#..

gfTdf efj]if' gf] efj:tqfgGt] lg/~hg] .

OTo;Qmf]›:k[xM zfGt Ptb]jfxdfl:ytM ..&–$..

pQm cgGt Pjd\ lg/~hg cj:yfdf g ædÆsf] efj 5, g t s'g} cGo efj 5 . o;k|sf/ c;Qm, s'g} OR5f/lxt zfGt ¿kn] d l:yt 5' .

cxf] lrGdfqd]jfx+ OGb|hfnf]kd+ hut\ .

ctf] dd sy+ s'q x]of]kfb]osNkgf ..&–%..

cfáo{ ¤ d z'4 r]tgfdfq x'F . of] hut\ c;To hfb'sf em}F 5 . o;k|sf/ ddf sxfF / s;/L c;n -pkof]uL_ tyf v/fa -cg'kof]uL_ sf] sNkgf 5 / < ..%..

Olt >Lc¨fjj|muLtfof+ ;Ktd+ k|s/0f+ ;dfKtd\ ..&..

c¨d k|s/0f

c¨fjj|m pjfr–

tbf aGwf] obf lrQ+ lsl~rt\ jf~5lt zf]rlt .

lsl~rg\ d'~rlt u[íflt lsl~rb\ Xiolt s'Kolt ..*–!..

>L c¨fjj|m eGb5g\– ha dgn] OR5f ub{5, zf]s ub{5, s]xL Tofu ub{5, s]xL u|x0f ub{5, s]xLn] k|;Ù x'G5 of s]xLn] j|mf]lwt x'G5 clg aGwgdf kb{5 ..!..

tbf d'lQmo{bf lrQ+ g jf~5lt g zf]rlt .

g d'~rlt g u[íflt g x[iolt g s'Kolt ..*–@..

ha dgn] OR5f ub{}g, zf]s ub{}g, Tofu ub{}g, u|x0f ub{}g, k|;Ù x'Fb}g jf j|mf]lwt x'Fb}g, clg aNn d'lQm ldNb5 ..@..

tbf aGwf] obf lrQ+ ;Qm+ sf:jlk b[l¨if' .

tbf df]Iff] obf lrQd;Qm+ ;j{b[l¨if' ..*–#..

ha dg s'g} klg b[Zodfg j:t'df cf;Qm x'G5 ta aGwgdf kb{5 . ha dg s'g} klg b[Zodfg j:t'df cf;lQm/lxt x'G5, ta dgn] d'lQm k|fKt ub{5 ..#..

obf gfx+ tbf df]Iff] obfx+ aGwg+ tbf .

dTj]lt x]nof lsl~rGdf u[xf0f ljd'~r df ..*–$..

ha;Dd ædÆ cyjf æd]/f]Æ eÙ efj /xG5, ta;Dd aGwg /xG5 . ha ædÆ cyjf æd]/f]Æ eÙ] efj afFsL /xFb}g, ta dg aGwgd'Qm aGb5 . of] a'em]/ g s]xL Tofu ug"{, g t s]xL u|x0f g} ug"{ ..$..

Olt >Lc¨fjj|muLtfofd¨d+ k|s/0f+ ;dfKtd\ ..*..

 

 

gjd k|s/0f

c¨fjj|m pjfr–

s[tfs[t] r åGåflg sbf zfGtflg s:o jf .

Pjd\ 1fTj]x lgj{]bfb\ ej Tofuk/f]›j|tL ..(–!..

>L c¨fjj|m eGb5g\– of] sfo{ ug{sf nflu pko'Qm 5 jf cg'ko'Qm 5, clg o:t} cGo åGå cyf{t\ x'G5 of x'Fb}g eÙ] ;+zo slxn] / s;sf] zfGt ePsf] 5 / . o:tf] ljrf/ u/]/ lj/Qm cyf{t\ pbf;Lg xf]pm . Tofujfg\ ag . ;+:sf/sf k/Dk/fut lgodx¿;d]t Tofu ..!..

s:oflk tft wGo:o nf]sr]¨fjnf]sgft\ .

hLljt]R5f a'e'Iff r a'e'T;f]kzd+ utf ..(–@..

x] k'q ¤ o; ;+;f/sf Joy{ r]¨fx¿ b]v]/ s'g} wGo k'?ifs} klg afFRg] OR5f, ef]ux¿ ef]Ug] OR5f clg ef]hgsf] OR5f klg zfGt x'G5 ..@..

clgTo+ ;j{d]j]b+ tfklqtob"liftd\ .

c;f/+ lglGbt+ x]oldlt lgláTo zfDolt ..(–#..

of] ;a} clgTo 5, tLg k|sf/sf s¨ -b}lxs, b}jL / ef}lts_n] 3]/]sf] 5, ;f/xLg 5, lgGbgLo 5, TofHo 5, o:tf] lgáo u/]kl5 g} zflGt ldNb5 ..#..

sf›;f} sfnf] joM ls+ jf oq åGåflg gf] g[0ffd\ .

tfGo'k]Io oyf k|fKtjtL{ l;l4djfKg'oft\ ..(–$..

o:tf] s'grflxF ;do cyjf pd]/ 5 / ha dg'iosf ;+zox¿ afFsL /xFb}gg\ . ctM ;+zox¿sf] pk]Iff u/]/ cgfof; l;l4 k|fKt u/ ..$..

gfgf dt+ dxifL{0ff+ ;fw"gf+ of]lugf+ tyf .

b[¨\jf lgj{]bdfkÙM sf] g zfDolt dfgjM ..(–%..

dxlif{x¿, ;fw'x¿ / of]uLx¿sf ljleÙ dtx¿ b]v]/ s'g dg'io j}/fUojfg\ eP/ zfGt x'Fb}g / ..%..

s[Tjf d"lt{kl/1fg+ r}tGo:o g ls+ u'?M .

lgj{]b;dtfo'STof o:tf/olt ;+;[t]M ..(–^..

r}tGonfO{ ;fIfft\ 1fg k|fKt u/]/ j}/fUo / ;dtfn] o'Qm s'g u'?n] hGd / d[To'sf] aGwgaf6 kf/ gtfl/b]nfg\ / ..^..

kZo e"tljsf/f+:Tj+ e"tdfqfg\ oyfy{tM .

tTIf0fft\ aGwlgd'{QmM :j¿k:yf] eljiol; ..(–&..

tŒjx¿sf ljsf/nfO{ jf:tjdf ltgsf] dfqfsf] kl/jt{gsf] ¿kdf x]/ . o:t/L x]gf{;fy tTsfn ltdL aGwgaf6 d'Qm eP/ cfkm\gf] k|fs[lts :j¿kdf l:yt x'g]5f} ..&..

jf;gf Pj ;+;f/ Olt ;jf{ ljd'~r tfM .

tŒofuf] jf;gfTofuft\ l:ylt/B oyf tyf ..(–*..

ef]usf] OR5fn] ;+;f/sf] lgdf{0f ub{5 . of] a'em]/ ;a}yf]s Tofu u/ . o; Tofun] OR5fx¿sf] Tofu x'g]5 . o;/L ltd|f] oyf¿k cfkm\gf] :j¿kdf /xg]5 ..*..

Olt >Lc¨fjj|muLtfof+ gjd+ k|s/0f+ ;dfKtd\ ..(..

 

bzd k|s/0f

c¨fjj|m pjfr–

ljxfo j}l/0f+ sfddy{+ rfgy{;ª\s'nd\ .

wd{dKo]tof]x{]t'+ ;j{qfgfb/+ s'? ..!)–!..

>L c¨fjj|m eGb5g\– sfdgf / wg¿kL zq'x¿ w]/}h;f] b'ef{Uosf d"nx¿ x'g\ . oL b'j}nfO{ Toflub]pm . oL b'j}nfO{ Tofu]/ wd{n] o'Qm xf]pm / ;j{q lj/Qm -pbf;Lg_ xf]pm ..!..

:jKg]Gb|hfnjTkZo lbgflg qLl0f k~r jf .

ldqIf]qwgfuf/bf/bfoflb;DkbM ..!)–@..

ldq, hldg, wgsf] e08f/, kTgL / cGo ;DklQx¿nfO{ ;kgfsf] dfof;dfg tLgb]lv kfFr lbgd} g¨ x'g] x'g\ eg]/ hfg ..@..

oq tq ej]Q[i0ff ;+;f/+ ljl4 tq j}

k|f}9j}/fUodfl>To jLtt[i0fM ;'vL ej ..!)–#..

hxfFhxfF cf;lQm 5, To;}nfO{ ;+;f/ xf] eg]/ lrg . o;k|sf/ kl/kSj j}/fUosf] cf>odf t[i0ff/lxt eP/ ;'vL xf]pm .#...

t[i0ffdfqfTdsf] aGw:tÙfzf] df]If pRot] .

ejf;+;lQmdfq]0f k|flKtt'l¨d'{x'd'{x'M ..!)–$..

t[i0ffdfq klg cfTdfsf nflu aGwg xf] . t[i0ffsf] gfznfO{ df]If elgG5 . ;f+;fl/s j:t'k|ltsf] cgf;lQmaf6 dfq lg/Gt/ cfgGb ldNb5 ..$..

Tjd]sá]tgM z'4f] h8+ ljàd;Qyf .

cljBflk g lsl~rT;f sf a'e'T;f tyflk t] ..!)–%..

ltdL Ps clåtLo, r]tg / z'4 xf} tyf of] ljà cr]tg / c;To 5 . ltdLdf c1fgsf] n]zdfq klg 5}g, clg hfÙ] OR5f;d]t 5}g ..%..

/fHo+ ;'tfM snqfl0f z/L/fl0f ;'vflg r .

;+;Qm:oflk g¨flg tj hGdlg hGdlg ..!)–^..

k"j{hGdx¿df ltdLn] w]/}k6s ltdLsf] /fHo, k'q, :qL, z/L/ / ;'vx¿sf] hlt cf;lQm /fv] klg gfz eO;s]sf] 5 ..^..

cndy{]g sfd]g ;'s[t]gflk sd{0ff .

PEoM ;+;f/sfGtf/] g lj>fGtde"GdgM ..!)–&..

kof{Kt wg, OR5f / z'esd{x¿åf/f klg o; ;+:ff/¿kL dfofåf/f dgnfO{ zflGt ldn]g ..&..

s[t+ g slt hGdflg sfo]g dg;f lu/f .

b'Mvdfof;b+ sd{ tbBfKo'k/Dotfd\ ..!)–*..

b'Mvsf sf/0f ePsf sd{x¿ slt hGddf z/L/, dg / jf0fLaf6 ltdLn] u/]gf} / < ca ltgLx¿af6 pk/t -lj/Qm_ xf]pm ..*..

Olt >Lc¨fjj|muLtfof+ bzd+ k|s/0f+ ;dfKtd\ ..!)..

 

 

Psfbz k|s/0f

c¨fjj|m pjfr–

efjfefjljsf/á :jefjflblt lgáoL .

lglj{sf/f] utSn]zM ;'v]g}jf]kzfDolt ..!!–!..

>L c¨fjj|m eGb5g\– efj -;[l¨, l:ylt_ / cefj -k|no, d[To'_ ¿kL ljsf/ :jfefljs 5g\ . o:tf] lglát ¿kn] hfÙ]x¿ ljsf//lxt, b'Mv/lxt eP/ ;'vk"j{s zflGtdf k'Ub5g\ ..!..

O{à/M ;j{lgdf{tf g]xfGo Olt lgáoL .

cGtu{lnt;jf{zM zfGtM Sjflk g ;Hht] ..!!–@..

O{à/ ;a}sf ;|¨f x'g\, c¿ sf]xL xf]Ogg\ . of] ;To lglát ¿kn] hfÙ]x¿sf ;a} cfGtl/s OR5fx¿sf] gfz x'G5 . Tof] zfGt k'?if ;j{q cf;lQm/lxt x'G5 ..@..

cfkbM ;DkbM sfn] b}jfb]j]lt lgáoL .

t[KtM :j:y]lGb|of] lgTo+ g jf~5lt g zf]rlt ..!!–#..

;DklQ -;'v_ / ljklQ -b'Mv_sf] ;do k|f/Awjz cyf{t\ k"j{s[t sd{x¿sf cg';f/ x'G5g\ . o:tf] s'/f lglát ¿kn] hfÙ] dflg; ;Gtf]if / lg/Gt/ ;+oldt OlGb|ox¿n] o'Qm x'G5 . pm g OR5f ub{5 / g t zf]s g} ub{5 ..#..

;'vb'Mv] hGdd[To" b}jfb]j]lt lgáoL .

;fWofbzL{ lg/fof;M s'j{Ùlk g lnKot] ..!!–$..

;'v–b'Mv / hGd–d[To' k|f/Awjz cyf{t\ k"j{s[t sd{x¿sf cg';f/ x'G5g\ . o:tf] s'/f lglát ¿kn] hfÙ] dg'io / kmnsf] OR5f g/fVg] JolQm ;/ntfn] sd{ ul//x]/ klg ltgdf lnKt x'Fb}gg\ ..$..

lrGtof hfot] b'Mv+ gfGoy]x]lt lgáoL .

tof xLgM ;'vL zfGtM ;j{q ulnt:k[xM ..!!–%..

lrGtfaf6} b'Mv pTkÙ x'G5g\, cGo s'g} sf/0fn] xf]Og . o:tf] s'/f lglát ¿kn] a'‰g] dflg; lrGtfn] /lxt eP/ ;'vL, zfGt / ;a} OR5fx¿af6 d'Qm eP/ hfG5 ..%..

gfx+ b]xf] g d] b]xf] af]wf]›xldlt lgáoL .

s}jNo+ Oj ;Dk|fKtf] g :d/Tos[t+ s[td\ ..!!–^..

g d of] z/L/ x'F, / g of] z/L/ d]/f] xf], d 1fg:j¿k x'F . o:tf] s'/f lglát ¿kn] hfÙ] JolQmn] hLjgd'lQm k|fKt ub{5 . p;n] u/]sf cyf{t\ e"tsfn / gu/]sf cyf{t\ eljiosf sd{x¿nfO{ :d/0f ub{}g ..^..

cfa|é:tDako{Gtdxd]j]lt lgáoL .

lglj{sNkM z'lrM zfGtM k|fKtfk|fKtljlgj{[tM ..!!–&..

t[0fb]lv lnP/ a|féf;Dd ;a}yf]s d g} x'F cyf{t\ d]/} dfq cl:tTj 5, c¿ s]xLsf] 5}g . o:tf] s'/f lglát ¿kn] hfÙ] JolQm ljsNk -sfdgf_/lxt, kljq, zfGt / k|fKt–ck|fKtaf6 cf;lQm/lxt eP/ hfG5 ..&..

gfgfáo{ldb+ ljà+ g lsl~rlblt lgáoL .

lgjf{;gM :km"lt{dfqf] g lsl~rlbj zfDolt ..!!–*..

cg]s cfáo{x¿n] o'Qm of] ljà cl:tTjljxLg 5 . o:tf] s'/f lglát ¿kn] a'‰g] JolQm OR5f/lxt / z'4 cl:tTj x'G5 . pm ckf/ zflGtdf k'Ub5 ..*..

Olt >Lc¨fjj|muLtfof+ Psfbz k|s/0f+ ;dfKtd\ ..!!..

 

åfbz k|s/0f

hgs pjfr–

sfos[Tof;xM k"j{+ ttf] jflUj:t/f;xM .

cy lrGtf;x:t:dfb\ Pjd]jfxdfl:ytM ..!@–!..

>L hgs eGb5g\– klxn] d zf/Ll/s sd{x¿af6 lg/k]If cyf{t\ pbf;Lg ePF, clg To;kl5 jf0fLsf sd{af6 lg/k]If ePF . ca ;a}vfn] lrGtfaf6 lg/k]If eP/ cfkm\gf] :j¿kdf /x]sf] 5' ..!..

k|LToefj]g zAbfb]/b[ZoTj]g rfTdgM .

ljIf]k}sfu|x[bo Pjd]jfxdfl:ytM ..!@–@..

zAb cflb ljifox¿df cf;lQm/lxt eP/ clg cfTdf b[l¨sf] ljifo gx'gfn] d lgán Pjd\ Psfu|x[bon] cfkm\gf] :j¿kdf /x]sf] 5' ..@..

;dfWof;flbljlIfKtf} Jojxf/M ;dfwo] .

Pj+ ljnf]So lgodd\ Pjd]jfxdfl:ytM ..!@–#..

cWof; cyf{t\ c;To 1fg cflb c;fdfGo l:yltx¿ Pjd\ ;dflwnfO{ Ps lgodsf ;dfg b]v]/ d cfkm\gf] :j¿kdf /x]sf] 5' ..#..

x]of]kfb]olj/xfb\ Pj+ xif{ljiffbof]M .

cefjfbB x] a|éÙ]jd]jfxdfl:ytM ..!@–$..

x] a|é hfÙ'x'g] -u'?b]j_ ¤ TofHo / ;ª\u|x0fLoaf6 k/} /x]/ clg ;'vb'Mvn] /lxt eP/ d cfkm\gf] :j¿kdf /x]sf] 5' ..$..

cf>dfgf>d+ Wofg+ lrQ:jLs[tjh{gd\ .

ljsNk+ dd jLIo}t}/]jd]jfxdfl:ytM ..!@–%..

hLjgsf ljleÙ cf>d / cgf>d, Wofg / dgåf/f :jLs[t Pjd\ lglif4 lgodx¿nfO{ x]/]/ d cfkm\gf] :j¿kdf /x]sf] 5' ..%..

sdf{›g'©fgd1fgfBy}jf]k/d:tyf .

a'4\jf ;Dolub+ tŒjd]jd]jfxdfl:ytM ..!@–^..

sd{x¿sf] cg'©fg¿kL c1fgn] lgj[Q eP/ / tŒjnfO{ ;Dos\ ¿kn] a'em]/ d cfkm\gf] :j¿kdf /x]sf] 5' ..^..

clrGTo+ lrGTodfgf]›lk lrGtf¿k+ ehTo;f} .

ToSTjf tb\efjg+ t:dfb]jd]jfxdfl:ytM ..!@–&..

clrGTosf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ub{} eP/ klg ljrf/d} lrGtg ul/G5 . ctM To; ljrf/sf] klg kl/Tofu u/]/ d cfkm\gf] :j¿kdf /x]sf] 5' ..&..

Pjd]j s[t+ o]g ;s[tfyf]{ ej]b;f} .

Pjd]j :jefjf] oM ; s[tfyf{] ej]b;f} ..!@–*..

hf] o;k|sf/sf cfr/0f ub{5, Tof] s[tfy{ cyf{t\ d'Qm eP/ hfG5 . h;sf] o:tf] lsl;dsf] :jefj 5 pQm s[tfy{ eP/ hfG5 ..*..

Olt >Lc¨fjj|muLtfof+ åfbz+ k|s/0f+ ;dfKtd\ ..!@..

 

qof]bz k|s/0f

hgs pjfr–

cls~rgej+ :jf:Yo+ sf}kLgTj]›lk b'n{ed\ .

Tofufbfg] ljxfof:dfbxdf;] oyf;'vd\ ..!#–!..

>L hgs eGb5g\– cls~rg x'g] -s]xL cfkm\gf] gx'g]_ ;xhtf s]jn nFuf}6L nufpFbf klg d'l:snn] k|fKt x'G5 . ctM Tofu / ;ª\u|xsf k|j[lQx¿nfO{ 5f8]/ ;a} l:yltx¿df d ;'vk"j{s /x]sf] 5' ..!..

s'qflk v]bM sfo:o lhêf s'qflk lvBt] .

dgM s'qflk tŒoSTjf k'?iffy{] l:ytM ;'vd\ ..!#–@..

zf/Ll/s b'Mv klg sxfF 5 / < jf0fLsf] b'Mv klg sxfF 5 / < dgsf] b'Mv klg sxfF 5 / < ;a} k|oTgx¿nfO{ Tofu]/ ;a} l:yltx¿df d ;'vk"j{s /x]sf] 5' ..@..

s[t+ lsdlk g}j :ofb\ Olt ;l~rGTo tŒjtM .

obf oTst{'dfoflt tt\ s[Tjf››;] oyf;'vd\ ..!#–#..

ul/Psf s'g} klg sfo{sf] j:t'tM s'g} cl:tTj 5}g . o:tf] tŒjk"j{s ljrf/ u/]/ ha cfkm"n] ug'{kg{] h]hlt st{Jo 5 Tof] ;a} ub{} st{Jodf nflu/x]sf] eP klg ;a} l:yltdf d ;'vk"j{s /x]sf] 5' ..#..

sd{g}isDo{lga{Gwefjf b]x:yof]lugM .

;+of]ufof]ulj/xfbxdf;] oyf;'vd\ ..!#–$..

z/L/efjdf l:yt of]uLx¿sf nflu sd{ / csd{–¿kL aGwgsf/L efj x'G5g\ . t/ ;+of]u / ljof]usf k|j[lQx¿nfO{ 5f8]/ ;a} l:yltdf d ;'vk"j{s /x]sf] 5' ..$..

cyf{gyf{} g d] l:yTof uTof g zog]g jf .

lt©g\ uR5g\ :jkg\ t:dfbxdf;] oyf;'vd\ ..!#–% ..

lj>fd, ult, ;'tfO, a;fO, lxF8fO / :jKgdf j:t'tM d]/f] nfe / xflg 5}g . ctM ;a} l:yltdf d ;'vk"j{s /x]sf] 5' ..%..

:jktf] gfl:t d] xflgM l;l4o{Tgjtf] g jf .

gfzf]Nnf;f} ljxfof:dfbxdf;] oyf;'vd\ ..!#–^ ..

;'tfOdf d]/f] xflg 5}g, clg pBf]u cyjf cg'Bf]udf dnfO{ nfe 5}g . ctM xif{ / zf]ssf k|j[lQx¿ 5f]8]/ ;a} l:yltdf d ;'vk"j{s /x]sf] 5' ..^..

;'vflb¿kf lgod+ efj]ijfnf]So e"l/zM .

z'efz'e] ljxfof:dfbxdf;] oyf;'vd\ ..!#–&..

dnfO{ yfxf 5 ;'v, b'Mv cflb l:yltx¿ kfn};Fu cfpg] u5{g\ . o; lgoddfly k6sk6s ljrf/ u/]/ z'e / cz'esf j[lQx¿ 5f8]/ ;a} l:yltdf d ;'vk"j{s /x]sf] 5' ..&..

Olt >Lc¨fjj|muLtfof+ qof]bz k|s/0f+ ;dfKtd\ ..!)..

 

rt'b{z k|s/0f

hgs pjfr–

k|s[Tof z"GolrQf] oM k|dfbfb\efjefjgM .

lglb|tf] af]lwt Oj IfL0f;+;/0ff] lx ;M ..!$–!..

/fhf hgs eGb5g\– hf] :jefj}n] ljrf/z"Go 5, / slxNo} s'g} OR5f ub{}g, Tof] k"j{:d[ltx¿af6 p;}u/L d'Qm x'G5 h;/L lgb|faf6 lapFem]sf] dflg; ;kgfaf6 d'Qm x'g k'U5 ..!..

Sj wgflg Sj ldqfl0f Sj d] ljifob:ojM .

Sj zf:q+ Sj r lj1fg+ obf d] ulntf :k[xf ..!$–@..

d s'g} rfxgf /flVtgF eg] dnfO{ wg, ldq, ljifox¿, zf:qx¿ / lj1fg;Fu s] k|of]hg /xG5 / < ..@..

lj1ft] ;flIfk'?if] k/dfTdlg r]à/] .

g}/fZo] aGwdf]If] r g lrGtf d'Qmo] dd ..!$–#..

;fIfL k'?if¿kL k/dfTdf of O{à/nfO{ lrg]/ d aGwg / df]Ifaf6 lg/k]If ePsf] 5' . dnfO{ df]Ifsf] klg lrGtf 5}g ..#..

cGtlj{sNkz"Go:o alxM :jR5Gbrfl/0fM .

e|fGt:o]j bzf:tf:tf:tfb[zf Pj hfgt] ..!$–$..

cfGtl/s OR5fx¿n] /lxt, afè ¿kdf lrGtf/lxt cfr/0fo'Qm, k|foM a];'/] k'?ifh:t} b]lvg] 1fgjfg\ k'?ifnfO{ cfkm"h:t} 1fgjfg\ k'?ifx¿n] dfq} lrÙ ;S5g\ ..$..

Olt >Lc¨fjj|muLtfof+ rt'b{zk|s/0f+ ;dfKtd\ ..!$..

 

k~rbz k|s/0f

c¨fjj|m pjfr–

oyftyf]kb]z]g s[tfy{M ;Œja'l4dfg\ .

cfhLjdlk lh1f;'M k/:tq ljd'èlt ..!%–!..

>L c¨fjj|m eGb5g\– ;flŒjs a'l4n] o'Qm dg'io ;fwf/0f k|sf/sf pkb]zn] klg s[ts[To jf d'Qm eP/ hfG5 . t/ o:tf] ePg eg] cfhLjg lh1f;' x'Fbf klg k/a|ésf] oyfy{ 1fg x'Fb}g ..!..

df]Iff] ljifoj}/:o+ aGwf] j}iflosf /;M .

Ptfjb]j lj1fg+ oy]R5l; tyf s'? ..!%–@..

ljifox¿af6 pbf;Lg x'g' df]If xf] . clg ljifox¿af6 /; lng' aGwg xf] . o:tf] a'em]/ ltdLnfO{ h;f] ug{ dg nfU5 p;} u/ ..@..

jflUdk|f1dxf]Bf]u+ hg+ d"sh8fn;d\ .

s/f]lt tŒjaf]wf]›odt:ToQmf] a'e'If'leM ..!%–#..

jf0fL, a'l4 / sd{x¿n] dxfg\ sfo{ ug{] dg'ionfO{ tŒj1fgn] zfGt, :tAw / sd{ gug{] agfOlbG5 . ctM ;f+;fl/s ;'vsf] OR5f /fVg]x¿n] tŒj1fgnfO{ kl/Tofu ul/lbG5g\ ..#..

g Tj+ b]xf] g t] b]xf] ef]Qmf stf{ g jf ejfg\ .

lrb|"kf]›l; ;bf ;fIfL lg/k]IfM ;'v+ r/ ..!%–$..

g ltdL z/L/ xf}, g of] z/L/ ltd|f] xf], g ltdL ef]Qmf xf} g t stf{ g} xf} . ltdL r}tGo¿k xf} . zfàt ;fIfL xf}, OR5f/lxt xf} . ctM ltdLn] ;'vk"j{s /xg"  ..$..

/fuå]iff} dgf]wdf{} g dg:t] sbfrg .

lglj{sNkf]›l; af]wfTdf lglj{sf/M ;'v+ r/ ..!%–%..

/fu -lk|otf_ / å]if -clk|otf_ dgsf wd{ x'g\ . ltdL s'g} klg k|sf/n] dg xf]Ogf} . ltdL sfdgf/lxt xf}, 1fg:j¿k xf}, ljsf//lxt xf} . ctM ;'vk"j{s /xg"  ..%..

;j{e"t]if' rfTdfg+ ;j{e"tflg rfTdlg .

lj1fo lg/xËf/f] lgd{d:Tj+ ;'vL ej .. !%–^..

;d:t k|f0fLnfO{ cfkm"df / :jod\nfO{ ;a} k|f0fLdf 5' eÙ] a'em]/ cxËf/ / cf;lQmn] /lxt eO{ ltdL ;'vL xf]pm ..^..

ljà+ :km'/lt oq]b+ t/+uf Oj ;fu/] .

tŒjd]j g ;Gb]xláGd"t{] ljHj/f] ej ..!%–&..

o; ljàsf] pTklQ ltdLaf6 p;} k|sf/n] x'G5 h;/L ;d'b|af6 5fnx¿sf] x'G5 . o;df ;Gb]x 5}g . ltdL r}tGo:j¿k xf} . ctM lrGtf/lxt xf]pm ..&..

>4T:j tft >4T:j gfq df]x+ s'?ij ef]M .

1fg:j¿kf] eujfgfTdf Tj+ k|s[t] k/M ..!%–*..

x] lk|o ¤ o; cg'ejdfly lg©f /fv . o;dfly >4f u/ . o; cg'ejsf] ;Totfsf] ;DaGwdf df]lxt gxf]pm . ltdL 1fg:j¿k xf} . ltdL k|s[ltaf6 cnu Pjd\ cfTd:j¿k eujfg\ xf} ..*..

u'0f}M ;+j]l¨tf] b]xl:t©Tofoflt oflt r .

cfTdf g uGtf gfuGtf lsd]gdg'zf]rl; ..!%–(..

u'0fx¿n] lgld{t of] z/L/ l:ylt, hGd / d/0fdf k'Ub5, cfTdf g cfpF5, g hfG5 . ctM ltdL lsg zf]s u5f{} < ..(..

b]xl:t©t' sNkfGt+ uR5TjB}j jf k'gM .

Sj j[l4M Sj r jf xflg:tj lrGdfq¿lk0fM ..!%–!)..

ltdL r}tGo:j¿k xf}, of] z/L/ ;[l¨sf] cGTo;Dd /xf];\ cyjf cfh} gfz xf];\, o;af6 ltdLnfO{ s] nfe of xflg 5 / < ..!)..

TjøogGtdxfDef]wf} ljàjLlrM :jefjtM .

pb]t' jf:tdfoft' g t] j[l4g{ jf IfltM ..!%–!!..

cgGt dxf;d'b| ¿k ltdLdf nx/¿kL of] ljà :jefj}n] pbo / c:tdf k'Ub5, o;df ltd|f] s] j[l4 of Iflt 5 / < ..!!..

tft lrGdfq¿kf]›l; g t] leÙldb+ hut\ .

ctM s:o sy+ s'q x]of]kfb]osNkgf ..!%–!@..

x] lk|o ¤ ltdL s]jn r}tGo¿k xf} clg of] ljà ltdLaf6 cnUu 5}g . ctM s;}sf] s;}eGbf >]©tf of lgDgtfsf] sNkgf s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 / < ..!@..

Psl:dÙJoo] zfGt] lrbfsfz]›dn] Tjlo .

s'tf] hGd s'tM sd{ s'tf]›xËf/ Pj r ..!%–!#..

o; cJoo, zfGt, r}tGo, lgd{n cfsfzdf ltdL PSn} xf}, ctM ltdLdf hGd, sd{ / cxËf/sf] sNkgf s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 / < ..!#..

oŒj+ kZol; tq}s:Tjd]j k|ltef;;] .

ls+ k[ys\ ef;t] :j0ff{t\ s6sf+ubg"k'/d\ ..!%–!$..

ltdL Psdfq eP klg cg]s ¿kdf k|ltljlDat eP/ b]lvG5f} . ;'g afnf, r'/f jf kfph" agfOof] eg] km/s b]lvG5 / < ..!$..

co+ ;f]›xdo+ gfx+ ljefuldlt ;GToh .

;j{dfTd]lt lgláTo lgM;ËNkM ;'vL ej ..!%–!%..

of] d x'F, / of] d x}gF eÙ] k|sf/sf e]bnfO{ Tofu . ;a}yf]s cfTd:j¿k ltdL g} xf} eÙ] lgáo u/]/ cyf{]s s'g} ;ËNk gu/Lsg ;'vL xf]pm ..!%..

tj}jf1fgtf] ljà+ Tjd]sM k/dfy{tM .

TjQf]›Gof] gfl:t ;+;f/L gf;+;f/L r ság ..!%–!^..

c1fgjz ltdL g} of] ljà xf}, t/ 1fgb[l¨n] x]bf{ ltdL s]jn Psdfq xf} . s'g} lsl;dn] klg ltdLaf6 cnUu s'g} csf{] ;+;f/L of c;+;f/L 5}g ..!^..

 e|flGtdfqldb+ ljà+ g lsl~rlblt lgáoL .

lgjf{;gM :km"lt{dfqf] g lsl~rlbj zfDolt ..!% –!&..

of] ljà s]jn e|d cyf{t\ :jKgsf em}F c;To 5 . of] s'/fafx]s cyf{]s s]xL ;To 5}g eÙ] lgáo u/ . OR5f Pjd\ r]¨f/lxt geO{sg s;}nfO{ klg zflGt ldNb}g ..!&..

Ps Pj ejfDef]wf}jf;Lbl:t eljiolt .

g t] aGwf]›l:t df]Iff] jf s[Tos[ToM ;'v+ r/ ..!% –!*..

ej;fu/ cyf{t\ ;To Psdfq lyof], 5 / x'g]5 . ltdLdf g df]If 5 g taGwg 5, cfKt–sfd eP/ ;'vk"j{s ljr/0f u/ ..!*..

df ;ËNkljsNkfEof+ lrQ+ Iff]eo lrGdo .

pkzfDo ;'v+ lt© :jfTdGofgGblju|x] ..!% –!(..

x] r}tGo¿k ¤ cg]s lsl;dsf ;ËNk / ljsNkx¿n] cfkm\gf] lrQnfO{ czfGt gagfpm . zfGt eP/ cfkm\gf] cfgGb¿kdf ;'vn] /x"  ..!(..

Toh}j Wofg+ ;j{q df lsl~rb\ x[lb wf/o .

cfTdf Tj+ d'Qm Pjfl; ls+ ljd[Zo sl/iol; ..!%–@)..

;a} :yfgx¿af6 cfkm\gf] Wofg x6fpm / cfkm\gf] x[bodf s'g} ljrf/ gu/ . ltdL cfTd¿k xf}, / d'Qm g} xf]pm . o;df ljrf/ ug{ s] cfjZos 5 / < ..@)..

Olt >Lc¨fjj|muLtfof+ k~rbz+ k|s/0f+ ;dfKtd\ ..!%..

 

iff]8z k|s/0f

c¨fjj|m pjfr–

cfrIj ð[0f' jf tft gfgfzf:qf0og]szM .

tyflk g tj :jf:Yo+ ;j{+ lj:d/0ffb[t] ..!^–!..

>L c¨fjj|m eGb5g\– x] lk|o ¤ ;a}yf]s la;{]em}F ljåfg\x¿af6 ;'g]/ cyjf w]/} zf:qx¿ k9]/ klg ltdL cfTd:j¿kdf :yflkt x'g]5}gf} ..!..

ef]u+ sd{ ;dflw+ jf s'? lj1 tyflk t] .

lrQ+ lg/:t;jf{zdToy{+ /f]rloiolt ..!^–@..

sd{ef]u u/ of ;dflwdf /x", ltdL ljåfg\ ePsfn] ltdLnfO{ lrQsf ;a} cfzfx¿nfO{ zfGt ug{df cToGt cfgGb x'g]5 ..@..

cfof;fT;snf] b'MvL g}g+ hfgflt ság .

cg]g}jf]kb]z]g wGoM k|fKgf]lt lgj{[ltd\ ..!^–#..

k|oTgsf sf/0f g} ;a} b'MvL 5g\, t/ s;}nfO{ of] yfxf x'Fb}g . o; lgikfk pkb]zaf6} efUojfg\ JolQm ;a} j[lQx¿af6 /lxt eP/ hfG5 ..#..

Jofkf/] lvBt] o:t' lgd]iff]Gd]ifof]/lk .

t:ofn:o w'/L0f:o ;'v+ gfGo:o s:olrt\ ..!^–$..

h;nfO{ cfFvfsf 9sgL vf]Ng' / aGb ug'{ klg sfd xf] eÙ] nfU5, To:tf k/d cN5Lsf nflu dfq ;'v 5 . c¿ s;}nfO{ klg ;'v 5}g ..$..

Ob+ s[tldb+ g]lt åGå}d{'Qm+ obf dgM .

wd{fy{sfddf]If]if' lg/k]If+ tbf ej]t\ ..!^–%..

ha dg o;f] u¿F ls p;f] u¿F eÙ] b'lawfaf6 d'Qm x'G5, clg JolQmnfO{ wd{, cy{, sfd / df]Ifsf] ck]Iff /xFb}g ..%..

lj/Qmf] ljifoå]¨f /fuL ljifonf]n'kM .

u|xdf]IfljxLg:t' g lj/Qmf] g /fujfg\ ..!^–^..

lj/St JolSt ljifå]ifL / ljifonf]n'k JolSt /fujfg\ x'G5g\ . t/ u|x0f / df]Ifaf6 cnUu /xg] JolSt g lj/St x'G5 g t /fujfg\ x'G5, pm hLjgd'St x'G5  .

 

x]of]kfb]otf tfjT;+;f/lj6kfª\s'/M .

:k[xf hLjlt ofjå} lglj{rf/bzf:kbd\ ..!^–&..

ha;Dd ljifoxx¿sf] u|x0f jf Tofusf] sfdgf /xG5, ta;Dd ;+;f/¿kL j[Ifsf] aLh ljBdfg /xG5 . ctM ljrf/ljxLg cj:yfsf] cf>o n]pm ..&..

k|j[Qf} hfot] /fuf] lgj{[Qf} å]if Pj lx .

lgå{Gåf] afnjb\ wLdfg\ Pjd]j Jojl:ytM ..!^–*..

k|j[lQaf6 cf;lQm / lgj[lQaf6 å]if pTkÙ x'G5 . ctM a'l4dfg\n] afnssf em}F lgå{Gå eP/ /xg'kb{5 ..*..

xft'ldR5lt ;+;f/+ /fuL b'Mvlhxf;of .

jLt/fuf] lx lgb{'Mv:tl:dÙlk g lvBlt ..!^–(..

ljifodf cf;Qm k'?ifn] b'Mvaf6 aRgsf nflu ;+;f/sf] Tofu ug{ rfxG5, t/ Tof] lj/Qm g} ;'vL x'G5 hf] tL b'Mvx¿df klg v]b dfGb}g ..(..

o:ofledfgf] df]If]›lk b]x]›lk ddtf tyf .

g r of]uL g jf 1fgL s]jn+ b'Mvefu;f} ..!^–!)..

hf] df]If klg rfxG5, / o; z/L/;Fu klg cf;lQm /fVt5, Tof] g of]uL xf] g 1fgL . Tof] s]jn b'Mvdf kg{]5 ..!)..

x/f] oB'kb]¨f t] xl/M sdnhf]›lk jf .

tyflk g tj :jf:Yo+ ;j{lj:d/0ffb[t] ..!^–!!..

olb ltdLnfO{ ;fIfft\ lzj, lji0f' of a|éfn] g} lzIff lbg'eof] eg] klg ;a}yf]s lj:d/0f gu/Lsg ltdL cfTd:j¿kdf k'Ug]5}gf} ..!!..

Olt >Lc¨fjj|muLtfof+ iff]8zs+ k|s/0f+ ;dfKtd\ ..!^..

 

;Ktbz k|s/0f

c¨fjj|m pjfr–

t]g 1fgkmn+ k|fKt+ of]ufEof;kmn+ tyf

t[KtM :jR5]lGb|of] lgTo+ PsfsL /dt] t' oM ..!&–!..

c¨fjj|m eGb5g\– ltgn] dfq} 1fg / of]u b'j} kmn k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ hf] ;bf ;Gt'¨, z'4 OlGb|o ePsf 5g\ / PsfGtdf /dfpFb5g\ ..!..

g sbflrHhuTol:dg\ tŒj1f] xGt lvBlt .

ot Ps]g t]g]b+ k"0f{+ a|éf08d08nd\ ..!&–@..

tŒj cyf{t\ a|énfO{ lrÙ]x¿ slxNo} klg s'g} s'/faf6 o; ;+;f/df b'MvL x'Fb}gg\, lsgeg] pgLx¿nfO{ yfxf x'G5 pxL Psdfq a|én] of] ;Dk"0f{ ljà JofKt 5 ..@..

g hft' ljifoM s]›lk :jf/fd+ xif{oGTodL .

;NnsLkNnjk|Ltldj]ed\ lgDakNnjfM ..!&–#..

cfkm\gf] cfTdfdf /d0f ug{]x¿ s'g} ljifonfO{ k|fKt u/]/ xlif{t x'Fb}gg\, h:tf] ls ;fnsf kftx¿df ?lr /fVg] xfQL lgdsf kft e]6\tf xlif{t x'Fb}g ..#..

o:t' ef]u]if' e'Qm]if' g ejTolwjfl;tM .

ce'Qm]if' lg/fsfª\IfL tfb[zf] ejb'n{eM ..$..

h;nfO{ k|fKt eO;s]sf ef]ux¿df cf;lQm 5}g, / k|fKt gePsf ef]ux¿sf] klg OR5f 5}g, o:tf] JolQm o; ;+;f/df b'n{e 5 ..$..

a'e'If'l/x ;+;f/] d'd'If'/lk b[Zot] .

ef]udf]Iflg/fsfª\IfL lj/nf] lx dxfzoM ..!&–%..

o; ;+;f/df ;f+;fl/s ef]ux¿sf] OR5f ePsf klg b]lvG5g\ / df]Ifsf] rfxgf ePsf klg . t/ oL b'O{ OR5fx¿ gePsf dxfk'?if e]l6g' b'n{e 5 ..%..

wdf{y{sfddf]If]if' hLljt] d/0f] tyf .

s:ofKo'bf/lrQ:o x]of]kfb]otf g lx ..!&–^..

wd{, cy{, sfd, df]If, hLjg / d[To'df pkof]lutf / cg'kfof]lutfsf] ;dtf s'g} dxfTdfdf dfq x'G5 ..^..

jf~5f g ljàljno] g å]if:t:o r l:ytf} .

oyf hLljsof t:dfb\ wGo cf:t] oyf ;'vd\ ..!&–&..

g ljà nLg xf]cf];\ eÙ] OR5f, g t o;sf] l:ylt;Fu å]if, h:tf] 5 hLjg dxfTdf To;}df cfglGbt / s[ts[To /xG5 ..&..

s[tfyf{]›g]g 1fg]gTo]j+ ulntwLM s[tL .

kZog\ ð[0jg\ :k[zg\ lh3|g\ cZgÙf:t] oyf ;'vd\ ..!&–*..

o; 1fgn] s[tfy{ eP/ -dxfTdf_ a'l4nfO{ cGtlg{lxt cyf{t\ ljnLg u/]/ x]b{}, ;'Gb}, :kz{ ub{}, ;'F£b} / vfFb} ;'vk"j{s /xG5 ..*..

z"Gofb[l¨j{[yf r]¨f ljsnfgLlGb|ofl0f r .

g :k[xf g lj/lQmjf{ IfL0f;+;f/;fu/] ..!&–(..

b[l¨nfO{ z"Go / cl:y/ OlGb|ox¿sf r]¨fx¿nfO{ g¨ u/]/ o; IfL0f ;+;f/¿kL ;fu/df pm g t cf;lQm /fVt5 g t lj/lQm g} ..(..

g hfult{ g lgb|flt gf]GdLnlt g dLnlt .

cxf] k/bzf Sjflk jt{t] d'Qmr]t;M ..!&–!)..

g hfuf /xG5, g t ;'T5 g}, g cfFvf v'nf /fV5 g t aGb g} . cfxf ¤ To; k/d cj:yfdf d'Qm r]tgf ePsf sf]xLsf]xL dfq /xG5g\ ..!)..

;j{q b[Zot] :j:yM ;j{q ljdnfzoM .

;d:tjf;gfd'Qmf] d'QmM ;j{q /fht] ..!&–!!..

;bf :jod\d} l:yt, ;j{q :jR5 k|of]hg ePsf], ;d:t jf;gfx¿af6 d'Qm o:tf] d'Qm k'?if ;j{q ;'zf]let x'G5 ..!!..

kZog\ ð[0jg\ :k[zg\ lh3|g\ cZgg\ u[íg\ jbg\ j|hg\ .

O{lxtfgLlxt}d'{Qmf] d'Qm Pj dxfzoM ..!&–!@..

x]b{}, ;'Gb}, :kz{ ub{}, ;'F£b}, vfFb}, lnFb}, af]Nb}, lxF8\b}, OR5f ub{} / OR5f gub{} /xg] o:tf] dxfTdf d'Qm x'G5 -cyf{t\ p;n] j:t'tM s]xL klg ul//x]sf] x'Fb}g_ ..!@..

g lgGblt g r :tf}lt g x[iolt g s'Kolt .

g bbflt g u[íflt d'QmM ;j{q gL/;M ..!&–!#..

g lgGbf u5{, g k|z+;f g} u5{, g lnG5 g lbG5 . oL ;a} s'/faf6 cgf;Qm Tof] dxfTdf ;a} k|sf/n] d'Qm 5 ..!#..

;fg'/fuf+ l:qo+ b[¨\jf d[To'+ jf ;d'kl:ytd\ .

cljêndgfM :j:yf] d'Qm Pj dxfzoM ..!&–!$..

cg'/fuo'Qm :qLx¿ b]v]/ cyjf d'To'nfO{ ;fd'Ù] b]v]/ ljrlnt gx'g], :jod\ d} l:yt Tof] dxfTdf d'Qm g} xf] ..!$..

;'v] b'Mv] g/] gfof{+ ;DkT;' r ljkT;' r .

ljz]iff] g}j wL/:o ;j{q ;dblz{gM ..!&–!%..

wL/ k'?if ;'vdf, b'Mvdf, k'?ifdf, gf/Ldf, ;DklQdf / ljklQdf cGt/ gb]vL ;j{q ;dbzL{ x'G5 ..!%..

g lx+;f g}j sf?0o+ gf}4To+ g r bLgtf .

gfáo{+ g}j r Iff]eM IfL0f;+;/0f] g/] ..!&–!^..

IfL0f ;+;f/af6 d'Qm k'?ifdf g lx+;f g s?0ff, g uj{ g bLgtf, g cfáo{ g Iff]e g} x'G5 ..!^..

g d'Qmf] ljifoå]¨f g jf ljifonf]n'kM .

c;+;QmdgfM lgTo+ k|fKtfk|fKtd'kfZg't] ..!&–!&..

d'Qm k'?if g t ljifox¿;Fu å]if /fVt5, g t cf;lQm g}, ctM tL s'/fsf] k|flKt jf ck|flKtdf ;bf ;dfg dg ePsf] x'G5 ..!&..

;dfwfgf;dfwfglxtflxtljsNkgfM .

z"GolrQf] g hfgflt s}jNoldj ;+l:ytM ..!&–!*..

zËf / ;dfwfg, Pjd\ lxt / clxtsf] sNkgfb]lv k/, z"Go lrQ ePsf] k'?if s}jNodf g} /x]sf] x'G5 ..!*..

lgd{df] lg/xËf/f] g lsl~rlblt lglátM .

cGtu{lnt;jf{zM s'j{Ùlk g lnKot] ..!&–!(..

ddtf/lxt, cxËf//lxt / b[Zohut\sf] cl:tTj 5}g eÙ] lgáo ePsf], ;a} OR5fx¿af6 /lxt JolQmn] sd{ ub{} eP klg To;df lnKt x'Fb}g ..!(..

dgMk|sfz;Ddf]x :jKghf8Øljjlh{tM .

bzf+ sfdlk ;Dk|fKtf] ej]b\ ulntdfg;M ..!&–@)..

dgdf s'g} klg df]x, :jKg / h8tfn] /lxt, k|sflzt cj:yfdf k'u]/ dgsf OR5fx¿n] /lxt xf]pm ..@)..

Olt >Lc¨fjj|muLtfof+ ;Ktbzs+ k|s/0f+ ;dfKtd\ ..!&..

 

c¨fbz k|s/0f

c¨fjj|m pjfr–

o:o af]wf]bo] tfjT:jKgjb\ ejlt e|dM .

t:d} ;'v}s¿kfo gdM zfGtfo t]h;] ..!*–!..

c¨fjj|m eGb5g\– h'g af]wsf] pbo ePkl5, hfu]kl5 ;kgfem}F e|dsf] lgj[lQ x'G5, To; Ps, ;'v:j¿k zfGt k|sfznfO{ gd:sf/ 5 ..!..

ch{loTjf›lvnfgyf{g\ ef]ufgfKgf]lt k'isnfg\ .

g lx ;j{kl/TofudGt/]0f ;'vL ej]t\ ..!*–@..

hut\sf ;a} kbfy{x¿ k|fKt u/]kl5 sf]xLs;}n] w]/} ef]u k|fKt ug{ ;Qm5g\ t/ tL ;a}sf] cfGtl/s Tofuljgf ;'vL x'g ;Qm}gg\ ..@..

st{Job'Mvdft{08HjfnfbUwfGt/fTdgM .

s'tM k|zdkLo"ifwf/f;f/d[t] ;'vd\ .. !*–#..

h;sf] dg of] st{Jo xf] / of] cst{Jo xf] cflb b'Mvx¿sf] tLj| Hjfnfn] ;lNs/x]sf] 5, p;nfO{ sd{Tofu¿kL zflGtsf] cd[twf/fsf] ;]jg gu/Lsg s;/L ;'v k|fKt x'g ;S5 / < ..#..

ejf]›o+ efjgfdfqf] g lsl~rt\ k/dy{tM .

gf:ToefjM :jefjfgf+ efjfefjljefljgfd\ .. !*–$..

of] ;+;f/ s]jn Ps efjgfdfq xf], k/dfy{tM s]xL klg xf]Og . efj / cefjsf] ¿kdf :jefjtM l:yt kbfy{x¿sf] slxNo} cefj x'g ;Qm}g ..$..

g b"/+ g r ;Ëf]rfNnAwd]jfTdgM kbd\ .

lglj{sNk+ lg/fof;+ lglj{sf/+ lg/~hgd\ .. !*–%..

cfTdf g t 6f9f 5 g t glhs}, Tof] t ;fy}df 5, ltdL cfkm} g} xf} . To;df g ljsNk 5, g k|oTg, g ljsf/ g dn ..%..

Jofdf]xdfqlj/tf} :j¿kfbfgdfqtM .

jLtzf]sf lj/fhGt] lg/fj/0fb[¨oM .. !*–^..

c1fgdfqsf] lgj[lQ / :j¿ksf] 1fg x'gf;fy} b[l¨sf] cfj/0f eÍ eOxfNb5 . clg tŒjnfO{ a'‰g]x¿ zf]s/lxt eP/ zf]efodfg x'G5g\ ..^..

;d:t+ sNkgfdfqdfTdf d'QmM ;gftgM .

Olt lj1fo wL/f] lx lsdEo:olt afnjt\ .. !*–&..

;a}yf]s sNkgfdfq xf] / cfTdf lgTo d'Qm 5 . wL/ k'?ifn] o; tYonfO{ a'em]/ km]l/ lsg afnssf ;dfg Jojxf/ ug'{ / < ..&..

cfTdf a|é]lt lgláTo efjfefjf} r slNktf} .

lgisfdM ls+ ljhfgflt ls+ a"|t] r s/f]lt lsd\ .. !*–*..

cfTdf g} a|é xf] . efj / cefj slNkt x'g\ . o:tf] lgáo ePkl5 lgisfd 1fgLn] c¿ s] hfÙ afFsL /xG5 /, c¿ s] eÙ jf ug{ afFsL /xG5 / < ..*..

co+ ;f]›xdo+ gfxd\ Olt IfL0ff ljsNkgf .

;j{dfTd]lt lgláTo t"i0fLDe"t:o of]lugM ..!*–(..

;a} cfTdf g} xf], o:tf] lgáo u/]/ hf] r'k nfu]sf] 5, To; k'?ifsf nflu d x'F, d x}gF cflb sNkgf klg zfGt eP/ hfG5g\ ..(..

g ljIf]kf] g r}sfu|Ø+ gfltaf]wf] g d"9tf .

g ;'v+ g r jf b'Mv+ pkzfGt:o of]lugM .. !*–!)..

cfkm\gf] :j¿kdf l:yt eP/ zfGt ePsf] tŒj1fgLsf nflu g ljIf]k 5, g Psfu|tf, g 1fg 5 g t c1fg g}, g ;'v 5, g t b'Mv g} ..!)..

:j/fHo] e}Ioj[Qf} r nfefnfe] hg] jg] .

lglj{sNk:jefj:o g ljz]iff]›l:t of]lugM .. !*–!!..

h'g of]uL :jefjn] g} ljsNk/lxt 5, p;sf nflu :ju{sf] /fHodf of leIffdf, nfe–xflgdf, eL8df of z"Go hÍndf s'g} cGt/ 5}g ..!!..

Sj wd{M Sj r jf sfdM Sj rfy{M Sj ljj]stf .

Ob+ s[tldb+ g]lt åGå}d'{Qm:o of]lugM .. !*–!@..

æd}n] o;f] u/]FÆ / æd}n] o;f] u/]sf] 5}gÆ eÙ] h:tf åGåaf6 hf] d'Qm 5, p;sf nflu wd{ s] xf] /, cy{ s] xf], sfd s] xf] /, ljj]s s] xf] / < ..!@..

s[To+ lsdlk g}jfl:t g sflk x[lb /~hgf .

oyf hLjgd]j]x hLjGd'Qm:o of]lugM .. !*–!#..

hLjgd'Qm of]uLsf] g t s'g} st{Jo x'G5, g t p;sf] x[bodf s'g} cg'/fu x'G5 . h;/L hLjg lat] klg p;sf] l:ylt p:t} /xG5 ..!#..

Sj df]xM Sj r jf ljà+ Sj t4Øfg+ Sj d'Qmtf .

;j{;ËNk;Ldfof+ lj>fGt:o dxfTdgM .. !*–!$..

h'g dxfTdf ;a} ;ËNkx¿sf] ;Ldfdf lj>fd ul//x]sf] 5, p;sf nflu df]x x'Fb}g, ;+;f/ x'Fb}g, Wofg x'Fb}g / d'lQm klg x'Fb}g ..!$..

o]g ljàldb+ b[¨+ ; gf:tLlt s/f]t' j} .

lgjf{;gM ls+ s'?t] kZoÙlk g kZolt .. !*–!%..

h;n] o; ;+;f/nfO{ jf:tljs ¿kn] b]v]sf] 5, p;n] d 5}gF eG5, / 5}g klg . hf] sfdgf/lxt 5, p;n] ;+;f/nfO{ b]v]/ klg b]lv/x]sf] x'Fb}g ..!%..

o]g b[¨+ k/+ a|é ;f]›x+ a|é]lt lrGto]t\ .

ls+ lrGtolt lgláGtf] låtLo+ of] g kZolt .. !*–!^..

h;n] cfkm"b]lv leÙ k/a|énfO{ b]v]sf] 5, Tof] a|é d} x'F eg]/ p;n] lrGtg u/f];\ . t/ h;nfO{ csf{] b]lvFb}g, To; lgláGt JolQmn] s]xL ljrf/ ul//xg'kb{}g ..!^..

b[¨f] o]gfTdljIf]kf] lg/f]w+ s'?t] Tj;f} .

pbf/:t' g ljlIfKtM ;fWofefjfTs/f]lt lsd\ .. !*–!&..

h;n] cfkm\gf] :j¿kdf slxNo} s'g} ljIf]k b]v]sf] 5, p;n] Tof] /f]sf];\ . tŒj hfÙ]x¿sf nflu ljIf]k slxNo} x'Fb}g . s'g} ;fWo g/x]kl5 p;n] s] u/f];\ < ..!&..

wL/f] nf]sljko{:tf] jt{dfgf]›lk nf]sjt\ .

gf] ;dflw+ g ljIf]k+ g n]k+ :j:o kZolt .. !*–!*..

tŒj1x¿ ;f+;fl/s dflg;x¿eGbf ljk/Lt x'G5g\ . pgLx¿ ;fdfGo dflg;em}F Jojxf/ ub{} /x]/ klg cfkm\gf] :j¿kdf g ;dflw b]Vt5g\, g ljIf]k g t no g} b]Vt5g\ ..!*..

efjfefjljxLgf] o:t[Ktf] lgjf{;gf] a'wM .

g}j lsl~rt\ s[t+ t]g nf]sb[¨Øf ljs'j{tf .. !*–!(..

tŒj1x¿ efj / cefjn] /lxt, t[lKt / sfdgfn] /lxt x'G5g\ . nf}lss b[l¨n] s]xL bfofFafofF ul//x]h:tf b]lvP klg tL vf;df s]xL ul//x]sf x'Fb}gg\ ..!(..

k|j[Qf} jf lgj[Qf} jf g}j wL/:o b'u|{xM .

obf oTst'{dfoflt tTs[Tjf lt©tM ;'vd\ .. !*–@)..

tŒj1nfO{ k|j[lQ of lgj[lQsf] b'/fu|x x'Fb}g . h] ;fd'Ù] cfOnfU5, Tof] u/]kl5 pm cfgGbk"j{s /xG5 ..@)..

lgjf{;gf] lg/fnDaM :jR5Gbf] d'QmaGwgM .

lIfKtM ;+;f/jft]g r]¨t] z'isk0f{jt\ ..!*–@!..

1fgL JolQm sfdgf, cf>o / k/tGqtf cflbsf aGwgx¿af6 ;j{yf d'Qm x'G5 . k|f/Aw¿kL jfo'sf] j]un] p;sf] z/L/ To;}u/L ultzLn agfpF5 h;/L jfo'sf] j]usf sf/0f ;'s]sf] kft ultzLn x'G5 ..@!..

c;+;f/:o t' Sjflk g xiff{] g ljiffbtf .

; zLtndgf lgTo+ ljb]x Oj /fht] ..!*–@@..

hf] ;+;f/af6 d'Qm 5 pm g slxNo} xif{ dfGb5, g t ljiffb . p;sf] dg ;bf zLtn /xG5 / pm z/L/ eP/ klg ljb]xsf ;dfg ;'zf]let x'G5 ..@@..

s'qflk g lhxf;fl:t cfzf jf›lk g s'qlrt\ .

cfTdf/fd:o wL/:o zLtnfR5t/fTdgM ..!*–@#..

h;sf] cGtd{g zLtn / :jR5 5, hf] cfTdfd} /d0f ub{5, To; wL/ k'?ifnfO{ g t s'g} Tofusf] OR5f x'G5 g t s'g} kfpg] cfzf ..@#..

k|s[Tof z"GolrQ:o s'j{tf]›:o ob[R5of .

k|fs[t:o]j wL/:o g dfgf] gfjdfgtf ..!*–@$..

h'g wL/ k'?ifsf] lrQ :jefj}n] lglj{ifo x'G5, p;n] ;fwf/0f dg'iosf ;dfg k|f/Awjz cg]s sfo{ ub{5, t/ o;af6 p;sf] g t dfg x'G5 g t ckdfg g} ..@$..

s[t+ b]x]g sd{]b+ g dof z'4¿lk0ff .

Olt lrGtfg'/f]wL oM s'j{Ùlk s/f]lt g ..!*–@%..

æoL ;a} sd{ z/L/n] u/]sf] xf], d}n] xf]Og . d t z'4 :j¿k x''F .Æ h;n] o:tf] lgáo u/]sf] 5, p;n] sd{ ul//x]/ klg s]xL ul//x]sf] x'Fb}g ..@%..

ctåfbLj s'?t] g ej]blk aflnzM .

hLjGd'QmM ;'vL >Ldfg\ ;+;/Ùlk zf]et] ..!*–@^..

;'vL Pjd\ >Ldfg\ hLjgd'Qmn] klg ljifoLsf ;dfg sfo{ ub{5 . t/ ljifoL x'Fb}g . pm t ;f+;fl/s sfo{ ub{} eP/ klg zf]efdf ldNb5 ..@^..

gfgfljrf/;'>fGtf] wL/f] lj>flGtdfutM .

g sNkt] g hfgflt g ð[0ff]lt g kZolt ..!*–@&..

h'g wL/ k'?ifn] cg]sf}F ljrf/af6 yfs]/ cfkm\gf] :j¿kdf lj>fd kfO;s]sf] 5, pm g sNkgf ub{5, g hfGb5, g ;'Gb5 g t b]Vt5 ..@&..

c;dfw]/ljIf]kfg\ g d'd'If'g{ r]t/M .

lgláTo slNkt+ kZog\ a|é}jf:t] dxfzoM ..!*–@*..

o:tf] 1fgL JolQm ;dflwdf cfu|x gx'gfn] d'd'If' x'Fb}g, clg ljIf]k gx'gfn] ljifoL klg x'Fb}g . cfkm"afx]s h]hlt b]lvG5 tL ;a} slNkt x'g\ eÙ] lgáo u/]/ ;a}yf]s b]v]/ klg pm a|é g} xf] ..@*..

o:ofGtM :ofbxËf/f] g s/f]lt s/f]lt ;M .

lg/xËf/wL/]0f g lsl~rbs[t+ s[td\ ..!*–@(..

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ljn;lGt dxfef]u}lj{zlGt lul/uê/fg\ .

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g}j k|fy{ot] nfe+ gfnfe]gfg'zf]rlt .

wL/:o zLtn+ lrQdd[t]g}j k"l/td\ ..!*–*!..

wL/ JolQmsf] lrQ o;} klg zLtn /xG5, dfgf}F pm cd[tn] kl/k"0f{ 5 . pm g nfesf] cfzf ub{5, g xflgsf] zf]s g} ub{5 ..*!..

g zfGt+ :tf}lt lgisfdf g b'¨dlk lgGblt .

;db'Mv;'v:t[KtM lsl~rTs[To+ g kZolt ..!*–*@..

wL/ k'?if g ;Gtsf] :t'lt ub{5, g t b'¨sf] lgGbf g} ub{5 . pm ;'vb'Mvdf ;dfg, cfkm}Fdf t[Kt /xG5 . pm cfkm\gf nflu s'g} klg st{Jo b]Vt}g ..*@..

wL/f] g å]l¨ ;+;f/dfTdfg+ g lbb[Iflt .

xiff{dif{ljlgd'{Qmf] g d[tf] g r hLjlt ..!*–*#..

wL/ k'?if g ;+;f/;Fu å]if /fV5, g t cfTdbz{gsf] OR5f . pm xif{ / zf]saf6 /lxt x'G5 . nf}lss b[l¨n] pm g d[t xf] g t hLljt ..*#..

lgM:g]xM k'qbf/fbf} lgisfdf] ljifo]if' r .

lgláGtM :jz/L/]›lk lg/fzM zf]et] a'wM ..!*–*$..

h'g wL/ k'?if k'q–:qL cflbsf k|lt cf;lQm/lxt x'G5, ljifosf pknlAwdf p;sf] k|j[lQ x'Fb}g, cfkm\gf] z/L/sf nflu klg lgláGt /xG5, ;a} cfzfx¿af6 /lxt x'G5, pm ;'zf]let x'G5 ..*$..

t'l¨M ;j{q wL/:o oyfklttjlt{gM .

:jR5Gb+ r/tf] b]zfg\ oqf:tldtzflogM ..!*–*%..

hxfF ;"of{:t eof] ToxLF ;'Tof], hxfF rfxgf eof], ToxLF jf; a:of], hf] ;fd'Ù] cfof], p;}sf cg';f/ Jojxf/ u¥of] . o;k|sf/ wL/ k'?if ;j{q ;Gt'¨ /xG5 ..*%..

ktt"b]t' jf b]xf] gf:o lrGtf dxfTdgM .

:jefje"ldlj>flGtlj:d[tfz]if;+;[t]M ..!*–*^..

h;n] cfkm\gf] cfTd:j¿kdf lj>fd ub{} eP/ ;a} k|k~rx¿sf] gfz ul/;s]sf] 5, To; dxfTdfnfO{ z/L/ /xf];\ ls g¨ xf]cf];\, o:tf] lrGtf;d]t x'Fb}g ..*^..

cls~rgM sfdrf/f] lgå{GålZ5Ù;+zoM .

c;QmM ;j{efj]if' s]jnf] /dt] a'wM ..!*–*&..

1fgL k'?if ;ª\u|x/lxt, :jR5Gb, lgå{Gå / ;+zo/lxt x'G5 . pm s'g} efjdf cf;Qm x'Fb}g . pm t s]jn cfgGbn] ljxf/ ub{5 ..*&..

lgd{dM zf]et] wL/M ;dnf]¨fZdsf~rgM .

;'leÙx[bou|lGylj{lgw"{t/h:tdM ..!*–**..

wL/ k'?ifsf] x[bou|lGy v'Nb5 . /h / td g¨ x'G5g\ . p;n] df6fsf] 8Nnf], 9'Íf] / ;'gnfO{ ;dfg b[l¨n] x]b{5 . ddtf/lxt pm ;'zf]let x'G5 ..**..

;j{qfgjwfg:o g lsl~råf;gf x[lb .

d'QmfTdgf] ljt[Kt:o t'ngf s]g hfot] ..!*–*(..

h;n] o; b[Zo k|k~rdfly Wofg lbFb}g, cfTdt[Kt 5, h;sf] x[bodf clnslt klg sfdgf x'Fb}g, o:tf d'QmfTdfsf] t'ngf sf]l;t ug{ ;lsG5 / < ..*(..

hfgÙlk g hfgflt kZoÙlk g kZolt .

a|'jÙlk g r a|"t] sf]›Gof] lgjf{;gfb[t] ..!*–()..

sfdgf/lxt wL/ JolQmafx]s a'lem/x]/ klg ga'‰g], x]l//xFbf klg gb]Vg] / af]ln/xFbf klg gaf]Ng] c¿ sf] x'G5 / < ..()..

leIf'jf{ e"kltjf{lk of] lgisfdM ; zf]et] .

efj]if' ulntf o:o zf]egf››zf]egf dltM ..!*–(!..

/fhf xf];\ jf /Ë, hf] sfdgf/lxt 5, pxL ;'zf]let x'G5 . h;sf] b[Zo j:t'x¿df z'e / cz'e 7fÙ] a'l4 ;dfKt ePsf] 5, pxL lgisfd JolQm xf] ..(!..

Sj :jfR5GB+ Sj ;Ëf]rM Sj jf tŒjljlgáoM .

lgJof{hfh{je"t:o rl/tfy{:o of]lugM ..!*–(@..

of]uL lgisk6, ;/n / rl/qjfg\ x'G5 . p;sf nflu :jR5Gbtfsf] cy{ s], ;Ëf]rsf] cy{ s], clg tŒjljrf/sf] cy{ klg s] x'G5 / < ..(@..

cfTdlj>flGtt[Kt]g lg/fz]g utflt{gf .

cGto{bg'e"o]t tTsy+ s:o sYot] ..!*–(#..

hf] cfkm\gf] :j¿kdf lj>fd u/]/ t[Kt 5, cfzf/lxt 5, b'Mv/lxt 5, pm cfkm\gf] cGtMs/0fdf h'g cfgGbsf] cg'ej ub{5 p;n] To;sf] af/]df s;/L c¿nfO{ JofVof ug{ ;S5 / < ..(#..

;'Ktf]›lk g ;'if'Ktf} r :jKg]›lk zlotf] g r .

hfu/]›lk g hfult{ wL/:t[KtM kb] kb] ..!*–($..

wL/ k'?if kfOnf–kfOnfdf t[Kt /xG5 . pm ;'t]/ klg ;'t]sf] x'Fb}g, ;kgf b]v]/ klg b]Vt}g / hfu|t\ /x]/ klg hfuf /xFb}g ..($..

1M ;lrGtf]›lk lgláGtM ;]lGb|of]›lk lgl/lGb|oM .

;'a'l4/lk lga'{l4 ;fxËf/f]›gxª\s[ltM ..!*–(%..

wL/ k'?if lrGtfjfg\ eP/ klg lrGtf/lxt x'G5, OlGb|oo'Qm eP/ klg OlGb|o/lxt x'G5, a'l4o'Qm eP/ klg a'l4/lxt x'G5 / cxËf/;lxt eP/ klg cxËf//lxt x'G5 ..(%..

g ;'vL g r jf b'MvL g lj/Qmf] g ;Íjfg\ .

g d'd'If'g{ jf d'Qmf] g lsl~rÙ r ls~rg ..!*–(^..

wL/ k'?if g ;'vL x'G5, g b'MvL, g lj/Qm x'G5 g t cg'/Qm . pm g d'd'If' xf] g t d'Qm . pm s]xL xf]Og, s]xL klg xf]Og ..(^..

ljIf]k]›lk g ljlIfKtM ;dfwf} g ;dflwdfg\ .

hf8Ø]›lk g h8f] wGoM kfl08To]›lk g kl08tM ..!*–(&..

wL/ k'?if ljIf]kdf ljlIfKt x'Fb}g, ;dflwdf ;dflw:y x'Fb}g . nf}lss h8tfdf pm h8 xf]Og, clg kfl08Todf kl08t klg xf]Og ..(&..

d'Qmf] oyfl:ylt:j:yM s[tst{Jolgj{[tM .

;dM ;j{q j}t[i0ffÙ :d/Tos[t+ s[td\ ..!*–(*..

wL/ k'?if ;a} l:yltdf cfkm\gf] :j¿kdf l:yt /xG5 . st{Jo/lxt x'gfn] zfGt x'G5 . ;bf ;dfg /xG5 . t[i0ff/lxt x'gfsf sf/0f p;n] s] u¥of] / s] u/]g, o:tf s'/fdf ofb ub{}g ..(*..

g k|Lot] jGBdfgf] lgGBdfgf] g s'Kolt .

g}jf]låhlt d/0f] hLjg] gflegGblt ..!*–((..

jGbgf ugf{n] pm k|;Ù x'Fb}g, lgGbf ugf{n] pm j|mf]lwt x'Fb}g . d[To'df på]u ub{}g / hLjgnfO{ clegGbg klg ub{}g ..((..

g wfjlt hgfsL0f{+ gf/0od'kzftGwLM .

oyftyf oqtq ;d Pjfjlt©t] ..!*–!))..

zfGt a'l4 ePsf] wL/ JolQm g t hg;d"x ePlt/ bf}l8G5, g t jglt/ . pm hxfF h'g l:yltdf x'G5, ToxLF ;dlrQn] cf;Lg /xG5 ..!))..

Olt >Lc¨fjj|muLtfof+ c¨fbzk|s/0f+ ;dfKtd\ ..!*..

 

pglj+z k|s/0f

hgs pjfr–

tŒjlj1fg;Gb+zdfbfo x[bof]b/ft\ .

gfgfljwk/fdz{zNof]4f/M s[tf] dof ..!(–!..

/fhf hgs eGb5g\– tŒjlj1fgsf] lrD6Lsf] ;xfotfn] ljleÙ k|sf/sf sfF8fx¿nfO{ d}n] x[bosf cfGtl/s efux¿af6 lgsflnlbPF ..!..

Sj wd{M Sj r jf sfdM Sj rfy{M Sj ljj]stf .

Sj å}t+ Sj r jf›å}t+ :jdlxlDg l:yt:o d] ..!(–@..

cfkm\gf] dlxdfdf l:yt d]/f nflu wd{ s] xf] clg sfd s] xf] < cy{ s] xf] / ljj]s s] xf] < å}t s] xf] / cå}t s] xf] < ..@..

Sj e"t+ Sj eljioåf jt{dfgdlk Sj jf .

Sj b]zM Sj r jf lgTo+ :jdlxlDg l:yt:o d] ..!(–#..

cfkm\gf] dlxdfdf l:yt d]/f nflu ctLt s] xf] / eljio s] xf] < jt{dfg s] xf] < b]z s] xf] / sfn s] xf] < ..#..

Sj rfTdf Sj r jfgfTdf Sj z'e+ Sjfz'e+ tyf .

Sj lrGtf Sj r jf›lrGtf :jdlxlDg l:yt:o d] ..!(–$..

cfkm\gf] dlxdfdf l:yt d]/f nflu cfTdf s] xf] / cgfTdf s] xf] < z'e s] xf] / cz'e s] xf] < ljrf/o'Qm x'g' eg]sf] s] xf] / lglj{rf/ x'g' eg]sf] s] xf] < ..$..

Sj :jKgM Sj ;'if'lKtjf{ Sj r hfu/0f+ tyf .

Sj t'/Lo+ eo+ jflk :jdlxlDg l:yt:o d] ..!(–%..

cfkm\gf] dlxdfdf l:yt d]/f nflu :jKg s] xf] / ;'if'lKt s] xf] < hfu/0f s] xf] / t'/Lo cj:yf s] xf] cyjf eo g} klg s] xf] / < ..%..

Sj b"/+ Sj ;dLk+ jf afè+ SjfEoGt/+ Sj jf .

Sj :y"n+ Sj r jf ;"Id+ :jdlxlDg l:yt:o d] ..!(–^..

cfkm\gf] dlxdfdf l:yt d]/f nflu 6f9f s] xf] / glhs s] xf] tyf aflx/ s] xf] / leq s] xf] < :y"n s] xf] / ;"Id s] xf] < ..^..

Sj d[To'hL{ljt+ jf Sj nf]sfM Sjf:o Sj nf}lssd\ .

Sj noM Sj ;dflwjf{ :jdlxlDg l:yt:o d] ..!(–&..

cfkm\gf] dlxdfdf l:yt d]/f nflu d[To' s] xf] / hLjg s] xf], clg nf}lss s] xf] / kf/nf}lss s] xf] tyf no s] xf] / ;dflw s] xf] <

cn+ lqju{syof of]u:o syof›Kond\ .

cn+ lj1fgsyof lj>fGt:o ddfTdlg ..!(–*..

cfkm\gf] cfTdfdf lgTo l:yt d]/f nflu hLjgsf tLg p2]Zo lg/y{s 5g\ . of]udflysf] rrf{ cgfjZos 5 / lj1fgsf] j0f{g klg cgfjZos 5 ..*..

Olt >Lc¨fjj|muLtfof+ pglj+z+ k|s/0f+ ;dfKtd\ ..!(..

 

lj+z k|s/0f

hgs pjfr–

Sj e"tflg Sj b]xf] jf Sj]lGb|ofl0f Sj jf dgM .

Sj z"Go+ Sj r g}/fZo+ dT:j¿k] lg/~hg] ..@)–!..

/fhf hgs eGb5g\– d]/f] lgisnË :j¿kdf kfFr dxfe"t sxfF 5g\ cyjf z/L/ sxfF 5 / OlGb|o tyf dg sxfF 5g\, z"Go sxfF 5 clg lg/fzf sxfF 5 < ..!..

Sj zf:q+ SjfTdlj1fg+ Sj jf lglj{ifo+ dgM .

Sj t[lKtM Sj ljt[i0fTj+ utåGå:o d] ;bf ..@)–@..

;bf ;a} k|sf/sf åGåaf6 /lxt d]/f nflu zf:q s] xf], cfTdlj1fg cyjf ljifo/lxt dg g} klg s] xf] < k|;Ùtf s] xf] / ;Gtf]if s] xf] < ..@..

Sj ljBf Sj r jf›ljBf Sjfx+ Sj]b+ dd Sj jf .

Sj aGwM Sj r jf df]IfM :j¿k:o Sj ¿lktf ..@)–#..

ljBf s] xf], cljBf s] xf], d s] x'F, pm s] xf] clg d]/f] s] xf] < aGwg s] xf] / df]If s] xf] < :j¿ksf] nIf0f s] xf] < ..#..

Sj k|f/Awflg sdf{l0f hLjGd'lQm/lk Sj jf .

Sj tlåb]xs}jNo+ lglj{z]if:o ;j{bf ..@)–$..

k|f/Aw sd{ s] xf] < hLjg d'lQm s] xf], ;j{bf ljz]iftf -kl/jt{g_/lxt ddf z/L/xLg s}jNo s] xf] < ..$..

Sj stf{ Sj r jf ef]Qmf lglij|mo+ :km'/0f+ Sj jf .

Sjfk/f]If+ kmn+ jf Sj lgM:jefj:o d] ;bf ..@)–%..

;bf :jefj/lxt ddf stf{ s'g xf], ef]Qmf s'g xf], lglij|motf s] xf], lj|mofzLntf s] xf], k|ToIf s] xf] / ck|ToIf s] xf] < ..%..

Sj nf]sM Sj d'd'If'jf{ Sj of]uL 1fgjfg\ Sj jf .

Sj a4M Sj r jf d'QmM :j:j¿k]›xdåo] ..@)–^..

cfkm\gf] cåo -Psdfq_ :j¿kdf l:yt d]/f nflu ;+;f/ s] xf], d'lQmsf] OR5f s] xf] < of]uL sf] xf] / 1fgL sf] xf], sf] aGwgdf 5 / sf] d'Qm 5 < ..^..

Sj ;[l¨M Sj r ;+xf/M Sj ;fWo+ Sj r ;fwgd\ .

Sj ;fwsM Sj l;l4jf{ :j:j¿k]›xdåo] ..@)–&..

cfkm\gf] cåo :j¿kdf l:yt d]/f nflu ;[l¨ s] xf] / k|no s] xf] < ;fWo s] xf] / ;fwg s] xf] < ;fws sf] xf] / l;l4 s] xf] < ..&..

Sj k|dftf k|df0f+ jf Sj k|d]o+ Sj r k|df .

Sj lsl~rt\ Sj g lsl~råf ;j{bf ljdn:o d] ..@)–*..

ljz'4 ddf sf] 1ftf xf], s] k|df0f -;fIo_ xf] < 1]o s] xf] / 1fg s] xf] < :jNk s] xf] / ;j{ s] xf] < ..*..

Sj ljIf]kM Sj r}sfu|Ø+ Sj lgaf{]wM Sj d"9tf .

Sj xif{M Sj ljiffbf] jf ;j{bf lglij|mo:o d] ..@)–(..

;bf lglij|mo ddf cGodg:stf s] xf] / Psfu|tf s] xf] < ljj]s s] xf] / ljj]sxLgtf s] xf] < xif{ s] xf] / ljiffb s] xf] < ..(..

Sj r}j Jojxf/f] jf Sj r ;f k/dfy{tf .

Sj ;'v+ Sj r jf b'Mv+ lglj{dz{:o d] ;bf ..@)–!)..

;bf ljrf//lxt d]/f nflu ;+;f/ s] xf] / k/dfy{ s] xf] < ;'v s] xf] / b'Mv s] xf] < ..!)..

Sj dfof Sj r ;+;f/M Sj k|ltlj{/ltM Sj jf .

Sj hLjM Sj r tb\a|é ;j{bf ljdn:o d] ..@)–!!..

;bf ljz'4 d]/f nflu dfof s] xf] / ;+;f/ s] xf] < k|Llt s] xf] / lj/lt s] xf] < hLjg s] xf] / a|é s] xf] < ..!!..

Sj k|j[lQlg{j{[lQjf{ Sj d'lQmM Sj r aGwgd\ .

s"6:ylglj{efu:o :j:y:o dd ;j{bf ..@)–!@..

crn, ljefu/lxt / ;bf :jod\df l:yt d]/f nflu k|j[lQ s] xf], lgj[lQ s] xf] clg d'lQm s] xf] / aGwg g} s] xf] / < ..!@..

Sjf]kb]zM Sj jf zf:q+ Sj lzioM Sj r jf u'?M .

Sj rfl:t k'?iffyf{] jf lg?kfw]M lzj:o d] ..@)–!#..

ljz]if0f/lxt, sNof0f¿k d]/f nflu pkb]z s] xf] / zf:q s] x'g\ < lzio s''g xf] / u'? s'g xf] < clg k|fKt ug{ of]Uo g} s] 5 / < ..!#..

Sj rfl:t Sj r jf gfl:t Sjfl:t r}s+ Sj r åod\ .

ax'gfq lsd'Qm]g lsl~rÙf]lQ©] dd ..@)–!$..

s] 5 / s] 5}g < s] cå}t xf] / s] å}t < ca Hofbf s] elg/xg' /, ddf s]xL klg efj 5}g ..!$..

Olt c¨fjqmuLtfefiff6Lsfof+ lj+z+ k|s/0f+ ;dfKtd\ ..@)..

 

.. Olt lbg]zkf}8]ns[t c¨fjqmuLtfefiff6Lsf ..